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The First Humans in North America?

Came here how? And When?

10,000 B.C.E.

Who was the first white man to set foot on this soil?

LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

LAND BRIDGE

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AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO

THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL

COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE

ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL,

ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN

SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN.

SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT

How to get from Europe to Asia quickly?

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REASONS FOR

EUROPEAN EXPANSION

MOREWEALTH

SPREADCHRISTIANITY

MORE TERRITO

RY

EXPANDTRADE

EXPLORE THE

WORLD

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NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS

GLOBE

RUDDER

IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN

QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)

MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES

MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT

CHANGED?

1543 GLOBE

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SPANISH EXPLORATION

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,

CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN

EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE

RICHES OF ASIA.

THE PORTUGUESE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE.

AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE

AMERICAS.

Columbus’s Arrival• 1492• Landed on an island in the Caribbean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island • named it San Salvador-Died thinking he had foundIndia

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His impact on natives:

• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox, small pox, typhus)• Killed the natives by the 1000’s

• Recognized economic benefits of using local peoples for forced labor• European weaponry dominated natives

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Columbus’s Impact on Africans?

• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.• Civil War

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His Impact on Europeans?

• mass migrations• Columbian Exchange• Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas

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SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS

HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO

FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU

THE QUEST FOR RICHES ENSLAVED THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER

DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS in Texas, New Mexico, and to California

Why were Spanish unstoppable?

• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10 cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?

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SPAIN CONTROL:

TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK.

OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

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THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

Jamestown 1607

1st permanent settlement in U.S.

Captain John Smith and Pocohontas

John Smith’s Mistakes

• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish, their policy was total defeat of natives• How was it saved?

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ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS

TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE

LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS

RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?

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The First!!!!!!!!!!

THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER

AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620

Thanksgiving

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THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”

*knew they could be punished severely for this in England

With religion as the driving force

New England Colonies formed:

•Massachusetts

•New Hampshire

•Connecticut

•Rhode Island

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RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNITY FIGURES REGULATED ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND

INTOLERANT OF DIFFERING RELIGIOUS VIEWS

STRESSED EDUCATION AND LITERACY AS EVERYONE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND

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NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT

LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING

MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND

MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION

MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS

OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES

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KING CHARLES II GAVE THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS

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NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE

ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER

BUSY SHIPPING PORTS

LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK

COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS

OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

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LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

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SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS

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AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A

SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO

BECOME SLAVES

The Middle Passage

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MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA

THE ECONOMY BASED ON CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO

CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR

RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR

OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Took 125 years to found 13 colonies

• They existed to benefit England

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•CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION

•PROTESTS ESCALATED

•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

•THE WAR BEGAN

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CAUSES OF AMERICAN

INDEPENDENCE

MOVEMENT

MERCANTILISM

ENLIGHTENMENT

IDEAS

RESTRICTIVE LAWS

PASSEDBY BRITISH

GREAT AWAKEN

ING

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND

EXPERIENCESOF COLONIAL

SELF-RULE

FRENCH AND

INDIAN WAR

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1. MERCANTILISMBASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE

WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES.

GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Gov sets prices

THIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE COLONISTS HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN ECONOMIC POLICIES.

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2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS

JOHN LOCKE PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY.

Social contract exists between people and government

Government must protect its people

People gave consent to be governed, in return people had right to overturn gov.

COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III

LOCKE

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3. THE GREAT AWAKENING

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD.

Challenged the authority of established churches.

New churches popping up everywhere

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4. POPULATION EXPLOSION AND COLONIAL SELF-RULE

THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700

NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTS

CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD, AND GOOD CLIMATE

By 1776 – home grown Americans, no longer immigrants

Wanted to govern themselves

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5. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763

FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS

BOTH WANTED TO EXPAND TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY

French built a fort on British land

The British tried to evict them but failed.

A 22 yr. old George Washington led a militia to evict them but failed. Was crushed

He went in again with 1500 soldiers and were ambushed by French and Indians.

2 horses shot out from him and 4 bullet holes through his clothes

FRENCH POWDER

HORN WITH RIVERS

ENGRAVED ON IT

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THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE

COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT.

A new General led the way William Pitt, Washington served under Pitt

Started winning victories therefore the natives joined the British because they wanted to be on the winning side.

British victory

Treaty of Paris 1763: Britain claims all lands East of Mississippi and get Canada. France lost everything.

Look at map on Pg 38

Proclamation of 1763

• British were not as kind to the natives• Pontiac the great Ottawa leader attempted to fight back.• British offered blankets with small pox and this destroyed them.• To avoid further conflict the British ordered all colonists to not cross

the Appalachians.

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6. Taxes• Prior to French/Indian War, England pretty much left

the colonies alone.• King George III wants colonists to help pay for war, so

he starts to tax them with various taxes• Colonists thought this was unfair because no one was

in England representing their interests.• Didn’t like Proclamation Line limiting their expansion

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GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART OF THE

COLONISTS

SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING

STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS

TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED imported GOODS from britain AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY SMUGGLING

TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY

INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING (quartering act)

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PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE

CREATION OF Protest GROUPS

SONS OF LIBERTY

Sam Adams, John Hancock

WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE TO CONVINCE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS

MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED, FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK

STEAMING HOT TEA

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BOSTON MASSACRE1

770

THE BRITISH SENT TROOPS TO BOSTON IN

AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER,

HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE

RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE

BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH

FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS.

ENGRAVING OF THE EVENT BY PAUL REVERE

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BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY.

ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF

POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO THE BOSTON HARBOR.

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FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

1774

FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES. MET TO DISCUSS THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO PUNISH THE

COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY DRAFTED THE

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING

GEORGE.

Stated that if British used force against the colonies. The Colonies

would fight back.

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BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN LEXINGTON.

COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH STARTED THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775.

JOHN HANCOCK

SAMUEL ADAMS

IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE KILLED.

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IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY SENT A PETITION TO THE

KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF

20,000 MEN AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE MILITARY.

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THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE

WIDELY READ PAMPHLET

PUBLISHED IN JANUARY OF 1776 THAT OUTLINED

REASONS TO SEPARATE

FROM GREAT BRITAIN

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THE CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN JUNE 1776 AND

COMMISSIONED THOMAS JEFFERSON TO DRAFT

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE

DOCUMENT HAD THREE PARTS: THE PURPOSE OF A

GOVERNMENT, 27 REASONS FOR

SEPARATION, AND THE OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF

INDEPENDENCE.

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56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH THE

ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776

The War Begins

• With the Declaration, the colonists were asking for war.• Colonists had to choose a side.

• Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed Independence.• Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid punishment• Some Africans because British promised Freedom to those who fought.• Natives also supported

• Patriots-supporters of Independence

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