A) conduction B) convectionC) solidification D) radiation

1. Which method of energy transfer is primarilyresponsible for energy being lost from Earth intospace?

A) A to B B) A to CC) B to D D) D to C

2. The map below shows four locations in a temperaturefield. The temperature of each location is given indegrees Celsius.

Heat energy will normally flow from

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) compression

3. By which process do light rays pass through windowglass?

A) iron, granite, basaltB) copper, lead, ironC) dry air, water vapor, iceD) liquid water, ice, water vapor

4. Which group of substances is arranged in order of decreasing specific heat values?

A) 10.5 J B) 334 JC) 1670 J D) 11500 J

5. How many Joules of heat energy would be required tomelt a 5-gram piece of ice at 0ºC?

A) The ice cube gains heat and the water losesheat.

B) The ice cube loses heat and the water gains heat.C) Both the ice cube and the water gain heat.D) Both the ice cube and the water lose heat.

6. An ice cube is placed in a glass of water at roomtemperature. Which heat exchange occurs betweenthe ice and the water within the first minute?

A) Energy flows out of the system.B) Energy flow is cyclical, so that equilibrium is

never reached.C) Energy flows from energy sinks to energy

sources.D) Energy flows from energy sources to energy

sinks.

7. Which statement best describes the pattern of energyflow in a closed system?

A) absorption B) conductionC) convection D) radiation

8. By which process does starlight travel through space?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

9. The diagram below shows temperature values atvarious points in a solid piece of aluminum. Towardwhich point will heat flow from point P?

A) 334 J B) 668 JC) 2260 J D) 4520 J

10. What is the heat energy required to change 2 gramsof liquid water at 100ºC to water vapor at 100ºC?

A) remain unchangedB) decrease by only 5°CC) decrease by approximately 10°CD) increase by approximately 10°C

11. The cross section below shows two compartments ofwater of equal volume insulated by Styrofoam andseparated by a metal dividing wall, forming a closedenergy system.

When the temperature of the water in compartment A decreases by 10°C, the temperature of the water incompartment B will

A) ultraviolet rays B) gamma raysC) visible light rays D) infrared rays

12. During nighttime cooling, most of the energyradiated by Earth’s oceans into space is

A) 4 B) 335 C) 2260 D) 2594

13. How many joules are required to evaporate 1 gramof boiling water?

A) lead B) ironC) basalt D) water

14. The same amount of heat energy is added to equalmasses of lead, iron, basalt, and water at roomtemperature. Assuming no phase change takes place,which substance will have the smallest change intemperature?

A) 9 J B) 18 J C) 90 J D) 167 J

15. How much energy is required to raise thetemperature of 5 grams of iron from -10ºC to+30ºC?

Base your answers to questions 16 through 18 on thediagram below. The diagram shows the pattern of airmovement within a closed room.

A) insolation B) conductionC) convection D) radiation

16. Which type of energy transfer is indicated by thearrows in the diagram?

A) F B) B C) C D) E

17. At which location in the room will the density of theair be greatest?

A) red B) blackC) green D) silver

18. What color should the heat source in the room bepainted in order to radiate the most heat?

A)

B)

C)

D)

19. The diagram below shows a laboratory box used todemonstrate the process of convection in theatmosphere.

Which diagram has arrows that show the direction ofairflow that occurs when the candle is burning?

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) sublimation

20. By which process is heat energy transferred whenmolecules within a substance collide?

A) covers 71% of Earth’s surfaceB) has its greatest density at 4°CC) has the higher specific heatD) can be changed into a solid or a gas

21. Liquid water can store more heat energy than anequal amount of any other naturally occurringsubstance because liquid water

A) The air gains more heat energy than the waterloses.

B) The air gains less heat energy than the waterloses.

C) The air gains the same amount of heatenergy that the water loses.

D) No energy is exchanged between the water andthe air.

22. The diagram below shows a sealed container holding250 milliliters of water at 80°C. The air above thewater had an original temperature of 18°C.

Assuming that the container does not transfer heat,which statement most accurately describes theenergy exchanges inside the container?

A) conduction between Earth's surface and the atmosphere above itB) condensation of water vapor during the day, and evaporation of water during the nightC) convection resulting from temperature and pressure differences above land and waterD) greater radiation from the warmer ocean during the day and from the warmer land at night

23. The diagram below represents the circulation of air above Earth's surface at a coastal location duringthe day and at night.

This local air movement is best described as an example of

A) radiation B) evaporationC) conduction D) convection

24. Which process transfers energy primarily byelectromagnetic waves?

A) Heat flows from the water into the ice.B) Heat flows from the ice into the water.C) A state of equilibrium exists, with neither ice

nor water gaining or losing energy.D) Heat flows equally from the ice and the water

into the surrounding air.

25. Which statement best describes the major heat flowassociated with an iceberg as it drifts south from theArctic Ocean into warmer water?

A) water vapor to liquid waterB) liquid water to water vaporC) liquid water to iceD) ice to liquid water

26. The greatest amount of energy would be gained by1,000 grams of water when it changes from

A) specific heats B) temperaturesC) masses D) densities

27. Heat energy transfer will normally occur betweentwo objects that are close to each other if the objectshave different

A) 4.18 B) 2.11 C) 334 D) 2260

28. When 1 gram of liquid water at 0° Celsius freezes toform ice, how many total Joules of heat are lost bythe water?

Base your answers to questions 29 through 31 on the diagrams below which show the steps used todetermine the amount of heat held by equal masses of iron, copper, lead, and granite.

A) refracted by a heat sink B) reflected by a heat sinkC) absorbed by a heat sink D) scattered by a heat sink

29. This method of determining the amount of heat absorbed by substances assumes that the energy lostby a heat source is

A) The granite sample had less volume than the other samples.B) The granite sample lost some heat to the air as it was being transferred.C) Water gained heat from the insulated container.D) Water has a lower specific heat than the granite sample.

30. The granite sample is transferred from the boiling water to the room-temperature water. Why is thetotal heat lost by the granite greater than the total heat gained by the room-temperature water?

A) radiation waves B) transverse wavesC) conduction collisions D) convection currents

31. The movements of water molecules that transfer heat from one place to another within the water arecalled

A) B)

C) D)

32. On a day with no wind, the air temperature outside ahouse is 10ºC. The air temperature inside the housein 18ºC. Which diagram best represents the aircirculation pattern that is most likely to occur whena window of the house is first opened?

A) melting B) freezingC) evaporation D) condensation

33. During which phase change will the greatest amountof energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water?

A) B) C) D)

34. Water is being heated in a beaker as shown below.

Which drawing shows the most probable movementof water in the beaker due to the heating?

A) conduction B) convectionC) radiation D) reflection

35. During which process does heat transfer occurbecause of density differences?

A) conduction B) radiationC) convection D) reflection

36. Heat energy from the lower latitudes is transferred tocolder Earth regions by planetary wind circulationmainly through the process of

37. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge ofEarth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth’satmosphere located between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locationsin the atmosphere.

A) condensation B) conduction C) evaporation D) convection

The air movement shown in the cross section is due to the process of

A) solid ice meltingB) liquid water freezingC) liquid water vaporizingD) water vapor condensing

38. Which phase change requires water to gain 2260Joules per gram?

A) Energy given up by the lake is lost directly toouter space.

B) More energy is gained by the lake than isgained by the air.

C) The temperature of the air remains constant.D) Energy is gained by the air from the lake.

39. As a lake's water temperature decreases on a cloudynight, what occurs at the interface between the lake'ssurface and the air above the lake?

40. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and table below. The diagram shows across section of a solar-energy collecting system constructed as a portion of a wall of a house. Itconsists of an energy-absorbing surface, a clear glass covering, and air ducts through the wall into thehouse. The table gives the house temperatures during a spring day. No other heat source is availablefor the house.

A) B) C) D)

Which diagram best represents the direction of air flow through the system under normal solarheating conditions?

A) water B) copper penniesC) basaltic sand D) iron fragments

41. Equal volumes of the four samples shown belowwere placed outside and heated by energy from theSuns rays for 30 minutes.

The surface temperature of which sample increasedat the slowest rate?

A) differences in density in the waterB) air movement across the surface of the waterC) capillary action within the waterD) the shape of the beaker

42. The diagram below represents a large beaker ofwater being heated to demonstrate convection.

The movement of water upward from A toward B results primarily from

A) B)

C) D)

43. Which diagram best represents heat transfer mainly by the process of conduction?

A) 2260 joules/gram B) 334 joules/gramC) 4.18 joules/gram D) 2.11 joules/gram

44. When water vapor condenses, how much heatenergy will be released into the atmosphere?

A) B)

C) D)

45. Which diagram correctly indicates why convectioncurrents form in water when water is heated?

A) Heat energy is transferred from the bottom tothe top of a lake.

B) Heat energy is transferred from the surfacesoil to the rocks below.

C) Heat energy is transferred from the Earth'ssurface to the upper atmosphere.

D) Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to theEarth.

46. Which statement is the best example of heat energytransfer by conduction?

A) vaporization B) condensationC) melting D) freezing

47. Which process requires water to gain 2260 Joules ofenergy per gram?

A) 12.5 B) 125 C) 251 D) 1000

48. What is the total number of Joules of heat energygained by 3 grams of water when it is heated from40ºC to 60ºC?

A) decrease and become closer to the dewpointB) decrease and become farther from the dewpointC) increase and become closer to the dewpointD) increase and become farther from the dewpoint

49. The upward movement of air in the atmospheregenerally causes the temperature of that air to

A) 1 J B) 334 JC) 3340 J D) 2260 J

50. What is the total number of energy required to melt1 gram of ice at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C?

A) reflected by a heat sinkB) refracted by a heat sinkC) scattered by a heat sinkD) absorbed by a heat sink

51. When a heat source loses energy, that energy is

52. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below which shows the temperatures recordedwhen a sample of water was heated at a constant ratefrom –50°C to 100°C during a 20-minute period.

A) 200 calories B) 540 caloriesC) 800 calories D) 2,000 calories

How many calories of heat would be used to changethe temperature of 20 grams of the water from thetemperature at point C to the temperature at point D?

A) B)

C) D)

53. Which diagram shows the normal pattern of watermovement that occurs when density differencestransfer energy within the beakers?

A) Water has a higher specific heat than land.B) Energy is needed for water to evaporate.C) Cool winds from the surrounding land cool the

ice on the lake.D) Air temperature does not affect water

temperature.

54. What best explains why, in early spring, ice remainslonger on Lake Erie than on the surrounding landareas when the air temperature is above freezing?

55. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below. Diagram I shows a house located inMichigan. Diagram II shows a solar collector that thehomeowner is using to help heat the house.

A) cooler and less denseB) cooler and more denseC) warmer and less denseD) warmer and more dense

Air leaves the outlet of the solar collector becausethe air within the solar collector becomes

A) water to the ice, and the temperature of themixture will drop below 20ºC

B) water to the ice, and the temperature of themixture will rise above 20ºC

C) ice to the water, and the temperature of themixture will drop below 20ºC

D) ice to the water, and the temperature of themixture will rise above 20ºC

56. An insulated cup contains 200 milliliters of water at20ºC. When 100 grams of ice is added to the water,heat energy will most likely flow from the

A) smooth, shiny, and light coloredB) smooth, shiny, and dark coloredC) rough, dull, and light coloredD) rough, dull, and dark colored

57. Which type of surface absorbs the greatest amountof electromagnetic energy from the Sun?

A) opening draperies and blindsB) adding insulation in the walls and ceilingC) turning on lights and heat-producing appliancesD) replacing light-colored roofing materials with

dark-colored ones

58. Which action would help an air-conditioner use lessenergy on a hot, sunny summer day?

A) B)

C) D)

59. Which diagram best represents the direction ofconvection currents around the burning wood of acampfire?

A) The meltwater is a heat source and thesurrounding air is a heat sink.

B) The meltwater and ice cube are both heatsources

C) The ice cube and surrounding air are both heatsources.

D) The ice cube is a heat sink and thesurrounding air is a heat source.

60. The diagram below shows a melting ice cube.

Which statement best describes the energy transfer?

A) 7.9 J B) 10 J C) 79 J D) 100 J

61. How much heat energy is required to raise thetemperature of 10. grams of granite from 20.ºC to30.ºC?

A) more energy from the Sun falls on land than onwater

B) land has a lower specific heat than waterC) sunlight penetrates to greater depths in land

than in waterD) less of Earth’s surface is covered by land than

by water

62. Land surfaces of Earth heat more rapidly than watersurfaces because

A) receives less insolationB) reflects less insolationC) has a higher densityD) has a higher specific heat

63. On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usuallywarmer than the surface of a nearby body of waterbecause the water

A) condensation B) freezingC) evaporation D) melting

64. During which process does water gain the most heatenergy?

A) 10 J B) 8.36 JC) 41.2 J D) 80 J

65. How much heat energy will be lost by a 2.0-grammass of water as it cools from 40ºC to 35ºC?

A) convection B) nuclear fusionC) insolation D) radioactive decay

66. Which process produces the energy that allows thestars of the universe to radiate visible light?

A) convection B) conductionC) refraction D) radiation

67. A piece of a plant in a classroom fishtank movedupward and across the tank, away from the waterheater. When the plant reached the other side of thetank, it sank before moving back toward the heater.What type of energy transfer does this movementrepresent?

A) copper B) leadC) iron D) granite

68. Pieces of lead, copper, iron, and granite, each havinga mass of 1 kilogram and a temperature of 100ºC,were removed from a container of boiling water andallowed to cool under identical conditions. Whichpiece most likely cooled to room temperature first?

A) B)

C) D)

69. The air above a burning candle is heated and rises. Which table correctly identifies the type of heattransfer within the rising air and the change in air density above the burning candle?

A) advection B) convectionC) absorption D) conduction

70. What is the primary method of heat transfer throughsolid rock during contact metamorphism?

A) freezing B) meltingC) condensation D) vaporization

71. During which phase change does water release themost heat energy?

72. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below which shows the results of a laboratoryactivity in which a sample of ice at –50°C washeated at a uniform rate for 80 minutes. The ice has amass of 200 grams.

A) 334 joules B) 9,124 joulesC) 26,720 joules D) 66,800 joules

What was the total amount of energy absorbed by thesample during the time between points B and C onthe graph?

A) B) C) D)

73. The diagram below shows a student heating a pot of water over a fire. The arrows represent thetransfer of heat. Letter A represents heat transfer through the metal pot, B represents heat transfer bycurrents in the water, and C represents heat that is felt in the air surrounding the pot.

Which table correctly identifies the types of heat transfer at A, B, and C?

74. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents four stations, A, B, C, and D, in a laboratory investigation in which equal volumes of sand at the same startingtemperature were heated by identical light sources. The light sources were the same distance fromeach station, but at different angles to the surfaces. Two thermometers were used at each station, onejust above the surface and the other just below the surface. The lights were turned on for 30 minutesand then removed for the next 30 minutes. Temperatures were recorded each minute for the 60minutes.

A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) transpiration

Most of the energy from the light sources was transferred to the sand by the process of

A) Some of the heat energy lost by object B wasgained by object A.

B) Most of the heat energy lost by object A wasgained by the environment.

C) Both objects lost heat energy.D) Both objects gained heat energy.

75. The data table below shows the temperatures of twosimilar objects for 10 minutes after the objects wereplaced near each other.

Which statement is best supported by the data?

A) B) C) D)

76. The cross section of a house is shown below. Open stairways allow air to move from one floor toanother. The ridge vent is an opening in the roof that allows air to move in or out of the attic.

During a windless summer day, the air inside this house is warmed by the Sun. In which cross sectiondo the arrows show the most likely air movement when the windows are opened?

77. Base your answer to the following question on thegraph below, which shows the temperature increaseof samples of water, granite, iron, and lead. Eachsample has a mass of 100 grams. Each sample wasplaced an equal distance from a light bulb and heatedfor a 10-minute period. This investigation wasperformed at room temperature under ordinaryclassroom conditions.

A) The water received the most energy.B) The lead received the most energy.C) The granite received the most energy.D) All samples received the same amount of

energy.

Which statement best describes the amount of energyreceived by the samples?

A) density differencesB) molecular contactC) electromagnetic wavesD) movement through a vacuum

78. Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by

A) 114 B) 228 C) 342 D) 570

79. How many Joules of heat energy are required toraise the temperature of 6 grams of copper from100C to 150C?

A) ultraviolet rays B) infrared raysC) gamma rays D) x rays

80. Most of the electromagnetic energy radiated fromEarth’s surface is in the form of

A) water freezingB) ice meltingC) water evaporatingD) water vapor condensing

81. During which phase change of water is the mostenergy released into the environment?

A) convection B) conductionC) absorption D) advection

82. The diagram below shows a solid iron bar that isbeing heated in a flame.

The primary method of heat transfer in the solid ironbar is

A) warm air over the land and cool air over theocean

B) humid air over the land and dry air over theocean

C) low-density air over the land and high-densityair over the ocean

D) high air pressure over the land and low airpressure over the ocean

83. Which atmospheric conditions would cause smokefrom a campfire on a beach to blow toward theocean?

A) B)

C) D)

84. The diagrams below represent a laboratory modelused to demonstrate convection currents. Eachmodel shows a burning candle in a closed box withtwo open tubes at the top of the box. Which diagramcorrectly shows the air flow caused by the burningcandle?

A) Heat energy is transferred from the atmosphereto the water vapor.

B) Heat energy is released from the water vaporinto the atmosphere.

C) Heat energy is transferred equally to and fromthe water vapor.

D) No heat energy is exchanged between theatmosphere and the water vapor.

85. Water vapor crystallizes in the atmosphere to formsnowflakes. Which statement best describes theexchange of heat energy during this process?

A) convection B) radiationC) absorption D) conduction

86. Which process is primarily responsible for thetransfer of energy by air currents within the Earth'satmosphere?

A)

B)

C)

D)

87. The cross sections below show different patterns ofair movement in Earth's atmosphere. Airtemperatures at Earth's surface are indicated in eachcross section. Which cross section shows the mostlikely pattern of air movement in Earth's atmospherethat would result from the surface air temperaturesshown?

A) 4.18 J B) 2.11 JC) 334 J D) 2260 J

88. How many Joules of energy does 1.0 gram of waterlose when it freezes?

89. Base your answer to the following question on the map and cross section below. The map shows the shapes and locations of New York State's 11Finger Lakes and the locations of some major glacial deposits (moraines) left behind by the last iceage. The cross section shows surface elevations, valley depths, and water depths of the Finger Lakes.

A) Due to water’s low specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly.B) Due to water’s low specific heat, water temperature changes slowly.C) Due to water’s high specific heat, water temperature changes rapidly.D) Due to water’s high specific heat, water temperature changes slowly.

Which statement explains why the deep water of the Finger Lakes moderates the temperature of thesurrounding areas?

A) transformation of energyB) form of pollutionC) chemical changeD) phase change

90. Friction occurring at an interface always produces a