1.What circumstances led to the Industrial Revolution?

2.What role did technology play?

3.What economic & social conditions arose?

4.What political reforms emerged?

Began in 1750’s in BritainTime period where:

•Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machines

•Human/animal power to steam power

•Domestic System (Cottage Industries) to factory system

1.Agrarian /Agricultural Revolution- Changes in Methods of Farming

• Technology- Seed Drill, Dikes, Fertilizer

• Enclosure- Fencing off large tracts of land making farming more efficient

Improves food production

2. Population Explosion- 1700’s European pop.reaches 190 million

•People eat better, healthier babies,better medical care

More Demand for goods

3. Energy Revolution-

•Water wheels power new machines

•Coal used to fuel steam engineFaster production of goods

1.Land

2.Labor

3.Capital

Natural Resources

Rivers

Harbors

Population Explosion

Unemployed Farmers

Strong EconomyOverseas empireWilling investorsPolitical/financial stabilityBusiness friendly government

Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny

Waterframe Spinning Mule

PowerLoom Cotton Gin

Steam Engine

Steamboat-Robert FultonMacadam Roads-TurnpikesRailroads- Promoted other industries

1.Geography

2.Population growth & change

3.Capital for investment

4.Role of Government

Factors of Production- Land, Labor, & Capital

Large amount of Natural Resources

•Coal & Iron OreRivers

•Transportation & powerIsland Nation

•Many natural Harbors for trade

High availability of Labor

•Growth in population

•Fewer farm laborers needed

•Overseas empire made economy strong (Natural Resources & Markets)

•Middle class willing to invest in mines, railroads & factories

•Stable government

•Good banking system

•Promoted experimentation

•Passed laws to protect business

Rural Society Based on Agriculture

Urban Society based on manufacturing

Shift from rural to city life

Growth of factories bring job seekers

•Domestic System Factory System

Cities grow near sources of energy

•Cities double/triple in size

•Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

•Change from Cottage Industries to Factory System•Unsafe Conditions/dangerous machinery•Long Hours/six days a week•Little ventilation•Child Labor•Low Wages•Harsh punishment

                    

Lacked adequate housing•Dirty one room tenements & row houses•No running water

No police forceUnsanitary conditions

•Unpaved streets/pollution•No sewage or sanitation systemsDisease spread rapidly

Industrial Revolution brought new wealth

•Rich middle class emerged

•Wealthy Merchants & Factory owners grew wealthier than landowners & aristocrats

•Upper Middle Class

•Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers

•Lower middle class

•Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers

Wealth did not trickle downLower class workers remained poverty strickenResentful mobs riotedLuddites-Groups of resentful workers who smashed machines that put them out of work,

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Progress increased gap between rich & poor

•Some felt government should stay out of business & economic affairs

•Others felt government should play an active role

•“Wealth of Nations” (1776)

•Promoted Laissez Faire capitalism economics (Let do)

•Capitalism- money is invested in business to make a profit

•Business should operate w/ little or no govt. interference

•An Essay on the Principle of population (1798)

•Population will increase more rapidly than food supply

•W/out wars or epidemics most would become poor & miserable

•Principles of Political Economy & Taxation (1817)

•Permanent underclass would be poor

•Wages would be forced down as population increased

Smith, Ricardo & Malthus were all against government involvement

•Free market capitalism created social inequality

•Government must take action to improve people’s lives

•Concentrated on the interests of society rather than the individual

•Farms & businesses should belong to all the people not individuals

Government actions are only useful if they promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

Promoted by Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

•Sought to create self- sufficient communities

•All property & work would be shared

•Since all wealth would be equal- fighting would endRobert Owen

•“The Communist Manifesto” (1848) by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

•Scientific Socialism

•Ideas would inspire communist revolutions in China, Russia, & Cuba

History was a struggle between wealthy capitalist & working class

•The Haves Vs. The Have Nots

• Capitalist (Bourgeoisie) took advantage of the Proletariat (Working Class)

•Proletariat would eventually rise up & overthrow capitalist society

•A “dictatorship of the Proletariat” would rule

•Means of production would be owned by the people

•Wealth would be shared equally

•Eventually government would wither away & a classless society would emergeMarxism lost its appeal in 1800’s as working conditions improved

•Voluntary associations known as unions pushed for labor reforms in the 1800’s

•Spoke for all workers in a particular trade

•Engaged in collective bargaining

•Negotiations between labor & management

•If negotiations broke down members would strike

•First Unions were skilled workers & benefited the middle class

•At first Unions were outlawed

•Combinations Act of 1799 & 1800

•Viewed as a threat to social order

•After 1825 Unions were tolerated

•Factory Act of 1833-Minimum age & maximum hours for children

•Mines Act of 1842- Women & children could not work underground

•Ten Hours Act- limited the workday for women & children

•Abolishment of Slavery- 1833 (Britain)

•Morally wrong

•Economic threat

•Women’s rights movements grew

•Free public schooling became available

•The Industrial Revolution brought about many Economic, Social, & Political Changes

•Increased Production leads to higher demand for raw materials & markets (Imperialism)

•Rise of big business

•Laissez-Faire Economics replaces mercantilism

•Advances in transportation, agriculture, & communications

Urbanization

•New JobsHarsh Labor & working conditions New Class structure

•Loss of Family stability

•Expansion of middle class

•Improved standard of living for some

•Reform laws passed•Labor laws, Slavery, public schooling

•Trade Unions Grow•Social reform Movements appear

•Utilitarianism, Utopianism, Socialism, & Marxism

•Upset Balance of Power•Imperialism,Militarism

•Began in England in 1750’s

•Parliament passes laws to prevent spread of industrial knowledge

•By mid 1800’s moves beyond Britain

•New powers emerge & compete for wealth

•Markets & resources

Similar to British Industrialization

•Rivers, Ports, Coal & iron, immigrant laborers

Gain knowledge of British industry through espionage

•Samuel Slater builds spinning machine from memory•First factory Pawtucket, Rhode Island

•Textile factories emerge in the Northeast

•Railroads expand industry

•Industrialization corporations

•Business owned by stockholders with limited personal responsibility

•The Age of Big business

•The rich get rich & the poor remain poor

•Yearned to experience the British Miracle

•Factors impeding industrialization

•French Revolution & Napoleonic Wars

•Political divisions

•Social divisions

•Geographic shortcomings

•Belgium leads the way (1799)

•Textile industry emerges

•Rich in iron &coal, plentiful waterways

•France’s industrial growth emerges after expansion of railroads (1850)

•Economically & politically divided•Pockets of industry sprout up

•Coal rich Ruhr Valley• Railroads link industrial centers

•Industrialism fuels militarism•Policy of Blood & Iron •Emerges as an industrial giant

•Upset balance of power

•Widens economic gap between Industrialized & non-industrialized nations

•Europeans economically superior to Asia & Africa

•Leads to the rise of imperialism

•Search for raw materials & markets

Conditions in Industrial Europe

UrbanizationFactory System

Long Hours – 14-16 per dayDangerous ConditionsHarsh and severe discipline.Overworked and underpaid!

• Emerging Class System

–Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants

–Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers.

–Unskilled positions lowest class {left out of the rise of Standard of Living!}

Reform MovementsWorkers fight for their rights!

What is a union?

Methods Used by Unions?

At first unions were made illegal by the Combination Acts of 1799/1800. {these are later repealed in 1824}

Abolition OccursIn Europe

• Abolition – the end of slavery • William Wilberforce• When did the slave trade

begin?• Morality VS Economy

Government Regulation

• Factory Act of 1833

• Mines Act of 1842

• Ten Hours Act 1847

Impact Of Industrialization• New Economic Theories• {Capitalism VS Socialism}• Shift in the Balance of Power

{competition between the newly industrialized nations and the less-developed nations}

• Global Inequality• IMPERIALISM

Colonial Empires by 1914