A) Ameba B) HydraC) grasshopper D) Paramecium

1. The structure and function of the nervous system ofthe earthworm are most similar to those of the

A) muscles of the skeletonB) heartC) smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tractD) endocrine glands

2. The somatic nervous system contains nerves that runfrom the central nervous system to the

A) central nervous systemB) spinal cordC) posterior brainD) nerve net

3. When a tentacle of a hydra is touched with a needle,the entire body responds as a result of impulsestraveling to all cells through the

4. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

A) anemia B) strokeC) meningitis D) goiter

An inflammation of structures covering A and B results in a malfunction of the nervous system whichis known as

A) They are made of cartilage and cushion thebones at the joint.

B) They are composed of tough, elastic connectivetissue and connect the ends of bones at moveablejoints.

C) They are composed of tough, inelasticconnective tissue and connect muscles to bones.

D) They are striated in appearance and arecontrolled by the nervous system.

5. Which statement best describes ligaments in humans?

A) circulatory system B) nervous systemC) excretory system D) endocrine system

6. Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder characterized by adeterioration of the

A) cerebrum B) cerebellumC) medulla D) spinal cord

7. The part of the human central nervous system thatcontrols breathing is the

A) earthworm B) grasshopperC) paramecium D) hydra

8. Which organism has nerve cells but lacks a centralnervous system?

9. Base your answer to the following question on themalfunction, chosen from the list below, that is mostclosely associated with that phrase. Then record itsnumber on the separate answer paper. Malfunctions (1) High blood pressure (2) Polio (3) Anemia (4) Angina pectoris (5) Leukemia (6) Ulcer

A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 4

Paralysis that results from destruction of part of thecentral nervous system by a type of virus

10. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents some of the stages in thereproduction and development of a vertebrate.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

In the diagram labeled E, the layer that develops intothe nervous system is indicated by number

Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the reading passage below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Lyme Disease

Since 1980, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease in New York State has beenincreasing. The vector (carrier) of Lyme disease is the small deer tick, Ixodes dammini. Thedisease is spread from infected animals to ticks that bite these animals. Humans bitten by theseparasitic ticks may then become infected. The symptoms of Lyme disease do not always occur immediately after a tick bite. Anindividual may develop a skin rash several days to weeks after being bitten by a tick. Flu-likesymptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, joint pain, and fever may also develop. Generally,these symptoms clear up and the individual may not seek medical help. Also, in some cases theremay be no symptoms other than a sudden onset of arthritis. However, in a small number of cases,if the infection is not treated, it may lead to chronic arthritis, disorders of the heart and nervoussystem, or in a few cases, death. A blood test can help to confirm a diagnosis, and antibiotics areeffective in treating the infection. People may take preventive action by frequently checking themselves and their pets for ticks,tucking pant legs into socks when walking through woods, wearing light-colored clothing to aid inspotting a tick, and using insect repellent.

A) dog ticks B) deer ticks C) dogs D) deer

11. Based on the reading passage, what is the vector for Lyme disease?

A) a parasite B) a predator C) an autotroph D) a saprophyte

12. The vector described in the reading passage is an example of

A) part of the autonomic nervous systemB) regulated by the hypothalamusC) part of the somatic nervous systemD) regulated by the medulla

13. The nerves that directly control the muscles used inwriting are

14. Base your answer to the following question on thefollowing list of disorders. Choose the disorder thatbest describes the given statement below.

Disorders (1) Angina pectoris (2) Leukemia (3) Emphysema (4) Diabetes (5) Meningitis

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

What is inflammation of the membranes surroundingthe central nervous system known as?

A) dorsal nerve cordB) central nervous systemC) nerve netD) simple brain

15. Behavioral responses in a hydra are aided by thepresence of a

A) hydra B) earthwormC) human D) paramecium

16. Which organism has a nervous system most similarto that of the grasshopper?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

17. The diagram below represents the functional unit ofa nervous system.

Which letter indicates a structure that secretes aneurotransmitter?

Base your answers to questions 18 and 19 on thedisorder affecting the nervous system from the listbelow, that is best described by that phrase. Disorders Affecting the Nervous System (1) Cerebral palsy (2) Meningitis (3) Stroke (4) Polio

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

18. A disorder that may be caused by injury to the fetusduring pregnancy and that leads to uncoordinatedmuscle actions

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

19. A viral disorder that causes paralysis but can beprevented through immunization

A) autonomic nervous systemB) somatic nervous systemC) cerebrumD) hypothalamus

20. The portion of the nervous system that is mostclosely associated with the contraction of cardiacmuscle is the

A) central nervous systemB) ganglionC) nerve cordD) nerve net

21. Nerve control in the hydra occurs as a result of thetransmission of impulses by modified neurons thatmake up a

A) are composed of neuronsB) are composed of glandsC) maintain homeostasisD) secrete chemicals across synapses

22. A similarity between the nervous system and theendocrine system in humans is that they both

A) definite pathways from receptor to effectorB) random pathways containing fused gangliaC) modified neurons that form a nerve netD) specialized neurons that form a central nervous

system

23. When the tentacles of a hydra touch an object,impulses travel throughout the hydra. Theseimpulses travel over

A) Evolution has assured that organisms that movesurvive longer than those that do not.

B) Locomotion has provided certain advantagesfor many organisms.

C) Reproduction is a life process that requires asessile state of life.

D) All organisms coordinate life activities bymeans of a nervous system.

24. The ability to obtain food, avoid pollutedenvironments, and escape from predators helps manyorganisms survive to reproductive age. Whichstatement accounts for this ability?

A) spinal cord and peripheral nervous systemB) sensory neurons located in sensory nervesC) red blood cells and blood plasmaD) lymph vessels and lymph nodes

25. Rapid messages are sent from the brain to musclesand glands of the human body by way of the

A) mesoderm B) amnionC) placenta D) ectoderm

26. During embryonic development, the skin andnervous system develop from the

A) spinal cord B) medullaC) cerebrum D) cerebellum

27. Memory and thinking are most closely associatedwith which part of the central nervous system?

A) interpret impulsesB) detect stimuliC) transmit information directly to a muscleD) release neurotransmitters in a motor area

28. In the human nervous system, the function of areceptor is to

29. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below of some stages in the development ofa vertebrate embryo and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) skeletal system and musclesB) circulatory system and gonadsC) respiratory system and liverD) nervous system and skin

The outermost cells of structure G would most likelydifferentiate into the

A) thinking during an examB) writing your nameC) regulating heartbeatD) chewing food

30. Which is an activity controlled primarily by theautonomic nervous system?

A) meningitis B) strokeC) cerebral palsy D) polio

31. Which malfunction of the human nervous system isa group of congenital diseases characterized by adisturbance of motor functions?

A) perform amniocentesis and analyze cellsremoved by this technique

B) analyze the fetal blood for phenylalanineC) screen the mother's blood for abnormal cellsD) examine the fetal nervous system for the

accumulation of fatty material

32. To determine whether a fetus has inherited Downsyndrome, a doctor would most likely

A) movement of a stimulus in a cytonB) transport of oxygen in a nerveC) transfer of an impulse from one neuron to

anotherD) response of an effector to a stimulus

33. The diagram below represents part of the humannervous system.

The arrows in the diagram show the

34. Base your answer to the following question on themalfunction, chosen from the list below, that is bestdescribed by that phrase.

Malfunctions (1) Gout (2) Polio (3) Goiter (4) Diabetes (5) Leukemia

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

A viral disease of the central nervous systempreventable through immunization

A) cerebrum B) cerebellumC) medulla D) spinal cord

35. Which portion of the central nervous systemcoordinates motor activities and aids in maintainingbalance?

36. Base your answer to the following question on thefollowing list of diseases. Choose the disease thatbest matches the statement below. Diseases (1) Phenylketonuria (PKU) (2) Sickle-cell anemia (3) Down's syndrome (4) Tay-Sachs disease

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Fatty material accumulates because a specificenzyme cannot be synthesized, causing adeterioration of the nervous system.

Base your answers to questions 37 and 38 on thediagram below, which represents the two systemsinvolved in regulation, and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) diabetes and goiterB) coronary thrombosis and angina pectorisC) gout and asthmaD) meningitis and polio

37. Two malfunctions associated with the region of thenervous system indicated by box B are

A) cardiac muscle B) smooth muscleC) skeletal muscle D) visceral muscle

38. Which type of muscle is not controlled by the regionof the nervous system indicated by box C?

A) brain, dorsal nerve cord, highly developedreceptors

B) brain, fused ganglia, ventral nerve cordC) no brain, fused ganglia, tympanaD) no brain, nerve net, modified neurons

39. Which set of terms would most likely be used in adescription of the nervous system of chordates?

40. Base your answer to the following question on thelist below. Select the genetic disorder, chosen fromthe list below, that is best described by that phrase.

Genetic Disorders (1) Phenylketonuria (2) Sickle-cell anemia (3) Tay-Sachs

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3

Accumulation of fatty material in the nervous system

A) the nervous system, onlyB) the endocrine system, onlyC) both the nervous system and the endocrine

systemD) neither the nervous system nor the endocrine

system

41. The secretion of chemicals that stimulate responsesin specific body tissues is a function of

A) They are secreted in one place and most oftenact at another.

B) They are distributed by the nervous system.C) They are found only in vertebrates.D) They are secreted into specialized ducts for

transport.

42. Which statement best describes the chemicalsubstances secreted by endocrine glands?

43. Base your answer to the following question on theglands below. Choose from the list below, that is bestdescribed by that statement. Glands (1) Adrenal (2) Pancreas (3) Parathyroid (4) Hypothalamus

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Cells within this gland, which is part of the centralnervous system, produce several hormones thataffect the functioning of the pituitary gland.

A) phenylketonuria B) sickle-cell anemiaC) Down syndrome D) Tay-Sachs

44. Which genetic disorder is characterized by a buildupof fatty tissue in the nervous system?

A) synthesize neurotransmittersB) detect changes in the external environmentC) carry messages away from the central nervous

systemD) directly initiate an impulse in an effecter

45. A portion of a reflex arc is represented in thediagram below.

The function of structure A is to

A) the central nervous system, onlyB) the peripheral nervous system, onlyC) both the central and the peripheral nervous

systemsD) neither the central nor the peripheral nervous

system

46. When a child runs to his mother after hearing a clapof thunder, the child is using

A) autonomic nervous systemB) pituitary glandC) somatic nervous systemD) hypothalamus

47. The contraction of the biceps and triceps muscles inthe human arm is regulated by the

A) voluntary activityB) memoryC) involuntary activityD) balance

48. In the human central nervous system, the medulladirectly controls

A) cerebrumB) cerebellumC) somatic nervous systemD) autonomic nervous system

49. Regulation of heart rate is most closely associatedwith the

A) nervous system B) reproductive cellsC) eye D) uterus

50. A woman has a gene that causes a visual disorder. Toprevent the disorder from appearing in futuregenerations, the defective gene would have to berepaired in the mother's

51. Base your answer to the following question on thefollowing instructions. For each phrase, select themalfunction, chosen from the list below, that is bestdescribed by that phrase.

Malfunction (1) Stroke (2) Polio (3) Cerebral palsy (4) Meningitis

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding thecentral nervous system

A) human B) grasshopperC) earthworm D) hydra

52. Which organism has a nervous system that includesa dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord, ganglia, peripheralnerves, eyes, and tympana?

A) vertebrae B) effectorsC) receptors D) glomeruli

53. The part of the human central nervous system thatconducts impulses from the brain to the peripheralnervous system is protected by the

A) neurons located in the brain and spinal cordB) nerves that extend from the brain and spinal

cordC) interneurons of the central nervous systemD) portions of the brain known as the medulla and

cerebellum

54. The peripheral nervous system consists of the

A) The ends of both axons and dendrites maysecrete neurotransmitters.

B) Only the ends of axons secreteneurotransmitters.

C) Only the ends of dendrites secreteneurotransmitters.

D) The central nervous system of the hydra doesnot secrete neurotransmitters.

55. In the hydra, impulses travel in both directions overa given nerve cell. Which inference could be madefrom this statement?

A) spraying pesticides in the gardenB) taking prescribed vitamins on a daily basisC) maintaining a diet high in fiber and low in fatD) not exercising

56. During the last months of pregnancy, the brain of ahuman embryo undergoes an essential "growthspurt." Which action by the mother would mostlikely pose the greatest threat to the normaldevelopment of the nervous system of the embryo atthis time?

57. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows some of thespecialized organelles in a single-celled organism.

a Write the letter of one of the labeled organelles and state the name of that organelle.b Explain how the function of the organelle you selected in part a assists in the maintenance ofhomeostasis.c Identify a system in the human body that performs a function similar to that of the organelle youselected in part a.

A) Cells in the circulatory system carry out thesame life function for the organism as cells inthe nervous system.

B) Cells in the circulatory system are identical instructure to cells in the nervous system.

C) Cells in the nervous system are different instructure from cells in the circulatory system,and they carry out different specializedfunctions.

D) Cells in the nervous system act independently,but cells in the circulatory system functiontogether.

58. Which statement accurately compares cells in thehuman circulatory system to cells in the humannervous system?

59. Just like complex organisms, cells are able to survive by coordinating various activities. Complexorganisms have a variety of systems, and cells have a variety of organelles that work together forsurvival. Describe the roles of two organelles. In your answer be sure to include:a the names of two organelles and the function of eachb an explanation of how these two organelles work togetherc the name of an organelle and the name of a system in the human body that have similar functions

A) storing genetic informationB) carrying out the circulation of materialsC) extracting energy from nutrientsD) coordinating system interactions

60. Hormones and secretions of the nervous system arechemical messengers that are responsible for doingwhat?

61. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

. . . Some of the most common and deadly bacteria do their mischief by forming a sticky scumcalled biofilm. Individually, the microbes are easy to control, but when they organize themselvesinto biofilms they can become deadly, said Dr. Barbara Iglewski of the University of Rochester. . . Bio films are actually intricately organized colonies of billions of microbes, all working in acoordinated way to defend against attack and to pump out a toxin that can be deadly. Once they are organized, the bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics and even strongdetergents often cannot wash them away or kill them. Iglewski and colleagues from Montana State University and the University of Iowa report in Science that they discovered how the microbes in the colonies communicate and found that oncethis conversation is interrupted, the deadly bugs can be easily washed away. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common bacteria that is a major infection hazard inhospitals and among cystic fibrosis patients, the researchers isolated a gene that the bacteria usesto make a communications molecule. The molecule helps the microbes organize themselves into abio film — a complex structure that includes tubes to carry in nutrients and carry out wastes,including deadly toxins. In their study, the researchers showed that if the gene that makes the communications moleculewas blocked, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa could form only wimpy [weak], unorganized coloniesthat could be washed away with just a soap that has no effect on a healthy colony. . . .

Adapted from: Paul Recer, "Researchers find new means to disrupt attack by microbes," The DailyGazette, April 26, 1998.

A) presence of tubes to transport materials into and out of the colonyB) presence of a nervous system for communication within the colonyC) ease with which colonies can be broken down by detergentsD) lack of resistance of the bacterial colony to antibiotics

What is one characteristic of a biofilm?

62. The diagrams below represent some of the systems that make up the human body.

Select one of the pairs of systems and write its number below. For the pair selected, identify eachsystem and state one function of that system. Explain how the two systems work together to helpmaintain homeostasis in an individual.

A) Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Amount of Water Taken InB) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain HomeostasisC) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle ActivityD) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

63. Activities in the human body are represented in the diagram below

Which title would be appropriate for the diagram?

A) respiratory systemB) reproductive systemC) circulatory systemD) nervous system

64. The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function similarto a function of which human system?

Base your answers to questions 65 through 68 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Environmentalists and public health experts are warning the public about some chemicals thatthey come in contact with daily, such as PBDEs and phthalates. PBDEs are used to makechildren's clothing flame retardant and phthalates are used to manufacture many plastic bottles,toys, and cosmetics. Both of these chemicals accumulate in the body and endanger health. In one family tested, the young children had PBDE levels seven times that of their parents.These levels were two to three times the levels that caused thyroid problems in animals. Animalstudies have shown that phthalates cause reproductive defects. Even at low levels, phthalates maycontribute to infertility and impaired testes in males. Both chemicals can cause nervous systemdamage. Biomonitoring is a technology used to test for levels of industrial chemicals found in the body.The technology is less than ten years old, but results from animal studies led some countries toban PBDEs in 2004. Presently, the United States EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) does not require chemicalmanufacturers to conduct human toxicity studies prior to approval for use. If concerns regardingrisk or exposure arise during the approval process, the EPA can ask for additional testing.Additional testing occurs for approximately 10 percent of the new chemicals submitted each year.The EPA has also set up voluntary testing programs with major chemical manufacturers to ratesome of the 3,000 most widely used chemicals.

The use of industrial chemicals, such as PBDEs and phthalates, provides both advantages anddisadvantages. Discuss the disadvantages of using these chemicals. In your answer, be sure to:

65. State one specific reason why public health officials are concerned about the use of these chemicals.

66. Identify the technique used to determine exposure levels to these chemicals in humans.

67. State one possible reason why young children might have higher levels of exposure to thesechemicals than do adults.

68. State one possible reason why chemical manufacturers might participate in the voluntary testingprograms set up by the EPA.

Biology (Living Environment)

Name _________________ Class _________________ Date _________

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.

36.37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.64.65.66.67.68.