1.Material and Metallurgy

7/29/2019 1.Material and Metallurgy

1/28

MATERIAL ANDMETALLURGY

FSD 1233


2/28

ASSESSMENT

Courseworks : 60%

- Lab report/ practical 20 %

- Quizzes 20 %

- Test 20 %

Final examination 40 %


3/28

Subject

Objective

This course aims the students to know and grab

the basic concept of material, types also

properties of material which can applied the

knowledge in industrial sector.

Learning

Outcome By the end of the course, students should be ableto : identify and classify types of metal and

ceramic material. relate the theory and apply to the respective

job scope.

explain the fabrication process and identify

how to solve the problems related with the

fabrication process.

choose the suitable metal and ceramic

material to fabricate the product..

manipulate the knowledge to produce a new

advanced material, method and product.


4/28

Course outlineChapter 1

Atomic structure and

crystalline solids

Atomic structure, molecules

Crystal structure

Crystalline directions and planes

Crystalline and non crystalline materials

Chapter 2

Imperfections in solids Point defects

Miscellaneous imperfections

Microscopic examination

Chapter 3

Mechanical properties for

metal Elastic deformation

Plastic deformation

Chapter 4

Metal alloys Fabrication of metals

Ferrous alloys

Nonferrous alloys

Chapter 5

Ceramics Ceramics structure

Mechanical properties of ceramics Glasses

Clay products

Refractories

Other applications

Fabrication methods

Chapter 6

Corrosion and degradationof materials

Corrosion of metals Corrosion of ceramics materials


5/28

Chapter 1Atomic structure and

crystalline solids

Atomic structure, molecules

Crystal structure

Crystalline directions and planes

Crystalline and non crystalline materials


6/28

Why study materials science and

engineering?

Many an applied scientist or engineer beexposed to a design problem involving materials.

Eg: transmission gear, superstructure for abuilding, oil refinery components, IC chips andetc.

These scientist/engineer are involved in theinvestigation and designation of materials.

A material problem is one of selecting the rightmaterial from that thousands that available.


7/28

There are several criteria to make a decision:

1. In-service conditions must be characterized-will dictate the properties required of thematerial.

2. Consider if any deterioration of material

properties that occur during service operation.3. Consideration of economic factors-material,

process and finishing product.

The more familiar engineers with the various

techniques of characteristics, structure-propertyand processing techniques the more proficientthey make judicious of material.


8/28

Classification of materials

Solid material have been grouped into 3basic classifications: metals, ceramic, andpolymers.

This is based on chemical makeup andatomic structure, and most materials fallsinto the group.

In addition, 3 groups of engineeringmaterials: composites, semiconductorsand biomaterials.


9/28

Metals

-metallic materials are normally

combination of metallic elements.-they have large numbers of nonlocalizedelectrons.

-many properties of metals are directlyattributable to these electrons.

-metals are extremely good conductors ofelectricity and heat and not transparent tovisible light, a polished metal surface hasa lustrous appearance.

-metals are quite strong, yet deformableetc.


10/28

Ceramics

-ceramics are compound between metallic

and nonmetallic elements most frequentlyoxides, nitrides, and carbides.

-eg: clay minerals, cement, glass etc.

-ceramic typically insulative to electricityand heat, more resistant to hightemperature and harsh environment

-for mechanical behaviors, ceramic are

hard but brittle


11/28

Polymers

-polymers include family of plastic and

rubber materials, basically of organiccompound chemically based on carbon,hydrogen, and other nonmetallicelements.

-polymers have very large molecularstructure, such PET, PP,PE and etc.

-these materials typically have low

densities and maybe extremely flexible.


12/28

Advanced material

Materials that utilized in high-technologysometimes called advanced material

By using the technology a device or product thatoperates or function using intricate andsophisticated principles such electronicequipment (VCRs, VCD players, etc.), computers,fiber-optics systems, spacecraft, aircraft andmilitary rocket.

These advanced material typically either fromenhanced traditional material or newly developed

or highly performance material. These material normally expensive: titanium

alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), aluminum alloy (2024-T6),4340steel, etc)


13/28

Atomic structure

Some of properties of solid materialdepend on geometrical, arrangement andinteractions among atom and molecules.

Each of atom consists of nucleuscomposed of protons charge and neutronencircled by moving electrons charge.

Magnitude of charge=1.60 x 10-19 C,

Mass of proton & neutron=1.67 x 10-27 kg

Mass of electrons=9.11 x 10-31 kg


14/28

Atomic model


15/28

The main particles in an atom are electrons, protons and neutrons.

The protons and neutrons sit in the centre of the atom in what is

known as the nucleus.


16/28

Atomic Bonding

All materials are made up of atoms. These atoms are heldtogether by forces called interatomic bonds. The bonds actlike springs, linking each atom to its neighbour.

There are several different types of bonds that formbetween atoms. The type of bonding between atoms cangive rise to very different properties. For example, graphite

and diamond are both carbon, however, due to the natureof their atomic bonding, they exhibit exceptionally differentmaterial characteristics.


17/28

There are two important aspects of atomic packing.

The first is the bond length:

The second is bond angle:


18/28


19/28


20/28

Crystal structure

3 common crystal structures found in metals-single crystal, polycrystalline and noncrystalline.

Solid materials can classified according theregularity with atoms or ion are arranged.

A crystalline material is which the atom issituated in a repeating or periodic array overlarge atomic distances.

Some of properties of crystalline depend on thecrystal structure of material.

The repetitive pattern of atoms (ions) called unitcell. Unit cell is to represent the symmetry of the

crystal structure


21/28

Metallic crystal structure

3 common crystal structure of metal:

face center cubic (FCC),

body centre cubic (BCC)

hexagonal close packed (HCP).
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1017v1/img/h1017v1_25_3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1017v1/css/h1017v1_25.htm&usg=__pQK3Vx1ykEQIYO5QOp-jvKkaUK0=&h=452&w=451&sz=24&hl=ms&start=57&tbnid=2DfaDXwLjbPygM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dface%2Bcenter%2Bcubic%2Bstructure%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dms%26rlz%3D1T4RNTN_enMY331MY339%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40


22/28

Face Center Cubic (FCC)

The crystal structure found to manymetals.

A unit cell of cubic geometry has atom

located at each corners at the center of allcubic faces.

Metals having this structure are copper,aluminum, silver, lead, nickel, platinum,etc.


23/28

FCC
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/399px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png&imgrefurl=http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2008/10/lie_theory_through_examples_2.html&usg=__9Jo4GwWx1hQqx4aqhUtelfnaqyY=&h=351&w=399&sz=34&hl=ms&start=5&tbnid=l0Dlt44Bi4J2dM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dface%2Bcenter%2Bcubic%2Bstructure%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dms%26rlz%3D1T4RNTN_enMY331MY339%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/images/chfa_01_img0132.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Bo-Ce/Bonding.html&usg=__zDDVByeLG_IiADDIaliB7mgFIgk=&h=214&w=351&sz=9&hl=ms&start=26&tbnid=SQFa_v-g1ck4lM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dface%2Bcenter%2Bcubic%2Bstructure%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dms%26rlz%3D1T4RNTN_enMY331MY339%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ul.ie/~walshem/fyp/fcc.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ul.ie/~walshem/fyp/unit%2520cell%2520bup1.htm&usg=__gOIUa0ORT0p2AHx1n4B4DENhdPk=&h=382&w=584&sz=13&hl=ms&start=24&tbnid=3jAzXqMnHglRQM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dface%2Bcenter%2Bcubic%2Bstructure%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dms%26rlz%3D1T4RNTN_enMY331MY339%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/fcc.gif&imgrefurl=http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/bravais.htm&usg=__hgMAE0vYqg3Q8iNnqeGDkUJDBvA=&h=306&w=300&sz=5&hl=ms&start=29&tbnid=OXcta03HquryMM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dface%2Bcenter%2Bcubic%2Bstructure%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dms%26rlz%3D1T4RNTN_enMY331MY339%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20


24/28

The spheres touch one another across a facediagonal.

The cube edge length, a and the atomic radius, Rrelated through:

Coordination number (CN): the number of

nearest neighbors to any atom. For FCC systems, the coordination number is 12.

Atomic Packing Factor (APF): the ratio of atomicsphere volume to unit cell volume, assuming ahard sphere model.

Atomic number/unit cell is 4.

FCC systems have an APF of 0.74, the maximumpacking for a system in which all spheres haveequal diameter.


25/28

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Atoms are arranged at the corners of thecube with another atom at the cubecenter.

Since atoms are assumed to touch along

the cube diagonal in BCC, the latticeparameter is related to atomic radiusthrough:


26/28

Coordination number for BCC structures is8.

Each center atom is surrounded by theeight corner atoms.

Atomic no/unit cell is 2.

The lower coordination number alsoresults in a slightly lower APF for BCCstructures.

BCC has an APF of 0.68, rather than 0.74

in FCC

The BCC metals structure such as Cr, Fe,etc.


27/28

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

Cell of an HCP lattice is visualized as a topand bottom plane of 7 atoms, forming aregular hexagon around a central atom. In

between these planes is a half-hexagon of3 atoms.


28/28

There are two lattice parameters in HCP, a and c,representing the basal and height parametersrespectively.

In the ideal case, the c/a ratio is 1.633, however,

deviations do occur. Coordination number and APF for HCP are exactly

the same as those for FCC: 12 and 0.74respectively.

This is because they are both considered closepacked structures

The HCP metals includes Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn, etc

Atomic number/unit cell is 6.

Documents

1.Material and Metallurgy