1.introduction-c++ programming features

8/10/2019 1.introduction-c++ programming features

1/38

PROGRAMMING AND DATA

STRUCTURES II

CS6301


2/38

UNIT I - OBJECT ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

C++ Programming features - Data Abstraction -

Encapsulation - class - object - constructors

static membersconstant membersmember functionspointersreferences -

Role of this pointerStorage classes

function as arguments.


3/38

Introduction


4/38

General reasons to name

Programming languages as B,C,C++

why b language is called b?

B was called B because it was meant to be a stripped down version of the

BCPL language (Basic Combined Programming Language), so the B just

stands for basic.

Why is c language called C?

C is called C because it is based on the B programming language (and

naturally, B is followed by C).

Why is the language called C++..?

C++ has the double '+' on it because one of the new additions was the ++operator (instead of writing x=x+1, you could write x++). The pluses also

denote that it is an addition to C.


5/38

What is C++

C++ is a compiled, object-oriented language Originally called C

with classes . It is the successor to C, a procedural language

(the ++ is called the successor operator in C++)

Or

It is a Superset of C.

Or

The name C++ is based on Cs increment operator (++)

Indicating that C++ is an enhanced version of C

C was developed in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie of AT&T BellLabs

C++ was developed in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup ofAT&T Bell Labs.


6/38

History of C++

Bjarne StroustrupThe creator of C++ language and its

first implementation.

Born in Aarhus Denmark, 1950.

Cand.Scient. (Math. and C.S.), 1975,

University of Aarhus, Denmark.

Ph.D. (Computer Science), 1979,

Cambridge University, England

The head of AT&T Lab's Large-scale

Programming Research department,

an AT&T(American Telephone andTelegraph Company) Bell LaboratoriesFellow, an AT&T Fellow and ACMFellow.

Recipient of the 1993 ACM Grace Murray

Hopper award.


7/38

The chart of the

first appearances

of high-level computerlanguages

History of C++Fortran

Algol60

PL/I

CPL

BCPL

C

Pascal

Modula-2

Simula 67

Lisp

ML

Clu

Smalltalk-80

Ada Beta

ANSI C

C++arm

Eiffel

Objective C

Modula-3

CLOS

Ada9X C++std

C++

Algol 68

1960

1970

1980

1990

1960

1970

1980

1990

C with Classes


8/38

1979 May Work on C with Classes starts

Oct 1st C with Classes implementation in use

1980 Apr 1st internal Bell Labs paper on C with Classes [Stroustrup, 1980]

1982 Jan 1st external paper on C with Classes [Stroustrup, 1982]1983 Aug 1st C++ implementation in use

Dec C++ named

1984 Jan 1st C++ manual

1985 Feb 1st external C++ release (Release E)

Oct Cfront Release 1.0 (first commercial release)

Oct The C++ Programming Language [Stroustrnp, 1986]

1986 Aug The "what is paper" [Stroustrup, 1986b]

Sep 1st OOPSLA conference (start of OO hype centered on Smalltalk)

Nov 1st commercial Cfront PC port (Cfront 1.1, Glockenspiel)

C++ Timeline

History of C++


9/38

Nov 1st USENIX C++ conference (Santa Fe, NM)

Dec 1st GNU C++ release (1.13)

1988 Jan 1st Oregon Software C++ releaseJune 1st Zortech C++ release

Oct 1st USENIX C++ implementers workshop (Estes Park, CO)

1989 June Cfront Release 2.0

Dec ANSI X3JI6 organizational meeting (Washington, DC)

1990 Mar 1st ANSI X3J 16 technical meeting (Somerset, NJ)

May 1st Borland C++ release

May The Annotated C++ Reference Manual [ARM]

July Templates accepted (Seattle, WA)

Nov Exceptions accepted (Palo Alto, CA)

C++ Timeline

History of C++

1987 Feb Cfront Release 1.2


10/38

June 1st ISO WG21 meeting (Land, Sweden)

Oct Cfront Release 3,0 (including templates)

1992 Feb 1st DEC C++ release (including templates and exceptions)

Mar 1st Microsoft C++ release

May 1st IBM C++ release (including templates and exceptions)

1993 Mar Run-time type identification accepted (Portland, OR)

July Namespaces accepted (Munich, Germany)

1994 Aug ANSI/ISO Committee Draft registered

1998 Sep The ANSI/ISO standardization of C++

The C++ Programming Language (3rd edition)

2000 The C++ Programming Language (special edition)

C++ Timeline

History of C++

1991 June The C+ + Programming Language (second edition) [2nd]


11/38

Difference between C and C++.doc
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/Difference%20between%20C%20and%20C++.doc


12/38

High level languages

Algorithms and functions to be

written without requiring detailedknowledge of the hardware used in

the computing platform.

The compiler provides interface

transparently for the programmer.

Easier to read and program in, but

require much more memory due to

the generality necessitated in their

compilers.

Low level languages

Require more involvement with

the actual register and interruptinterfaces to the hardware.

Provides more control and

efficiency for the program and

can be good for applicationswhich need high speed execution

more difficult to read and

program


13/38

Top down approach

Designing the

main module(i.e main

function)

Then decide what all othermodules to be include and

then we will design all

other sub modules

Eg:- c

Bottom up approach

Design all the sub modules

related to application

Then design main module

and then decide what are themodules to be include..

Eg:- : we can design any no

of classes and in main onlyrequired classes and their

functions can be used


14/38

diff bw pop & oop.doc
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/diff%20bw%20pop%20&%20oop.doc


15/38

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Phases of C++ Programs:

1. Edit

2. Preprocess

3. Compile

4. Link

5. Load

6. Execute

Loader

Primary

Memory

Program is created in

the editor and stored

on disk.

Preprocessor program

processes the code.

Loader puts program

in memory.

CPU takes each

instruction and

executes it, possibly

storing new data

values as the program

executes.

Compiler

Compiler creates

object code and stores

it on disk.

Linker links the object

code with the libraries,creates a.outand

stores it on disk

Editor

Preprocessor

Linker

CPU

Primary

Memory

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk


16/38

Creating Source file

Turbo C++ and Borland C++ use .cpp as

extension

Zortech system uses .cxx

UNIX AT&T version uses .C and .cc


17/38

Compiling & Linking

In UNIX AT&T

To compile single file To compile CC filename.C

The compiler would produce the object file asfilename.o

Then automatically link with the library function to

produce executable file

Default executable file is a.out


18/38

To compile multiple file CC filename1.C filename2.o

Compiles only filename1.c and link with previouslycompiled filename2.o

It is useful only when one of the files needs to be

modified.

Turbo C++ and Borland C++

Compile using compile option or ctrl+f9

Execute using Run option or alt+f9

Visual C++

Using menu choices and buttons


19/38

Simple C++ Program

\*This is

an example*/

\\simple c++ program

#include

int main()

{

// Declarations// Statements

return 0;

}

\*.*/ Multiline commentline

\\ .. Single comment line


20/38

Simple C++ Program

#include

int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Compiler directive: Tellsthe compiler what to dobefore compiling

This one includes source

code from another file


21/38

#include

In C++, a stream is a sequence of characters associated with aninput device, or an output device, or a disk file.

Class iostreamdefines objectcinas the stream associatedwith input device (keyboard).

Class iostream defines object cout as the streamassociated with output device (screen).

Classiostreamalso defines: input operator >>(extract from input stream);

output operator


22/38

Input Operator => cin

The identifier cin is a predefined object in c++

that corresponds to the standard input

stream.

Syntax:- cin>>variable;


23/38

Output operator => cout

The identifier cout is predefined object that

represents the standard output stream in c++.

Syntax:- cout


24/38

Cascading of I/O operators

First sends the string sum= to cout and then

sends the value of sum

Then sends the newline character

The above statement provides two lines of

output


25/38

To display the output in a single line

the output is sum= ,Average=

Cascading Input operator:


26/38

Header Files

list of header files.doc
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/list%20of%20header%20files.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10/list%20of%20header%20files.doc


27/38

Simple C++ Program

#include

using namespace std;

int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}


28/38

using namespace std;

prefixing the name with std

#include

int main()

{

std::cout


29/38

Simple C++ Program#include

int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Main function


30/38


int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Header for mainfunction

In C++, main returns aninteger type value to the

operating system. So return type for

main() is explicitlyspecified as int.

Therefore every main()in c++ should end with a

return 0 statement.


31/38


int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Braces enclose

the body of the

function

They represent

the start and end

of the function


32/38


int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Declarations and

statements

Main body of

function (or main

part)

// represents the

start of a

comment


33/38


int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

Return statement

specifies thevalue the functionreturns

All (almost)declarations andstatements endwith a semi-colon;


34/38


int main()

{

// Declarations

// Statements

return 0;

}

This

program

doesnt do

anything!


35/38

Sample 1#include

void main()

{

int number;

cout number;

cout


36/38

Sample 1#include

void main()

{

int number;

cout number;

cout


37/38

Sample 1#include

void main()

{

int number;

cout number;

cout


38/38

Sample 1#include

void main()

{

int number;

cout number;

cout

Documents

1.introduction-c++ programming features