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Diseases of Pigs
Scott P. Terrell, DVM, Diplomate ACVP
Veterinary Pathologist, Disney’s Animal ProgramsInstructor in Wildlife Pathology, UF CVM
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE)
360 multiple choice questions 6 blocks of 60 questions
Approx. 60 images (xrays, diagrams, photos, microscope
images, etc) Total 7.5 hours 55-65% to pass (90% pass)
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE)
Blueprint by species Small animal
• Canine 26%• Feline 22%• Pet bird 3%• Other (fish, lab, exotics) 3%
Food animal• Bovine 15%• Pigs 7%• Sheep / goat 2%
Horses 16%
Public health, poultry 6%
Gram positive or gram negative?SS BECLR DAMN (a ship)
S - Staphylococcus sp. S - Streptoccoccus sp. B - Bacillus sp. E - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C - Clostridium sp. L - Listeria monocytogenes R - Rhodococcus equi D - Dermatophilus congolensis A - Actinomyces (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes M - Mycobacterium sp. (acid fast) N - Nocardiasp.
On to the pigs....
Ages of pigs are important
Neonates 0-3 weeks <4 kg
Weanlings/nursery 3-10 weeks 4-25 kg
Growers/finisher 10-26 weeks 25-120 kg
Breeders/adults >6-8 months >120 kg
Pig management
Backyard herds All in / all out SPF Segregrated early weaning Depop / repop
Pig medicine
Blood collection Jugular vein / anterior vena cava
IV injection Auricular vein Rubberband
Orderly thinking...
Multisystemic Diseases Respiratory Diseases Gastrointestinal Diseases Neurologic Diseases Musculoskeletal Diseases Reproductive Diseases Dermatology Miscellaneous
Multisystemic diseases
Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) Glasser’s disease (Haemophilus parasuis) Salmonella PRRS (arterivirus) PWMWS (circovirus) Pseudorabies virus (herpes virus) Vitamin E / selenium deficiency
Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Gram positive rod
Environmental contaminant most herds have carriers
Septicemia diamond skin, arthritis, endocarditis,
necrosis
Diamond skin disease
Valvular endocarditis
Erysipelas cont...
Treatment Penicillin Tetracyclins
Prevention and control Sanitation Vaccinate at weaning and then q6 months
Glasser’s disease (polyserositis)
Haemophilus parasuis Gram negative coccobacillus
Endemic, initiated by stress Polyserositis, septicemia (fibrinous)
Pleuritis Pericarditis Peritonitis Meningitis!!!
Glasser’s disease
Glasser’s cont...
Diagnosis Culture is difficult (but try it) Go with suspicion from gross lesions
Treatment Penicillins Tetracyclins
Prevention and control Reduce stress Vaccine at weaning then again 3-4 weeks later
Salmonella sp.
Salmonella cholerasuis Salmonella typhimurium
Zoonotic
Low-level endemnicity, carriers Septicemia
pyrexia, anorexia purple discoloration of the ears (infarction) Small or large intestinal diarrhea (button ulcers) Pneumonia Rectal strictures
Salmonella
Salmonella cont...
Diagnosis Aerobic culture
Treatment Neomycin in the feed/water for whole group Naxcel (ceftiofur) for individual
Prevention and control Sanitation All in - all out operation Various vaccines (live avirulent)
PRRS
Porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome
Arterivirus Clinical signs - neonates
anorexia, lethargy, fever cyanosis of the ears, respiratory distress secondary bacterial pneumonia delayed or abnormal estrus cycle with
increased numbers of stillborns/mummies
PRRS cont...
Diagnosis serology, virus isolation IFA, IHC most common test used in the USA
Treatment Supportive care, treat secondary bacteria
Control closed herds change feed if contaminated by mycotoxins (*) RespPRRS vaccine
Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PWMWS)
Porcine circovirus -2 Relatively new disease Responsible for many of the
clinical signs associated with “atypical PRRS virus”.
PWMWS
Clinical signs Wasting in weanling pigs Enlarged peripheral lymph nodes Evidence of pneumonia
Diagnosis Necropsy-
• Granulomatous lymphadenitis and pneumonia• Intracytoplasmic inclusions
Serology, IFA
PWMWS
Treatment None Supportive care Euthanasia of affected animals
Control Difficult at this time Carrier animals are important
Pseudorabies
Aujesky’s disease Herpes virus Dogs, cats, domestic ruminants Not humans!
Pseudorabies cont...
Baby piglets up to 100% mortality neurologic dz, vomiting, diarrhea Ulcers on oral cavity and esophagus
Weanling/growers up to 60% mortality in weanlings, 0-15% in
finishers pneumonia impt, neurologic dz, vomiting, extreme
pyrexia
Adults - often inapparent can cause stillbirth/abortion
Pseudorabies cont... Reportable disease! Diagnosis
Necropsy - • histologic lesions in brain, ulcers in gi tract
Serum neutralization is standard test ELISA can be used as a screening test
Treatment - none Prevention
closed herd! quarantine! restrict wildlife vaccination
Pseudorabies
Pseudorabies
Regulation use of vaccine regulated by states federal regulations for monitoring
all animals over 6mo old must be tested 25% of herd tested q3months or... 10% of herd tested q1month
White muscle disease / Mulberry heart disease
Nursery or grower pigs Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency
Propionic acid destroys Vit E / Sel Rancid fat can destroy Midwest U.S. is selenium deficient
Clinical signs acute death (mulberry heart disease) muscle weakness (white muscle disease)
Vit E / Selenium cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - hydropericardium, fibrinous
epicarditis, myocardial hemorrhage Diffise hepatic necrosis - hepatosis dietetica Liver selenium < 0.5 ug/g
Mulberry heart disease
Cardiovascular disease
Encephalomyocarditis virus Hog cholera African swine fever Erysipelas Vitamin E / selenium deficiency
EMC virus
Cardiovirus Clinical signs
• neonates - sudden death• older pigs - subclinical chronic myocarditis
Pathology• Epicardial hemorrhage often only lesion• May see white streaks or spots in myocardium• Heart may be enlarged, soft and pale• Hydropericardium, hydrothorax, pulmonary edema,
etc.• Non-suppurative myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis
PigEMC virus myocarditis
Other cardiovascular conditions
Hog cholera - FAD African swine fever - FAD Erysipelas - valvular endocarditis Vitamin E / selenium deficiency
Mulberry heart disease Necrosis / degeneration
of myocardium
Respiratory diseases
Atrophic rhinitis Swine influenza Mycoplasma pneumoniae Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Pasteurella Verminous pneumonia
Atrophic rhinitis
Bordatella bronchiseptica Pasteurella multocida High ammonia Clinical signs
sneezing, sniffling twisted snouts excessive lacrimation epistaxis
Atrophic rhinitis cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - cut snout at 2nd premolar Nasal culture for either organism
Treatment tetracyclines in the feed LA200 to neonates
Control and prevention all in all out, reduce stress, clean air vaccinate sows
Atrophic rhinitis
Swine influenza
Influenza virus Zoonotic Outbreaks associated with
movement or extreme weather changes
up to 100% morbidity low mortality unless secondary bacterial
infection complicates things
Swine influenza cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - cranioventral pneumonia Fluorescent antibody test
Treatment - supportive Prevention
closed herd control secondary infections keep away from humans (no shows!)
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Enzootic pneumonia Most common cause of chronic
pneumonia Chronic, non-productive cough Low mortality Secondary bacterial complication
Mycoplasma cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - “plum colored”or pale cranio-
ventral pneumonia Culture to rule out secondary bacteria Fluorescent
antibody test on lung
Mycoplasma cont...
Treatment - Lincomycin in feed
Prevention - improve management
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Intensive swine operations Inapparent carriers Peracute, acute, and chronic forms Clinical signs
severe respiratory distress death
Actinobacillus cont...
Diagnosis necropsy - fibrinous pleuropneumonia often diaphragmatic lobes most severe culture is difficult complement fixation serology
Treatment ceftiofur (Naxcel) and procaine penicillin
Control vaccination of young pigs
Contagious pleuropneumonia
Pasteurella multocida
Most common bacterial isolate from pig lungs
opportunistic pathogen mycoplasma, influenza, actinobacillus, stress
clinical signs moist productive cough dyspnea some die
Pasteurella cont...
Diagnosis necropsy - suppurative cranio-ventral
bronchopneumonia may be pleuritis similar to actinobacillus culture
Treatment - penicillin, tetracyclines Control
look for underlying disease medicate feed and water (tetracyclines)
Pasteurella pneumonia
Verminous pneumonia
Ascaris suum - direct life cycle
Metastrongylus elongatus - earthworm intermediate
Problem with pasture pigs Clinical signs
poor doer respiratory distress
Secondary bacterial infection “Milk spots” liver, worms in the GI Levamisole, ivermectin
Gastrointestinal diseases
Stomach Ulcers
Small intestine E. coli (piglets) TGE (piglets) Clostridium (piglets) Coccidiosis (>7 days) Rota virus (post weaning) Salmonella (any)
Gastrointestinal disease cont...
Large intestine Swine dysentery (grower/finishers) Proliferative enteropathy (grower/finishers)
• Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome• Proliferative illeitis
Whipworms (growers) Salmonella (any)
Gastric ulcer disease
Almost always the pars esophagea Non-specific lesions Can lead to “bleed-out” Predisposing factors...
Finely ground feed Stress Vit E/Selenium def
Melena, ulceration of squamous portion of stomach, anorexia
“Bleed out”
Colibacillosis
E. coli Most impt cause of diarrhea in
piglets <5 days old!!! Clinical signs
clear watery to pasty brown feces dehydration and depression death losses higher in younger pigs
Colibacillosis cont...
Diagnosis ph of feces (>8) culture of organism (large number) necropsy - dilated gas filled small intestine
Treatment Ampicillin, tetracyclin, gentamicin, fluids
Control sanitation, vaccination of sow
Colibacillosis
TGE - transmissable gastroenteritis
Coronavirus (similar to FIP) Epidemic form (all ages) Endemic form (1-8 weeks old) WINTER disease Clinical signs
Neonates - diarrhea with undigested milk Growers, finishers - diarrhea recovers <7days
Morbidity and mortality high in pigs <2weeks old
TGE cont...
Diagnosis ELISA, immunoflourescence of gut contents Necropsy
• undigested milk in small intestine• thin walled, transparent small intestine
Treatment - supportive Control
isolate new additions for 2 weeks, keep dogs and bird away (carriers)
Immunization of sows or piglets Grind up piglet guts and feed to pregnant sows
TGE
Clostridial enteritis
Clostridium perfringens type C sudden death in 1-2 day old piglets Clinical signs
BLOODY DIARRHEA
Diagnosis Necropsy - blood in jejunum with flecks of
mucosa, necrosis of small intestine Clinical signs Histopathology - large gram positive rods
Clostridial enteritis
Clostridial enteritis cont....
Treatment usually die too quickly type C antitoxin
Control Sanitation Type C antitoxin within minutes of birth Vaccination of sow Prophylactic bacitracin or penicillin to
piglets
Coccidiosis
Isospora suis piglets 5 days old to weaning Clinical signs
diarrhea (7-10 days of age) no blood acidic feces (in contrast to E. coli) Dehydration
Coccidiosis cont...
Diagnosis Diarrheas in pigs <7days old are not Isospora! Necropsy - fibrinonecrotic enteritis Histopathology - oocysts, merozoites Fecal flotation can be falsely negative
Treatment Adding coccidiostats to feed is ILLEGAL amprolium to piglets
Control - disinfection of farrowing area
Coccidiosis
Rota virus
Reovirus Almost all pigs are infected Diarrhea in post-weaned pigs Diagnosis - difficult
Necropsy-thin walled small intestine Histopathology Flourescent antibody test Electron microscopy
Rota virus cont...
Treatment Glucose and fluids Antimicrobials for concurrent infections
• E. coli• Isospora
Control Wean pigs on good nutritional diet MLV vaccine at 7 and 21 days (in water)
Dont forget Salmonella Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella cholerasuis Fibrinonecrotic enteritis or colitis
at necropsy Rectal strictures Culture of organism
Swine dysentery
Serpulina hyodysenteriae Grower / finishers Mortality can be up to 30% Clinical signs
diarrhea sometimes with blood eventually watery, bloody, mucoid most recover in 2 weeks but 30% may die
Swine dysentery cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - mucohemorrhagic colitis histopathology Spiral shaped organism on dark field microscopy Culture is definitive
Treatment Lincomycin in water
Control medicated water, depopulation, close herd vaccine only reduces clinical signs
Swine dysentery
Swine dysentery
Proliferative enteropathy
Lawsonia intracellulare proliferative illeitis, hemorrhagic bowel
syndrome
Large intestine Weanlings and older Clinical signs
intermittant diarrhea can be hemorrhagic diarrhea anemia (think gastric ulcer first)
Proliferative enteropathy cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - “garden hose” ilium and colon
– can be hemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotic Histopathology - intracellular, silver positive DNA probes
Treatment and control No specific treatment Reduce stress Medicate feed - tetracyclines, carbadox
Proliferative illeitis
Whipworms
Trichuris suis 2-6 months of age Large intestine Clinical signs
diarrhea with mucus and blood anemia (2 DDX?)
Diagnosis - fecal float, fibrinnecrotic colitis Control - dichlorvos and fenbendazole
Whipworms
Don’t forget Salmonella!
Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella cholersuis
associated with rectal strictures?
Can be large intestine Fibrinonecrotic colitis Rectal strictures Culture
Parasites of pigs
Trichuris suis - colon Ascaris suum - small intestine, milk
spots Stephanurus edentatus - kidney Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceous -
small intestine
Neurological diseases
Hypoglycemia Streptococcus suis Salt poisoning Edema disease
Hypoglycemia
Newborn piglets Blood glucose <50 may develop
signs Clinical signs
convulsions shivering hypothermia gait abnormalities
Hypoglycemia cont...
Diagnosis Blood glucose Empty stomach
Treatment 20ml/kg 5% glucosa, warm em up
Control make sure the milk is flowing
Streptococcus suis
Streptococcal meningitis 3-12 weeks of age Clinical signs
fever, anorexia, depression tremors, blindness, ataxia, convulsions
Diagnosis Necropsy - suppurative meningitis Culture of CSF or meningeal swab
Strep suis cont...
Treatment penicillin, tetracyclines must be quick!
Control minimize stress prophylactic antibiotics
Can be zoonotic - meningitis, headaches
Streptococcal meningitis
Salt poisoning
Usually due to water deprivation rather than too much Na
Causes hyperosmalarity of CNS resulting in swelling and edema
Clinical signs thirst, constipation depression, blindness, convulsions
Salt poisoning cont...
Diagnosis History Clinical pathology-eosinopenia, hypernatremia Histopathology - eosinophilic meningitis
Treatment None
Control provide free access to water reduce salt in diet
Edema disease
E. coli - toxin differs from GI form Shiga like toxin - vascular injury - edema
1-3 weeks post weaning Clinical signs
sudden death ataxia, convulsions, palpebral edema
Diagnosis palpebral edema, widespread edema in multiple sites Culture - pure culture from SI or colon Detection of toxin
Edema disease
Edema disease cont...
Treatment ineffectual if clinical signs have developed
Control Antibiotics in feed/water High fiber diets?
Musculoskeletal diseases
Arthritis S. suis, Erysipelothrix, A. pyogenes Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Myodegenerative disease Malignant hyperthermia (PSE) White muscle disease
Rickets Fibrocartilagenous infarcts Osteochondrosis
Suppurative arthritis
Streptococcus suis Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Actinomyces pyogenes May see loss of cartilage Due to fighting, surgical contamination Distended joints, abscesses Penicillin - treatment often no good
Suppurative arthritis
Mycoplasmal arthritis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae 4-12 weeks of age acute or chronic lameness non-suppurative arthritis/synovitis edema of synovial tissue Lincomysin to treat
Mycoplasmal arthritis
Malignant hyperthermia
Porcine stress syndrome, Pale soft edudative pork
Autosomal recessive gene Stress predisposes
Fighting, movement, handling Halothane anesthesia
Clinical signs muscle tremors, dyspnea, red areas of skin,
increased body temperature, muscle rigidity
Malignant hyperthermia
Treatment Remove stress Cool Dantrolene
Control genetic selection - DNA probe avoid stress
Malignant hyperthermia
White muscle disease / Mulberry heart disease
Nursery or grower pigs Vitamin E / Selenium deficiency
Propionic acid destroys Vit E / Sel Rancid fat can destroy Midwest U.S. is selenium deficient
Clinical signs acute death (mulberry heart disease) muscle weakness (white muscle disease)
Vit E / Selenium cont...
Diagnosis Necropsy - hydropericardium, fibrinous
epicarditis, myocardial hemorrhage hepatic necrosis - hepatosis dietetica Liver selenium < 0.5 ug/g
Treatment and control Vit E or selenium injection feed supplements
Mulberry heart disease
Rickets
Ca/P imbalance or Vit D deficiency Decreased mineralization of bone 3-5 months of age Pathologic fractures Distorted bones Adjust diet
Osteochondrosis
Grower pigs Rapid growth Usually involves humero-radial joint
Stifle less common
Fibrocartilagenous infarcts
Heavily muscled lean pigs Usually present down in hindlimbs Evidence of discospondylitis Rupture of nucleus pulposus Embolism of nucleus pulposus with
subsequent infarction of spinal cord
Reproductive disease
Parvovirus Leptospirosis PRRS Cystitis / pyelonephritis Brucellosis
Porcine parvovirus
100% prevalence Signs depend on time of infection
<30days - embryo resorbed 30-70days - mummy >70days - dead or weak, survive normally no other signs of illness
SMEDI - stillbirth, mummy, embryonic death, infertility
Diagnosis - detection of virus in mummy by immunofluorescence or by rising titer
Parvo - SMEDI
Porcine parvovirus cont...
Control Natural infection of gilts before breeding Commingle gilts with sows Grind up mummies and feed to gilts Vaccination!
• may still get some losses
Leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona - most common serovar bratislava
Clinical signs Pyrexia, last trimester abortion, stillbirths
Diagnosis Culture difficult Dark field microscopy of fetal fluids, urine Serology (<1:800)
Leptospirosis cont...
Treatment Chlortetracycline in feed
Control Vaccination Gilts twice before first breeding Sows before every breeding
PRRS
Porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome Premature farrowing Small weak piglets or stillborns increased numbers of mummies Delayed or abnormal estrus Serology to diagnose Vaccination for prevention
Cystitis / Pyelonephritis
Eubacterium suis Clinical signs
pyrexia, blood or pus in urine high urine pH
Diagnosis necropsy - hemorrhagic cystitis Culture difficult - anaerobic
Treatment - penicillin
Brucellosis
Brucella suis Clinical signs
abortion at any time in gestation infertility - many sows coming back into heat infected sows recover and deliver normally
Lesions mild endometritis arthritis orchitis
Brucellosis
Brucellosis cont...
Diagnosis Serology - card test Culture
Treatment and control Test and slaughter Zoonotic
Abortions/stillbirths
Parvo virus PRRS Pseudorabies Lepto
Dermatologic diseases
Mange Greasy pig disease Swine pox Erysipelas Pityriasis rosea (JPPD) PRRS associated
vasculitis/glomerulonephritis
Mange Sarcoptes scabei var suis Young nursery or grower pigs Clinical signs
intense pruritis, thickened skin poor production susceptible to other diseases
Diagnosis - clinical signs, skin scrape Treatment and control
acaricide (amitraz) topically, ivermectin injection
Mangy piglet
Mangy piglet
Sarcoptes scabei
Histopath
Greasy pig disease
Exudative dermatitis Staphylococcus hyicus Affects late preweaning pigs Clinical signs
exfoliation of skin, excess sebaceous secretion pruritis not a feature unless complicated my
mange
Diagnosis - clinical signs and culture
Greasy pigs
Greasy pig disease cont...
Treatment Injectible penicllin, oxytetracyline Tetracyclines in feed
Control Sanitation Control external parasites Good nutrition
Swine pox Swine pox virus Only pigs less than 4months old Clinical signs
papules 1-6 mm in diameter pustules, crusts clear spontaenously
Diagnosis - clinical signs, biopsy intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Treatment - not necessary
Swine pox
Erysipelas Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Diamond skin disease pigs 3months - 3years old Clinical signs
widespread ecchymotic hemorrhages due to microthrombi
arthritis, endocarditis
Diagnosis Diamond skin lesions pathognomonic Culture of blood, joints, lung, liver
Diamond skin disease
Erysipelas cont...
Treatment Penicillin is the drug of choice
Control General sanitation Bacterins or attenuated live vaccines
Pityriasis rosea
Juvenille pustular psoriaform dermatitis
Pseudo-ringworm Spontaneous regression
PRRS associated Vasculitis/glomerulonephritis
Newly described condition associated with PRRS virus infection
Type III hypersensitivity reaction Causing vasculitis Dermal and cutaneous infarction Large red sloughing skin lesions usually
over rear and legs Commonly associated renal disease
PRRS vasculitis/glomerulonephritis
Miscellaneous diseases
Swine lice Baby piglet anemia Eperythrozoonosis
Swine lice
Haematopinus suis Indicator of poor management Clinical signs
pruritis (mild), anemia, poor growing
Diagnosis visible to naked eye
Treatment - same as for mange
Baby pig anemia Iron deficiency Piglets iron demand is greater than the
sows milk Clinical signs
anemia within 2-3 days of birth dyspnea, edema, pale skin, lethargy
Diagnosis - clinical signs, CBC Treatment - 200mg iron dextran at 1-3
days of age
Eperythrozoonosis
Eperythrozoan suis Obligate intracellular parasite of RBC’s Clinical signs
pyrexia, icterus, anemia intravascular hemolysis necropsy - large spleen
Diagnosis - Giemsa stained blood smear Serology - 1:80 considered positive
Eperythrozoonosis cont...
Treatment Oxytetracycline injected or in feed
Control Control lice and fomite transmission Surgical instruments, needles, etc...
Pigweed
Amaranthus retroflexus Common in southeast Severe perirenal edema
Fumonensin
Fusarium moniliforme Hypertension Arteriolar medial proliferation Hemorrhagic pleural and pulmonary
edema*
Foreign diseases
Hog cholera pestivirus - splenic infarction is
pathognomonic
African swine fever iridovirus - hemorrhage in multiple areas
Vesicular diseases of swine Foot and mouth disease - apthavirus* Swine vesicular disease - enterovirus Vesicular exanthema - calicivirus Vesicular stomatitis - rhabdovirus
Case #1
Signalment: 10 weanling pigs History: dead and dying Necropsy findings:
yellow fibrin covering lungs yellow fibrin covering abdominal organs meninges are reddened
DDX?
Case #2
Signalment: several growers History: poor doers, chronic cough Clinical signs:
non-productive cough harsh lung sounds
Euthanize and necropsy: cranioventral pneumonia, plum-red color
DDX?
Case #3
Signalment: 2 grower pig females History: diarrhea, weak Clinical signs:
pale mucous membranes perineum stained with feces
One dies - necropsy findings: Large intestine markedly thickened and
contains small amount of blood
DDX
Case #4
Signalment: 1 piglet just weaned History: sudden death Clinical signs: dead! Necropsy findings:
subQ expanded by fluid, eyelids swollen mesentery and omentum expanded by fluid
Diagnosis? How do you confirm?
Case #5
Signalment: breeding sows History:
decreased fertility litters have contained dried up small fetuses
Clinical signs: none in the sows
DDX? How do you confirm your top differential?
Case #6
Signalment: many weanlings History: lameness Clinical signs
swollen painful hocks fever, one has pulmonary edema on xrays
Aspiration of joint reveals pus DDX?
Case #7
Signalment: young nursery pigs History: very itchy, bad skin Clinical signs:
dermatitis, pustules intense pruritis, self trauma
DDX? Diagnostic tests?
THE END!!!