1_Discovering the Nanoscale

8/8/2019 1_Discovering the Nanoscale

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DISCOVERING THE NANOSCALE

S. RANGANATHAN

Department of Materials Engineering& Digital Information Services Centre

Indian Institute of Science

& School of HumanitiesNational Institute of Advanced Studies

& Jawaharlal Nehru Centre

for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangalore

Advances in Manufacturing TechnologyAnna UniversityMarch 10, 2007


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Nano

Denoting a factor of 10 9

One billionth

Origin from Greek

nanos

dwarfAlso means Mega-Funds!!


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Lord Vmanadeva, the Dwarf IncarnationSrimad Bhagavatam 8the Canto 18th Chapter


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Science or Science Fiction?!

Prey Fantastic voyage

I, Robot


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Dawn of the Diamond Age

In diamond, then, a dense network of strong bondsCreates a strong, light, and stiff material.Indeed, just as we named the Stone Age, the Bronze Age,and the Steel Age after the materials

that humans could make,we might call the new technological epoch we are enterinthe Diamond Age.

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,

But to be young w as very heaven!


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DIMENSIONS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. Prologue2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Atom Manipulation

3. Imaging Nanomaterials: Seeing an Atom

4. Nanomaterials: Nanogold, Nanocarbon, Nanosilicon5. Properties- Structural ,Functional , Biological

6. Impact on Information Technology

7. Impact on Biotechnology8. Convergence of Technologies:NBIC

9. Safety and Ethics Issues

10.Indian and Global Scenario

Outline


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The Prelude

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,But to be young was very heaven!

William Wordsworth


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Artists have almost always needed the support of patrons (scientists too!)

Here, the artist, shortly after discovering how to move atoms

with the STM, found a way to give something back to the corporationwhich gave him a job when he needed one

and provided him with the tools he needed in order to be successful


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The Kanji charactersfor "atom.

The literal translation is

somethinglike "original child."

[Lutz & Eigler,IBM)


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Impact of Technology on Society

Intended Impacts

Unintended Impacts

Undesirable Consequences


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Stained Glass Window from a Cathedral (near Cologne)


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Samurai Swords

An early example of Nanolaminates


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European Life before 1750 Society Rural / farmers

Self-sufficient Either Rich or Poor

Transportation

Narrow roads Economics

Few banks / bartering

Technology Very little

- -


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European Life after 1850 Society Urban / Factory worker

Growing Middle Class

Transportation Canals, bridges, railroads,

steamships

Economics Big financial institutions

Capitalism

Technology Lots everywhere

(except for 1811 Luddites)


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New Steel Processes

Cast Iron (high carbon) Good Corrosion Resistance

Structurally weak

Wootz => Sheffield Wrought iron + charcoal

Roast in closed clay pot

Great swords, knives

Puddling to remove carbon Slow process

1856 Henry Bessemer invented the

Converter


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18Materials hypertetrahedron for Wootz steel

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Mechanical: SuperplasticityHigh strengthToughnessDamascus Swords

Ultra high carbon SteelFerrite and carbide

Crucible steel makingForging

Materials

Hypertetrahedron

Wootz Steel

Image002.gif


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Red Herring, May 2002

Commonality: Railroad, auto, computer, nanotechall are enabling technologies


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An Interdisciplinary Field of Research

I can hardly doubt that when we have some control


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of the arrangement of things ON A SMALL SCALE

we will get an enormously greater range of possible

properties that substances can have.

.. R. FEYNMAN

California Institute of Technology, December 26, 1959

Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.
http://program%20files/TurningPoint/2003/Questions.html


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Taken from Nanotechnology by Ratner and Ratner.


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Coined in 1974 by Nori Taniguchi to mean precisionmachining with tolerances of a micrometer or less

Popularized by Drexler in 1986

By analogy with microtechnology

micro = one-millionth (10-6)nano = one-billionth (10-9)

Actually, 10-100 nm

What is Nanotechnology?

Capability tomanipulate,control,

assemble,produce and manufacture

things at atomic precision

SYNTHESIS


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SYNTHESIS

Material is the Device!

Top down approach

First proposed by Feynman in 1959

Currently used in Computer ChipManufacturing

Miniaturization

Lithography/Etching

Bottom up approach

Biological

Biomimetics, DNA, proteins

Atom Manipulation

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Created by IBM with STM

Directed Assembly/Patterning at the Nanoscale


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Protein Nanoarrays

100 nm

4mDNA Nanoarrays

Substrate: Si, SiO2

AFM tip

Sol-Gel Nanopatterns

500 nm

ElectrochemicalWhittling

2 nm

Self-Assembly onFCL TemplatesAngle-Resolved NSL

Selective Chemistryon FIO Templates

350 nm

Liquid PhaseNanolithography

350 nm

Directed Assembly/Patterning at the Nanoscale


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"Structure is all."-Cyril Stanley Smith

The poet William Blake wanted

"to see a world in a grain of sand

and heaven in a flower.

Yashoda, the foster mother of Lord Krishna, saw

in Krishna's wide-open mouth all the galaxies and the universe.These poetic and mystic visions are turning into reality.

Yashoda's Vision: Microscopy at All Levels

S. RanganathanMaterials Challenges for the 21st Century feature
http://www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin/21stcen/http://www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin/21stcen/http://www.mrs.org/publications/bulletin/21stcen/


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Nanostructures &


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Electron Microscopy

I can hardly doubt that when we have some control of the arrangementof things ON A SMALL SCALE we will get an enormously greater range

of possible properties that substances can have.

It would be very easy to make an analysis of any complicated chemicalsubstance;all one would have to do would be to look at it and see where

the atoms are. The only trouble is that the electron microscope is onehundred times too poorI put this out as a challenge:Is there no way to

make the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE more powerful?

Richard P. Feynman

Theres plenty of Room at the Bottom

At the Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society,California Institute of Technology, December 26, 1959

HRTEM of grain boundaries in


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g

nanocrystalline palladium


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Scanning tunneling microscope STM


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Atomic Force Microscopy

(AFM)


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Tuning Properties by Varying

Size

PHYSICALMelting

MECHANICALHardness

MAGNETICDomain wall width

OPTICAL

Surface plasmonsELECTRICAL

Quantum Confinement

Quantum dots, wires and wells


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& C


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Fullerene & Carbon Nanotubes

1 nanometer


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MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES


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An image taken from oursimulation for d= 20 nm

andzz

= 47 GPa.

Only a thin slab (0.7 nm wide)is shown.

The shock has traveled for 30 ps,

from bottom to top, producinga high density of partial dislocati

(attached to GBs) together with

perfect dislocations

("isolated" inside grains, fig. S3)and nanotwins


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Promise of Nanotechnology Consumer Products

Nanoscale powders, in their free foIl11, without consolidation or

blending, used by cosmetics manufacturers :

- Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide powders

for facial base creams and sunscreen lotions.

- Iron Oxide powders as base material for rouge

and lipstick

Improved wear and corrosion resistance.

Nanocomposite materials, with increased impactstrength, for automobiles.

NanoTechnology Impact in


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Photonic crystals, based on nanoscale phenomena, for

multiplexing and all-optical switching in opticalnetworks.

Atomically thin layers of nanostructure material used

to substantia1ly increase the information storagedensity.

Information technology revolution brought by

miniaturization of silicon transistorsFurther miniaturization possible: Fundamental

physical limit of transistor dimension 10-20 nm, 10 to

15 years

NanoTechnology Impact in

Information Technology


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Magnetic Properties


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NanoiPod

Take everything you loabout iPod and shrink iNow shrink it again.With 2GB (500 songs)and 4GB (1,000 songs)

models starting at $199the pencil-thin iPod na

packs the entire iPodexperience into animpossibly small desigSo small, it will take yo

music places younever dreamed of.

Nanocoatings for Mobile Devices


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NanoNano--compositecomposite

housinghousing

Nano-Bio-technology


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* Unique time in the history of mankind

* Engineering systems and basic living organisms:same scale

- Opportunity to sense probe interrogate and

learn from living systems

- Biology: a new engineering substrate

leading toenhanced understanding of life and new

treatments

gy

The Next Frontier

Exquisite nanoscale/mesoscale structures in nature


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Biomimetic approach to advanced materials, particularly

nanomaterials.

Diatoms (marine organisms,amorphous silica)

Magnetotactic bacteria(magnetite nanoparticles)

Nano Medicine


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Sensing Diagnostics Therapeutics

Presence Specificity Delivery

Patterning Specificity:

Receptor-Ligand Binding Signal Transduction Signal Detection

Site- and Target Specificity

Controlled- and Timed ReleaseBinding, reaction and diffusion


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Risks

Will the technology perform as promised?

Will it create new illnesses or exacerbateexisting ones?

Can self replicating nanomachines, or

"nanobots" mutate during their replicationcycle?

Will improved health care lead to either

over-population of earth or to a decrease in

the population? Will the reintroduction of extinct plants or

animals will alter ecosystems?

Longer-Term Ethical and Social Issues


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Nanotechnology will give us more "god-like" powers It has the potential to alter the ecology of life (e.g.

assembling beef instead of slaughtering cows,

constructing cells rather than from reproduction) May lead to undetectable surveillance,Right to Privacycould be jeopardized

Do we have a duty to help and provide for othercountries with this technology? (e.g. agriculture)

What international laws should be made regarding thesafe development of nanotechnology? And who wouldenforce them?

What would be the social implications of keepingpeople alive well into their 100s, but connected to

dozens of expensive little machines?

21st Century NanotechnologyResearch & Development Act of 2003


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p

Signed by the President Bush on Dec. 3,2003

Put into law ongoing activities

Authorized $3.7 billion in FY2005-FY2008among 5 agencies

Established a National NanotechnologyCoordination Office

Calls for periodic planning and reportingby the NSET Subcommittee

Calls for the President to establish or

designate a National NanotechnologyAdvisory Panel

Calls for a triennial review by the NationalResearch Council


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The Grand Challenges Shrink the entire contents of the Library of

Congress to the size of a sugar cube Materials that are 10 times stronger than steel for

land, sea ,air, space vehicles

Drug delivery to detect cancerous cells by nanoMRI contrast agents

Remove contaminants from water and air forclean environment and potable water

Double the efficiency of solar cells


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Nanotech Publications

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1

Europe Total

USA

Russia

Japan

China

Korea(All)

India

International Nanotech R&D


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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Investment($M)

International Nanotech R&D

Investment

Japan

U.S.

W. Europe

Others

Source: M. C. Roco

Investme

nt($M)

NNI launched

U.S. Estimate for2006 is

$1.3 billion

Nano Act

signed

CHALLENGES IN EDUCATION


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Education questions can be asked at several levels

Should science of small scale be an integral partof basic education ?

Undergraduate level

Graduate level

Doctoral level

Outreach & Public awareness

Educational Scenario in India


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For the first time in India!

M.Sc In Nanoscience and Technology

At Department of PhysicsTezpur UniversitySupported by University GrantsCommission (UGC), Govt.of India

M Tech Courses in Nanotechnology

Amity Institute of Technology, Noida

Sastra, Thanjavur

Nano Science and Technology Initiativeof the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India


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Structured programme of funding in Nano Science and Technology began in 2003

In the first stage, the emphasis was solely on infrastructure development

From 2005, call for individual research projects and funding them has beenimplemented.

In order to encourage team building , five centres of Nano Science have been

created linking majorEducational institutions.Many more have come up on theirown in even small colleges.Similar centers focussing on Nano technology is being

funded in the last ten months

In the current financial year we expect another and much bigger funding initiative.However, the debate on educational needs is not structured

The only structured programme is a programme on Post doctoral fellowships at

National level and mandate of organizing regular workshops by the centers.

of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India


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Proposed System: Overview First elevator: 20 toncapacity (13 ton payload) Constructed with existing or

near-term technology

Cost (US$10B) and

schedule (15 years)

Operating costs of

US$250/kg to any Earthorbit, moon, Mars, Venus,

Asteroids


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ISSUESTechnology

ResearchScienceBottom Up

Salad Bowl DisciplineSchoolCollege

Doctoral ProgramContinuing Education

Developed Nations

Research

EducationEngineeringTop Down

Melting Pot Discipline

Social , Ethical& Health Issues

Developing Nations

Magic Market Place


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Magic Market Place

Manufacturing

Steel Industry

Al, Cu , ZnAutocomponents

Aviation

Information Technology ( IT)

Biotechnology (BT)

Nanotechnology (NT)

Documents

1_Discovering the Nanoscale