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1 The World Bank arrives in an essentially similar conclusion in its Sharing Rising Incomes: Disparities in China (Washington DC, World Bank, 1997). 2 UNDP, Human Development Report 1995, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 231

3 1.5 2.0

World Bank, Sharing Rising Incoms, pp. 7-8.

4 1983 0.242 1995

0.333 0.176 0.275 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes,

p. 17. Khan and Riskin , ,

1988 1995 0.338 0.416

0.23 0.33 Azizur Rahman Khan and Carl Riskin, "Income and Inequality in China: Composition, Distribution and Growth of Household Income, 1988 to 1995," China Quarterly, No. 154 (June 1998), pp. 236 and 241. 5 World Bank, Sharing rising Incomes, pp. 38-41.

Keith Griffin and Zhao Renwei, eds. The Distribution of Income in China, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993; Terry Mckingley, The Distribution of Wealth in rural China, New York, M.E. Sharpe, 1996. 6 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 7. ; Khan and Riskin, "Income and Inequality in China, p. 246-7. 7 World Bank, China 2020: Development Challenges in the New Century, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997, p. 8. 8 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 2. 9 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, pp. 1-2, 7-8. 10 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, pp. 7-8. 11 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 8. 12 World Bank, World Development Report 1991, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1991; A. Alesina and D. Rodrik, "Distribution, Political Conflict and Economic Growth", in A. Cukierman, Z. Hercowitz and L. Leiderman, eds. Political Economy, Growth and Business Cycles, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992, pp. 23-50; T. Persson and G. Tabellini, "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth", American Econmic Review, Vol. 84, pp. 600-621; Roberto Pertotti, "Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say, " Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 1 (June 1996), pp. 149-187; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "Income Distribution, Capital Accumulation, and Growth," Challenge, Vol. 41, No. 2 (March/April 1998), pp. 61-80. 13 Milica Zarkovic Bookman, The Political Economy of Discontinuous Development: Regional Disparities and Inter-Regional Conflict, New York, Praeger, 1991, pp. 2 and 27-33.

14 Yasheng Huang, "Why China Will Not Collapse", Foreign Policy, No. 99 (Summer, 1995), 54-68. 15 See Tiannlun Jian, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Andrew M. Warner, "Trends in Regional Inequality in China," China Economic Review, Vol. 7, No. 1(1996). 16 , " ", , No. 1 (1998), pp. 35-41. 17 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 8. 18 Claude, S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Samual R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, Kim Voss, Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth, Princeton: Princetaon University Press, 1996, pp. 129-157. 19 Amartya Sen, "Social Commitment and Democracy: The Demands of Equity and Financial Conservatism", in Paul Barker, ed. Living as Equals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 19. 20 Victor Nee, Raymond V. Liedka, "Markets and Inequality in the Transition from State Socialism " , in Manus I. Midlarsky, ed. Inequality, Democracy, and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 202-224. 21 Gary S. Field, Poverty, Inequality, and Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, "Efficient Redistribution: New Rules for Markets, States and Communities", Politics and Society, Vol. 24, No. 4 (December 1996), pp. 3070342; Joseph Stiglitze, "Distribution, Effoiciency and Voince: Designing the Second Generation of Reforms," manuscript, World Bank, 1998. 22 Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini, "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth", American Economic Review, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 600-21; Roberto Chang, "Income Inequality and Economic Growth; Evidence and Recent Theories", Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta), Vol. 79 (July/August 1994), pp. 1-10; Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik, "Distributive Politics and Economic Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 109 (1994), pp. 465-90; George R.,G. Clarke, "More Evidence on Income Distribution and Growth, " Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 47, 1995, pp. 403-427. 23 Khan and Riskin, "Income and Inequality in China", p. 253. 24 Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. 25 Shaoguang Wang, "The Institutional Roots of Central-Local Rivalry: China, 1980-1996," a paper presetned at International Conference on "PRC Tomorrow", National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, June 8-9, 1996. 26 Sen, "Social Commitment and Democracy", p. 17. 27 Douglas Rae, Equalities, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1989, pp. 110-112. 28 , p. 112.

29 1994 5 2 30 Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Under-Developed Regions, London: Gerald Buckworth, 1957. 31 Alberto Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1958, pp. 183-195. 32 , , , 1997 .

33 1995 Mark Selden, "China's Rural Welfare Systems: Crisis and Transformation", a paper presented at the International Conference on "PRC Political Economy: Prospects Under the Ninth Five-Year Plan,", National Cheng Kung University, Taiwanm June 7-10, 1997; Loraine A.West and Christine P.W,. Wong, "Fiscal Decentralization and Growing Regional Disparities in Rural China: Some Evidence in the Provision of Social Services," Oxford Review of Eocnomic Policy, Vol. 11. No. 4 (1995).

34 , "China's 1994 Fiscal Reform: An Initial Assessment", Asian Survey, (September, 1997). 35 , "The Institutional Sources of Central-Local Rivalry: 1980-1993," manuscript, Yale University, 1996. 36 Sen, "Social Commitment and Democracy", pp. 21-22. 37 Joseph Stiglitz, "Distribution, Efficiency and Voince". 38 Nicholas R. Lardy, "Regional Growth and Income Distribution in China" in Robert F. Dernberger, eds. China's Development Experience in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge: Ma: Harvard University Press, 1980. 39 UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 15-23. 40 pp. 6-7. 41 World Bank, Sharing Rising Incomes, p. 4. 42 UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, p. 23. 43 592 ( 1992 ) 44 Stuart Holland, Capital Versus the Region, London: Macmillan, 1976; A. J. Brown and E. M. Burrows, Regional Economic Problems: Comparative Experiences of Some Market Economies, London: George Allen &Urwin ,1997; R. L Matchews, ed. Regional Disparities and Economic Development, Camberra: Center for Research on Federal Financial Relations, 1981; Harvey Armstrong and Jim Taylor, Regional Economics and Policy, Oxford: Phikip Allan, 1985; Douglas, E. Booth, Regional Long Waves, Uneven Growth, and the Cooperative Alternative, New York: Praeger, 1987; Hal Hill, ed. Unity and Diversity: Regional Economic Development in Indonesia Since 1970, Singapore, Oxford Unversity Press, 1989; David Smith, North and South: Britain's Economic, Social and Political Devide, London: Penguin Books, 1989; Alex Bowen and Ken Mayhew, eds, Reducing Regional Inequalities, London: Kogran Page, 1991; Huib Ernste And Verena Meier, eds, Regional Development and Contemporary Industiral Response: Extending Flexible Specialization, London: Belhaven Press, 1992; Donald J. Savoie, Regional Economic Development: Canada's Search for Solutions, 2nd edition, Torontao: Unversity of toronto Press, 1992. 45