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©1999 Britannia WorldMusic Program
Published by:Britannia Secondary School1001 Cotton DriveVancouver, BC V5L 3T4Tel: 604 255-9371Fax: 604 255-8593
Design & Layout:John McLachlanCover Illustration:George McLachlan
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to the teacher 5songs 6
table of artists 38bibliography 39
CONTENTS
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PurposeA multicultural learning resource for use insecondary schools,Vancouver Voicesintroduces the musical traditions of severallower mainland cultural communities.Support materials for each song include abrief overview of the cultural communityrepresented, a profile of the artist or group,information about the musical style, a mapof the artist’s home country, vocabulary,content questions, learning activities andresearch and extension questions. Photo-graphs of the artists are included whereprovided. The package is intended todevelop informed listeners who appreciateand understand the individual musicaltraditions that contribute to our collectivecultural wealth.
Vancouver Audio ProfileProduced in 1992 by Gary Cristall, thenArtistic Director of the Vancouver FolkMusic Festival, the Vancouver Audio Profilerecording provides a showcase for localworld music artists, many of whom havenot been heard outside their community.Listeners who seek a reflection of theirown cultural heritage and appreciate themusical traditions of others will find theVancouver Audio Profile a treasure.
to theteacher
Vancouver Voicescelebrates the city’s multi-
ethnic identity, surveysstyles of music associated
with thirteen immigrantcommunities and profiles
artists from those cultureswho enrich our lives.
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Greek CommunityThe Greek presence in Vancouver began before1900 with the arrival of pioneer sawmillworkers, miners and railroad workers. By the1920s, Greek-owned businesses such asrestaurants, fruit and fish markets in thedowntown area served a community of 2,000.The Greek diaspora continued for the nextforty years with a total of 6,500 immi-grants settling in the Lower Mainland.Although Greek immigration toVancouver has declined steadilysince 1968, the Greekpresence remainsstrong.
DiasporaDiaspora, a namewhich refers tothe exile of hun-dreds of thousandsof Greeks from their homeland as a result ofpolitical upheaval in the 1920s, were formed asa group in Vancouver in the 1980s and madetheir first appearance at a local Greek food fairin 1988. For the next several years, Diasporaplayed regularly at festivals, concerts andcommunity celebrations.
Thomas’ PlaceRembetikaThe musical traditions of Greece reflect itsgeographic location between west and east.The music of the west, especially the forms oftango popular in Italy between the wars iscombined with modal forms from the east togive Greek music its exotic flavour. This fusionof traditions is evident in the style calledrembetika. Originating in the oral tradition,rembetika has been performed since the turnof the century. It began as the music of thepoor and dispossessed, combining the influ-ences of Turkish and Iranian modes, or scales,with improvised lyrics telling of life’s joys andsorrows. Rembetika songs begin with aninstrumental prelude, setting the mood on thebouzouki and the baglama before progressingto lyrics which often describe a local event oreven people in the audience.
VocabularyBaglama............. small guitarBouzouki ............ long-necked luteModes ................ a scale of eight diatonic notesRembetika .......... style of popular music characterized by a
minor scaleTango ................. ballroom dance from Latin America
Content Questions1. The music of which three countries influ-
enced rembetika?2. How do you know the words and music of
rembetika were not always written down?3. What are rembetika songs about?4. In approximately what year were rembetika
songs first performed?5. Are rembetika songs more likely to be played
in the major scale or the minor scale?
GREECE
ALBANIA
MACEDONIA
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Ioannina
Patrai
Lar isa
Xanthi
Ti tov Veles
Agrinion
Thessaloniki
Tirane
Athens
Skopje
Bouzouki
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Learning Activities
1. Write notes on Rembetika using point form.
Origin Purpose
Instruments Characteristics
2. Listen to any song from Thomas’ Place and circle the appropriate word(s).
STYLE INSTRUMENTS USED
a capella or accompanied piano baglama
instrumental or vocal marimba cymbal
solo or chorus saxophone bouzouki
melismatic or one note per syllable oud banjo
fast tempo or slow tempo drum kit harmonica
simple or complex bass guitar
variable or repetitive
Research and Extension Activities1. Discuss Thomas’ Place as an example of rembetika.2. Write a short biography of Marcos Vamvakaris, the “grandfather of rembetika.”3. Create a timeline showing the history of rembetika music.4. Name three non-Greek instruments which are related to the bouzouki.5. View a video of the movie, Never on Sunday, to hear the neo kima (new wave) music of com-
poser, Mikis Theodharakis.
Rembetika
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Casorio de las Compas
Latin American CommunityBeginning with the Chileans who arrived in the1970s as political refugees and set up serviceorganizations aiding their compatriots from ElSalvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala, the LatinAmerican community has grown to 20,000people. Import businesses, restaurants andmusicians have brought a Latin flair to the city,particularly to Vancouver’s East Side.
Salvador FerrerasWith roots in Puerto Rico and Argentina, SalFerreras enjoys a distinguished reputation as amusician, college and university instructor,composer and producer. Sal considers himselfto be a “musical urban guerilla,” bringingworld music to mainstream audiences throughconcerts, classes, lectures and recordings. Hisannual Percussion Intensive university programand Drum Heat concerts develop expert worldmusic practioners and knowledgableaudiences.
Nuevo CancionGuerrilla fighters in El Salvador, Nicaragua andSouth American countries used a style of songcalled nuevo cancion to campaign for literacyand political freedom. Less a musical genre thanan attitude toward politics expressed in song,nuevo cancion generated grassroots support foreconomic and social issues. Revolutionarycomposer, Yolocamba Ita, wrote Casorio de lasCompas as theme music to be played at masswedding ceremonies for rebel couples during ElSalvador’s civil war. The purpose of the song wasto remind couples to love their country andchannel their energy into the cause for freedom.Sal plays the melody on the marimba, a relativeof the xylophone, which is both melodic andrhythmic.
VocabularyNuevo cancion ... “new song;” a style of music used for
revolutionary purposesMarimba ............ wooden xylophone
Content Questions1. Why do you think Sal Ferreras is considered
the most influential world music practitionerin BC?
2. What does Sal have in common with theguerilla fighters in Latin America?
3. How was nuevo cancion used to generategrassroots support for economic and socialissues in El Salvador, Nicaragua and otherLatin American countries?
4. Why is Yolocamba Ita considered to be arevolutionary composer?
5. Why did Sal choose the marimba as theinstrument to play Casorio de las Compas?
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
HONDURASQuezaltenango
San Miguel
TegucigalpaSan Salvador
Guatemala
Managua
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Learning Activities1. Compare the West African balaphon and the Latin American marimba.
Balaphon Marimba
materials
number of keys
tuning
playing technique
sound quality
2. Draw a picture of a marimba.
Research and Extension Activities1. Name the percussion instruments shown in the photograph of Sal Ferreras.2. Write a short biography of Mercedes Sosa, a famous singer of nuevo cancion from Argentina.3. Describe the development of nuevo cancion during the height of its popularity in the 1960s.4. Explain why Chilean singer-songwriter, Victor Jara, was murdered by government sympathizers
in 1973.5. Trace the evolution of the marimba from Africa to Latin America.
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Rain Hitting Banana Leaves
Chinese CommunityThe history of British Columbia is closely tiedto the contributions of the Chinese, who com-prise 10% of the province’s total population.Over the past 150 years, three waves ofimmigrants arrived, first in the 1850s asminers and railway workers and later asbusiness people, investors and entrepreneurs.Overcoming the racism and political oppres-sion of the first 100years, the Chinesecommunity hasprospered, gainingcultural respect as wellas economic andpolitical influence.
The VancouverChinese MusicEnsembleThe repertoire of theVancouver ChineseMusic Ensembleincludes folk andmodern Chinese music,other Asian musics andsome western songs.Since its formation in1989, the ensemblehas introduced thou-sands of BC children and adults to Cantonesemusical traditions, demonstrating authenticChinese instruments such as the erhu, dizi andruan. Instruments used in Rain Hitting BananaLeaves include the gaohu, a two-stringed violinlike the erhu but pitched a perfect fifth higher,and the pipa, a lute which is used primarily inYa Yueh,Chinese court music. The song is afavourite example of Cantonese music.
Cantonese MusicIn its heyday during the 1920s and 30s, Can-tonese music fused local traditions with west-ern elements, particularly jazz, played on acombination of Chinese and western instru-ments such as the violin, saxophone andxylophone. The genre was declared decadent bythe Communist regime following Mao TseTung’s rise to power in 1949 and soon fell intodisrepute. March-like “revolutionary music”was officially supported from the 1930s untilthe last decade.
VocabularyDizi .................... side-blown fluteErhu ................... two-string violinGaohu ................ two-string violin pitched higher than the erhuPipa ................... long-necked lutePitch .................. to set in a musical keyRuan .................. guitarSu Yueh .............. folk musicYa Yueh .............. court music
Content Questions1. What kinds of songsare played by theVancouver ChineseMusic Ensemble?2. How has the ensem-ble contributed to anunderstanding ofChinese music?3. What are the chiefcharacteristics ofCantonese music?4. Why did the popu-larity of Cantonesemusic decline?5. What style of musicreplaced Cantonesemusic?
INDIA
C H I N A
MYANMAR
NEPAL
LAOS
BANGLADESH
TAIWAN
MONGOLIA
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
Bay of Bengal
Victoria
New Delhi
Almaty
Ulaanbaatar
Seoul
BeijingFrunze
Hanoi
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Learning Activities1. Write the supporting details to complete the graphic organizer below.
2. Write a poem or draw a picture inspired by Rain Hitting Banana Leaves.
Extension and Research Questions1. Compare Su Yueh and Ya Yueh.2. Draw the erhu or pipa.3. Explain the relationship between the Middle Eastern oud and the Chinese pipa.4. Research the musical traditions of China’s minority peoples.5. Listen to the CD recording, Endless, by the group Silk Road Music.
Cantonese Music
Characteristics Instruments Popularity
Genres of Chinese Music
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A Blind Man and an Elephant
African CommunityWhile some Afro-American freed slaves arrivedin British Columbia in the late 19th century,the majority of the community’s 20,000 to30,000 members came directly from Africa inthe 1970s and 1980s as political refugees. Themajority were skilled and educated immigrantswho often had to accept jobs well below theirqualifications or expertise in order to survive.
Themba TanaThemba Tana, percus-sionist, singer andcomposer, arrived fromSouthern Africa in 1980following formal musicstudies in Cape Town,South Africa, andHarare, Zimbabwe.Finding little traditionof African music inVancouver, Thembaformed the group,African Heritage, whichintroduced Africansongs and indigenousinstruments to audi-ences of all ages. At thesame time, Thembaplayed with localmusicians from manydifferent cultures andassimilated theirtraditions into hismusic.
A Blind Man and an ElephantAfrican rhythms and sycopation are at theheart of A Blind Man and an Elephant, whichweaves the sounds of South African marimbaand western harmonica into a texture reminis-cent of western jazz stylings. The marimbaThemba plays is made of local hardwood with acoating of dried pumkin to mellow the sound.Dried gourds attached underneath the instru-ment act as resonators to increase the volume.The harmonica contributes an edge or buzzthat is considered an attribute in Africanmusic.
VocabularyMarimba ............ African wooden xylophoneSyncopation ....... a temporary shift in the regular metric
rhythm of a song made by stressing theweaker beat, often the downbeat
Content Questions1. How was the lack of African musicians in
Vancouver both a problem and an advantageto Themba?
2. What were two goalsof the group, AfricanHeritage?3. In what way is ABlind Man and anElephant an exampleof musical fusion?4. What is the namegiven to the device thatincreases the volumeof sound produced byany instrument?5. What is one way inwhich African musicdiffers from westernmusic?
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
BOTSWANA
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
Francistown
MaunBeira
Keetmanshoop
Beaufort West
De Aar
East London
Kimberley
Oudtshoorn
Pietersburg
Port El izabeth
Welkom
Durban
Umtata
Bulawayo
Maseru
Windhoek
Cape Town
Mbabane
Gaborone
Maputo
Bloemfontein
Pretoria Mbabane
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Learning Activities1. Compose lyrics for A Blind Man and an Elephant.
A Blind Man and an Elephant____________________________________________________________________________
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2. List the similarities and differences between marimba music from South Africa and LatinAmericar as heard in A Blind Man and an Elephant and Casorio de las Compas. Consider sound,rhythm and melody.
South Africa Latin America
Sound
Rhythm
Melody
Extension and Research Activities1. Name the instrument that Themba is holding in the picture.2. Write a short biography of Miriam Makeba, exiled from South Africa for 27 years.3. Learn how to do the boot dance.4. Discuss the influence of American jazz on South African vocal and instrumental traditions.5. Explain how apartheid both restricted and enhanced South African musical expression.
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Kayakum San-Jo Sung Ju Piri
Korean CommunityRecent arrivals to the Lower Mainland are25,000 Koreans who operate, among otherenterprises: restaurants, bus companies,hotels and retail stores. The community isserved by 40 churches, 3 newspapers, acommunity centre and service organizationsoffering support for a range of needs fromlanguage training to legal aid. Closer economicties between Canada and Korea are increasingthe likelihood of more Korean immigrantschoosing to live in BC.
Sarang LeeAs a member of the Traditional Performing ArtsAssociation, Sarang Lee performed around theworld before coming to Vancouver in 1989. Shespecializes in minyo, a popular genre thatallows for individual interpretation by the artistand encourages personal expression. As wellas singing, Sarang Lee plays the kayakum, ahalf zither related to the Chinese pipa, and thechangko, a double-headed, hourglass-shapeddrum.
Korean Folk MusicWith its triple meter, Korean music is distinctfrom Chinese and Japanese music and is one ofthe most ancient traditions in the world. Thekayakum is the most important instrument inthe folk repertoire, providing accompanimentto vocal music called kayakum pyongch’ang.Improvised solos in the style known askayakum san-jo are accompanied by thechangko, a double-headed drum. The best-known form of Korean music is the exhuberantsamulnori, played on drums and gongs by aquartet of musicians accompanied by dancerswearing hats with long ribbons. The ribbonsswirl into spectacular convoluted shapes as thedancers move their heads in rhythm to the music.
VocabuluaryChangko ........................ hourglass-shaped drum with two headsKayakum ....................... twelve-stringed zitherKayakum pyongch’ang ... vocal music accompanied by the
kayakumKayakum san-jo ............ instrumental music played on the
kayakum and the changkoMinyo ............................ folk musicSamulnori ..................... dance music played on drums and gongs
Content Questions1. What advantages does the minyo style of
music give the artist?2. How does Korean music differ from Chinese
or Japanese music?3. Which style of vocal music is accompanied
by the kayakum?
4. Which style of instrumental music is accom-panied by the changko?
5. What item of wearing apparel is neededwhen samulnori dance music is performed?
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
East ChinaSea
Dalian
Fushun
Liaoyuan
Yingkou
Pusan
Taegu
n
Incheon
Pyongyang
Seoul
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Learning Activities1. Write a review of either of Sarang Lee’s songs._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Design an album cover for a CD recording by Sarang Lee.
Research and Extension Activities1. Watch the samulnori dancers in the video,World Drums, and illustrate their costumes.2. Compare the Korean kayakum, the Chinese pipa and the Japanese koto.3. Discuss the use of music in Buddhist, Confucian or Shaman rituals.4. Compare Korean folk and court music traditions.5. Discuss the influence of American rock music on Korean popular music.
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Susurro
Latin American CommunityBeginning with the Chileans who arrived in the1970s as political refugees and set up serviceorganizations aiding their compatriots from ElSalvador, Nicaragua and Guatemala, the LatinAmerican community has grown to 20,000people. Import businesses, restaurants andmusicians have brought a Latin flair to the city,particularly Vancouver’s East Side.
Ancient CulturesFor the past ten years, Ancient Cultures havebeen performing the music of Central and South America using acombination of indigenous and westerninstruments. Their repertoire includescontemporary songs and traditional Andeanmusic, of which Susurro is an example.Because the members of Ancient Cultures lefttheir respective countries to avoid politicaloppression, many of their songs are a responseto living in exile.
Andean MusicThe oldest and best-known musical tradition fromCentral and South America is that of theindigenous peoples from the mountainous regionsof Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.The music of pre-conquest times was played ondrums and flutes; the Spanish conquerorsintroduced stringed instruments. Vocals are sungin Spanish or Quechua, the language of the Incasand their descendants. Because their music isundervalued by the dominant society in theirhomeland, Andean musicians can be foundbusking throughout Europe and North America inorder to support their extended families whoremain at home. These circumstances may partlyexplain the haunting, nostalgic quality of manyAndean songs.
VocabularyBusking .............. Playing on the street for handouts of moneyQuechua ............ Indigenous peoples of the Andes; the
language spoken by descendants of the Incas
Content Questions1. Susarro is an example of what musical
genre?2. Why do many of Ancient Cultures’ songs
evoke nostalgia?3. What is the difference between the kinds of
instruments used before and after theSpanish conquest?
4. What is the name of the indigenous peopleof the Andes and their language?
5. Why are Andean musicians often seenperforming abroad?
CHILE
URUGUAY
ARGENTINA
Antofagasta
Arica
Concepcion
Iquique
Puerto Montt
Valparaiso
Bahia Blanca
Comodoro Rivadavia
Cordoba
Mar Del PlataNeuquen
Puerto Santa Cruz
Rawson
Resistencia
Rio Gal legos
Salta
San Carlos de Bar i loche
San Miguel De Tucuman
Ushuaia
Santa Cruz
Tar i jaCampo
Valdiv ia
Durazno
Tacuarembo
Sucre
Santiago
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Learning Activities1. Describe the sound of Andean music._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Draw a scene that comes to mind when listening to Susurro.
Research and Extension Activities1. Make a timeline showing the history of the Inca empire.2. Shade on a map of South America the area occupied by the Quechua people.3. Describe the use of music in the ancient ceremony of Inti Raimi.4. Draw a charango (musical instrument) and label its parts.5. Show on a map of the world where panpipes are played.
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Uzume Matsuri
Japanese CommunityIn 1877 the first Japanese immigrant, ManzoNagano, settled in Victoria and by 1901, over4,000 Isei (first generation Japanese Canadi-ans) were living in the province. Their children,the Nisei, were declared “enemy aliens” afterthe Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941,their possessions confiscated and 22,000shipped to labour camps in the BC interior andAlberta. They were permitted to return to thecoast in 1949, but it was not until 1990 thatthe third generation Sansei received an officialapology and token reparations from the federalgovernment.
Uzume TaikoUzume Taiko, an ensemble of three performingartists, was formed in 1988 following thesuccess of Vancouver’s Katari Taiko, the firsttaiko drumming group in Canada. Working froma traditional base, Uzume Taiko collaborateswith local dance and theatre groups as well asmusicians from different cultural backgrounds.Their music includes instruments as diverse asthe shakuhachi flute, pipa, saxophone andelectric bass. Uzume Taiko often performs inschools and at cultural events such as thePowell Street Festival, an annual celebration ofJapanese culture.
Taiko DrummingTaiko drumming is a stunning combination ofsound and choreographed movement. Becausetaiko music does not use standard westernnotation, the sounds of the drum beats arepassed on orally, with each beat specified by aword. For example, the word don signifies aloud beat while tsuku means two soft beats.The rhythm of beats for the song, UzumeMatsuri, is meant to imitate the hoofbeats ofpack horses. The style of drumming used forthe song is influenced by the Oedo-Sukerokutaiko group of Tokyo and the famous Kododrummers from Sado Island.
VocabularyDon .................... loud drum beatMatsuri .............. festivalPipa ................... Chinese luteShakuhachi ........ bamboo fluteTsuku ................. two soft drum beats
Content Questions1. How does Uzume Taiko differ musically from
Katari Taiko?2. Which local festival is a celebration of
Japanese culture?3. What two elements are combined in taiko
music?4. What is a major difference between taiko
and western music?5. What are the names of two Japanese schools
of taiko drumming?
JAPANSOUTH KOREA
NORTH KOREA
RUSSIA
S e a o f J a p a n
N o r t h P a c i f i c
O c e a n
Jixi
Chiba
Fukuoka
Hiroshima
Nagoya
Osaka
Sendai
Vladivostok
Pusan
Taegu
Taejeon
Kita-kyushu
Kyoto
Sakai-minato
Sapporo
Seoul
Tokyo
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Learning Activities1. Listen to the vocal introduction to Uzume Matsuri and identify the number of different drum
beats that are used in the song.
2. Compose your own taiko song using the beats spoken in the vocal introduction to UzumeMatsuri.
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3. Name two western non-percussive instruments that would enhance your song.Instrument #1 ____________________________________
Instrument #2 ____________________________________
4. Write a title for your song._______________________________________________
Research and Extension Activities1. Draw and label the types of drums found in a taiko ensemble.2. View the video, Kodo Drummers; the Heartbeat Drummers of Japan, and describe the rigorous
lifestyle practiced by the Kodo drummers.3. Describe how a taiko drumming performance is enhanced by the choreographed movements of
the musicians.4. Discuss the use of music in noh and kabuki theatre.5. Attend the Powell Street Festival.
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Somborsko Kolo, Ladarke Idu u Selo
Croatian CommunityCroatians first came to the province as farm-ers, labourers and fishers as early as the1890s. After World War II, professional andbusiness people, political activists and refu-gees from communism arrived in Vancouver.Today, the Croatian community numbersaround 7,000.
The Gradec Croatian Tamburitza OrchestraTamburitza orchestras first appeared in the cityin the 1930s when a group called Javor playedat a local folk festival. In Somborsko Kolo, theeleven-member Gradec Orchestra usesCroatian versions of the guitar and bagpipes,tamburitzas and western instruments to play apopular Slavonian round dance called a kolo.
Zvonimir Croatian ChoirMembers of the women’s Zvonimir CroatianChoir perform in the tradition of ladarke(maiden carollers) and sing in a throated stylecalled na-bas. Their song, Ladarke Idu u Selo,celebrates the feast of St. John, held on thelongest day of the year.
The Tamburitza OrchestraCroatia’s geographic proximity to Turkey andthe Ukraine is reflected in the country’s musi-cal styles and instruments. Tamburitza ensem-bles, groups of stringed instruments of varioussizes, originated in Persia and arrived viaTurkey in the 14th or 15th century. Originally arhythm instrument, the tamburitza evolvedfrom the five-string prim, a mandolin-likeinstrument often used for solos and still usedin tamburitza ensembles. Tamburitza orches-tras reached their heyday during the FirstWorld War.
VocabularyLadarke ............. carol singing by womenKolo ................... round danceNa-bas ............... throated singingPrim................... fire-string tamburitzaTamburitza ......... lute
Content Questions1. Are tamburitza orchestras made up only of
tamburitzas?2. When did Vancouver audiences first hear a
tamburitza orchestra?3. What vocal technique is used for the song,
Ladarke Idu u Selo?4. Where did the tamburitza originate?5. When were the taburitza orchestras most
popular?
AUSTRIA
ITALY
HUNGARY
SERBIA
MONTENEGRO
BOSNIA
CROATIA
SLOVENIA
Adriatic Sea
Banja Luka
Graz
PecsArad
Novi SadRi jeka
Spl i t
Ti tograd
Titov Vele
Timisoara
Belgrade
Sarajevo
Zagreb
Skopje
Ljubljana
Tambura
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Learning Activities1. Complete the graphic organizer below by writing notes in point form.
Instruments Influences
Vocal Style Types of Songs
2. Use the notes above to write a short description of Croatian music.____________________________________________________________________________
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Research and Extension Activities1. Comment on the statement: “Culturally, Croatia looks to the West.”2. Describe the playing technique used for the tamburitza.3. On a map of Croatia, indicate the region where tamburitza orchestras are most popular.4. Discuss the role of women in Croatian music.5. Describe the characteristics of music from the coastal area of Istria.6. Learn to dance the Kolo.
CroatianMusic
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For He Who Loves Us All
Caribbean CommunityPrimarily from Trinidad and Tobago, theCaribbean community celibrates their heritageeach July during the two-day CaribbeanFestival in North Vancouver. Thousands ofparticipants from all cultures gather to enjoytraditional food, costumes, crafts, music andlimbo dancing.
Soul SurvivorsSoul Survivors is a mini-steel drum band thathas entertained at festivals, concerts, dancesand parades in the lower mainland since 1975.Using reggae and soca arrangements, leaderTony Blackman frequently updates traditionalcalypso songs to bring the festive sounds of aCaribbean carnival to local audiences.
Steel PansTrinidad and Tobago’s geographic proximity tothe oil routes between the Caribbean andEurope in the 1940s ensured a plentiful supplyof instruments for local musicians. The firstpan drums were made by Winston Spree Simonfrom oil drums that washed up on the shoresof the islands. Steel drums became so popularthat ensembles of 100 players and 300 panscommonly performed at carnivals in Trinidadand Tobago. At first associated with rowdy,anti-social behaviour, “panmen” becamerespectable over the years, even adding classi-cal western compositions to their repertoire.
VocabularyCalypso .............. traditional form of song and social
comment in TrinidadReggae ............... dance music originating in Jamaica in the
1970sSoca ................... fusion of calypso and soul dance music
Content Questions1. Which two contemporary song styles are
combined to update calypso?2. Which festival features the music of steel
drum bands?3. What were the first pan drums made from?4. Have steel drum band players always been
socially respectable?5. What other style of music can be played on
pan drums?
VENEZUELA
BARBADOS
ST. LUCIA
ST. VINCENT ANDTHE GRENADINES
GRENADA
TRINIDAD ANDTOBAGO
Ciudad Bol ivar
Caracas Port of Spain
Kingstown
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Learning Activities1. Imagine another musical instrument made from recycled objects or discarded parts. Describe
how to make it and how it sounds.____________________________________________________________________________
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2. Draw a picture of the instrument, label its parts and give it a name.
Research and Extension Activities1. Write a short biography of singer, Harry Belafonte.2. Discuss the close relationship between music and carnival.3. List the steps needed to make a pan drum.4. Learn the five rhythms that combine to form calypso.5. Listen to the recording, Legend, by reggae star, Bob Marley.
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Paradox Paradise
Takeo YamashiroOn Paradox Paradise, Takeo plays theshakuhachi flute, a classical instrument thattakes many years to master. Takeo trainedunder two Kyoto masters and was expected todevote himself to a rigorous, diciplined life ofmusical performance. Instead, he came toVancouver for a year’s leave in 1972 and neverreturned to Japan to work as a musician. Henow works for a Japanese community serviceorganization and plays occasionally with localmusicians including his friend, Themba Tana,who in this song accompanies him on thembirimbau, a one-string African instrument.
Shakuhachi FluteA court instrument introduced from China, theshakuhachi flute became the main instrumentof Buddhist ritual and meditation. Based onindividual breathing techniques rather than thenotated patterns of western music, shakuhachimusic encourages improvisation and personalexpression within a strict framework. The studyof the shakuhachi requires a lengthy master-disciple relationship and a lifelong commitmentto Japanese art music.
VocabularyMbirimbau ......... a curved branch with a single string struck
by a bowShakuhachi ........ bamboo end-blown flute
Content Questions1. Is the shakuhachi a folk or court instrument?2. How does Takeo retain his ability to play the
shakuhachi living in Vancouver instead ofJapan?
3. With which religion is the shakuhachi asso-ciated?
4. What is one difference between westernmusic and the technique required to play theshakuhachi?
5. Why might Japanese musicians decide not tostudy the shakuhachi?
JAPANSOUTH KOREA
NORTH KOREA
RUSSIA
S e a o f J a p a n
N o r t h P a c i f i c
O c e a n
Jixi
Chiba
Fukuoka
Hiroshima
Nagoya
Osaka
Sendai
Vladivostok
Pusan
Taegu
Taejeon
Kita-kyushu
Kyoto
Sakai-minato
Sapporo
Seoul
Tokyo
NAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICA
BOTSWANA
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
Francistown
MaunBeira
Keetmanshoop
Beaufort West
De Aar
East London
Kimberley
Oudtshoorn
Pietersburg
Port El izabeth
Welkom
Durban
Umtata
Bulawayo
Maseru
Windhoek
Cape Town
Mbabane
Gaborone
Maputo
Bloemfontein
Pretoria Mbabane
25
Learning Activities1. Comment on the success, musically, of combining the shakuhachi and the mbirinbau in the
same song.____________________________________________________________________________
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2. Explain why Paradox Paradise is or is not (choose one) an appopriate title for this song.____________________________________________________________________________
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3. Show what a shakuhachí flute looks like.
Research and Extension Activities1. Discuss the relationship between music and the Buddhist religion.2. Research Japanese court music and describe its characteristics.3. Draw a South African mbirimbau.4. Describe the place of a related instrument, the berimbau, in Brazilian music.5. Name instruments from three other cultures that are related to the shakuhachi.
26
Paraxtut
Kin LalatIn the early 1990s, Kin Lalat played a vital rolein Vancouver’s music scene, regularlyperforming concerts, festivals and benefits forLatin American people living in lower mainlandand abroad. As well as playing contemporarymusic from many Latin American countries, theband drew inspiration from Mayan traditionsfor songs such as Paraxtut. Although Kin Lalathas since disbanded, with some membersreturning to Guatemala when the civil warended, several have remained in the city andplay in local bands.
The Musical Traditions of GuatemalaThe Mayan tradition at the heart of Paraxtut issimilar to the music performed at ritualcelebrations hundreds of years ago. Throughmusic and dance, Mayan rituals formallyrecognized the cyclical nature of time,celebrating the seasons and invoking thesupport of the gods for plentiful crops andbountiful harvests. The rituals included danc-ers, poets and actors in masks and costumesas well as music performed on indigenousinstruments like the tun and the chimiria.
VocabularyChimiria ............. double-reed wind instrument similar to a
bassoonMayan ................ belonging to the indigenous people of
Central AmericaTun ..................... drum
Content Questions1. How do we know that the members of Kin
Lalat were committed to the welfare of LatinAmerican people?
2. Where did Kin Lalat draw inspiration fortheir music?
3. Which cultural tradition inspired Paraxtut?4. At what kind of an event would Paraxtut
have been played?5. Which two instruments played by Kin Lalat
are associated with Mayan traditions?
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
BELIZE
HONDURAS
MEXICO
Belmopan
Guatemala
27
Learning Activities1. Write a review of the song, Paraxtut, for the school newspaper.
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2. List eight interview questions you would like to ask members of Kin Lalat.
Q.________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Q._________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Q. ________________________________________________________________
Research and Extension Activities1. Research the Mayan civilization and its music.2. On a map of Central America, shade in the area occupied by the Mayan civilization.3. Draw a picture of an ocarina, a traditional Mayan instrument still used today.4. Find out what kinds of music are popular with Guatemalan teens.5. Define the word Paraxtut.
28
Bollian
South Asian Community70,000 Punjabis are among the 130,000 Indo-Canadians who live in the Vancouver region.Mainly of the Sikh religion, they are prominentpoliticians, lawyers, judges, educators, doc-tors, media personalities and business peoplewho have contributed greatly to the province’ssocial and cultural development.
Punjabi Artists’ Association of RichmondFormed in 1986, the association operates anactive educational program that trains youngmusicians and dancers to perform at festivalsand benefits in schools and other venues. Theassociation’s purpose is two-fold: to foster andsustain Sikh traditions and to educate peoplein other communities. As wellas its involvement inreligious festivals andsocial occasions, thePunjabi Artists’Association organizesbangra dances whichwelcome participantsfrom all cultural com-munities.
BangraOriginally a war dance, bangra became associ-ated with harvest celebrations in the Punjabregion of South Asia. One of the major cropsgrown is hemp, called bhang, and it is from thisthat the music derives its name. In the harvestcelibration, lines of beautifully-costumeddancers and musicians parade through thestreets to the sound of the dhol drum, withflute players and singers at the front of theprocession and dancers and drummers at therear. In the 1970s, inner-city youth in Britainpopularized bangra, adding rock and reggaerhythms to the sounds of the dhol and dholak.
VocabularyBhang ................ hemp plantBangra ............... Punjabi harvest dance; popular dance musicDhol ................... double-headed drum played with a stickDholak ............... tapered double-headed drum played with
the fingers and palmsPunjab ............... region of northwest IndiaSikh ................... religion founded by Garu Nanak (1469-1539)
Content Questions1. What is the dual purpose of the Punjabi
Artists’ Association of Richmond?2. Is the association exclusive or inclusive?3. How did bangra acquire its name?4. Which instrument provides the main rhythm
for bangra music?5. Which two rhythms give bangra its
characteristic sound?
Dhol
PAKISTAN
INDIA
MYANMAR
NEPAL
BHUTAN
SRI LANKA
BANGLADESH
I n d i a n O c e a n
A r a b i a n S e a
B a y o f B e n g a l
Andaman Sea
Dhaka
Thimphu
New Delhi
Male
Rangoon
Kathmandu
Colombo
29
Learning Activities1. Describe the characteristics of bangra music.
____________________________________________________________________________
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2. Design a poster advertising a bangra dance at your community centre.
Research and Extension Activities1. Shade the Punjab region on a map of South Asia.2. Research the British bangra rock star, Apache Indian.3. Learn the steps of bangra dancing.4. Suggest reasons why bangra might appeal to inner-city youth.5. Listen to the CD recording, Elephant Head, by the Vancouver bangra rock group, Dal-Dil-Vog.
30
A Wish for the New Year
Laotian CommunitySmall but culturally rich, the Laotian commu-nity numbers about 3,000. Many, likemusician Subahn Sayareth, are recent politi-cal refugees who fled from civil war in the1990s.
Laos PhosavanSubahn Sayarath is the composer andkhaen player with the group, LaosPhosavan. As a musician in the Laotianarmy during the civil war in the 1970s,he travelled from village to village withhis khaen, bringing comfort to thebeleaguered peasants. When the warended, Subahn made his way to BCwhere he began recording his musicand playing with Laos Phosavan. Hissong, A Wish for a New Year, iswritten in a traditionalimprovisational style calledmulam.
Laotian MusicBecause tourism is undeveloped in Laos,western popular culture has not displaced avibrant folk culture which finds expressionparticularly in weaving and music. Both Laosand Thailand have mor lam, a form of musicwhich is sung in the Isaan dialect common toboth countries and accompanied by traditionalinstruments such as the khaen, the pin and theching. Other popular musical styles are lukthung, which includes songs with a socialmessage and sakorn, a combination of westernmelodies and Laotian lyrics.
VocabularyChing ................. small temple bellsKhaen ................ bamboo mouth organLuk thung .......... music of the rural and urban poorMor lam ............. national music of Laos and ThailandMulam ............... song with an instructional message; often
improvisedPin ..................... 2 - 4 string guitarSakorn ............... popular song style with western melodies
and Laotian lyrics
Content Questions1. What was Subahn’s responsibility when he
was in the Laotian army?2. What is the main characteristic of the
musical style called Mulam?3. Which four aspects of Laotian culture share
equal importance?4. Which musical tradition is shared by Laos
and Thailand?5. Which style of music is most influenced by
western songs?
MYANMAR
THAILAND
KAMPUCHEAVIETNAM
LAOS
Gulf ofThailand
South ChinaSea
Chumphon
Nanning
Zhanjiang
Ho Chi Minh City
Phnom Penh
Vientiane
Rangoon
Bangkok
Hanoi
Khaen
31
Learning Activities1. Give the group, Phosavan, a western name that you think reflects their music.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Write a press release announcing that the group will be performing a concert. Includeinformation about the group and its music.
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Research and Extension Activities1. Name at least three instruments from other cultures that are related to the khaen.2. Suggest why the Laotian army would have employed a musician.3. Name a style of western music that sometimes has a social message.4. List the four aspects of Canadian culture you consider most important.5. Explain how Laotian culture might change if tourism increases.
32
Dlovan
Kurdish CommunityMost of Canada’s small Kurdish communityarrived in 1987-88 following Iraqi gas attackson Kurdish villages in northern Iraq. Many wererefugees traumatized by war and by thephysical ordeal of trekking across mountainpasses to freedom in Turkey.
Kurdo GelaliFounder of the group, Dlovan, Kurdo Gelaliarrived in Vancouver after years of exile fromhis village. To express his gratitude toCanadians for the kindness shown to his family,Kurdo wrote Dlovan in honour of his infant son,growing up in a free country in which culturalminorities receive respect.
Dlo, my sweet son you are my hope, my very lifeand I swear to you I only see through your eyes
Dlo, Dlo, my son Dlo
Dlo, you are my energy without that energy IWould be a slave
Dlo, I promise you...I see the world through your eyes.
Kurdish MusicAlthough large numbers of Kurdish refugees arescattered around the world, their folklore andnational identity are sustained by dengbejs,bards who memorize and sing hundreds ofmyths, legends and stories. The songs areperformed on wind instruments such as theduduk, which are often played in the mountainswhere the notes echo from the steep slopes.String instruments such as the tembur and thesaz, on the other hand, are found mainly in thetowns.
VocabularyDengbej ............. a bard; keeper of the Kurdish oral traditionDuduk ................ Armenian oboe with a plaintive soundSaz ..................... long-necked lute from TurkeyTembur .............. long-necked, round-backed lute from
Bulgaria and Macedonia
Content Questions1. Why did Kurdo leave his village and go into
exile?2. For what purpose did Kurdo write Dlovan?3. Why did the dengbejs memorize myths,
legends and stories?4. Why are wind instruments popular in moun-
tainous regions of the world?5. Which three instruments are used in Kurdish
music?
TURKEY
CYPRUS
EGYPT
JORDAN
ISRAEL
LEBANON
ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
SYRIA
IRAQ
33
Learning Activities1. Explain what Kurdo Gelali means when he promises to see the world only through the eyes of his
son.____________________________________________________________________________
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2. Listen closely to Dlovan and state the number of musicians you think are in the band.
Research and Extension Activities1. Shade in the area referred to as Kurdistan on a map of the Middle East.2. Research Kurdish history and culture.3. State whether you expect Kurdish culture to survive the diaspora and give reasons why or why not.4. Name four other examples of wind instruments that are popular in mountainous regions around
the world.5. Draw a picture of a saz.
34
Sa Sowiri, Isa Lei
Fijian Community40,000 Fijians live in British Columbia. Whilethe majority are Indo-Canadians from the FijianIslands, there is also a small native Fijianpopulation. The Vancouver Fiji Boys are nativeFijians.
Vancouver Fiji BoysSa Sowiri and Isa Lei represent two Fijianmusical traditions. Sa Sowiri is an ancient warchant sung during ceremonial dances to raisethe spirits of the warriers and ready them forbattle. The chant is accompanied by the beat ofthe lai, a wooden drum. Isa Lei, a hauntingsong of farewell, is more recent—perhaps amere hundred years old.
Music of MelanesiaThe people of the Melanesian Islands, includingPapua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands,Vanuatu and Fiji, are thought to have origi-nated in East Africa. Evidence is provided bytheir physical appearance but also by theirmusic and dance, which are performed in astanding position as opposed to Polynesia,where many of the dances are performed whileseated. Melanesia also has a wider diversity ofdrums and wind instruments; the guitars andukeleles often associated with the music of theOceanic islands were introduced relativelyrecently by European missionaries and colo-nists.
VocabularyLai ..................... wooden drumMelanesia .......... islands of the Western Pacific OceanPolynesia ........... islands of the central and southern Pacific
Ocean
Content Questions1. Which two traditions are represented by Sa
Sowiri and Isa Lei?2. What is the name of the wooden drum used
to accompany Sa Sowiri?3. What evidence shows that Melanesia was
populated from Africa?4. Which instruments are indigenous to
Oceania?5. How were stringed instruments like guitars
and ukeleles introduced to Fiji?
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
AUSTRALIA
NEWCALEDONIA
FIJIVANUATU
SOLOMONISLANDS
TONGA
SAMOAISLANDS
NIUE
Timor Sea
GreatAustralian Bight
Arafura Sea
Coral Sea
South Pacific Ocean
Tasman Sea
Perth
AucklandCanberra
35
Learning Activities1. Use the graphic organizer below to compare the two songs, Sa Sowiri and Isa Lei.
Sa Sowiri Isa Lei
Purpose
Instruments
Tempo
Rhythm
Melody
2. Listen to Isa Lei and explain what the song is about.____________________________________________________________________________
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Research and Extension Activities1. On a map of the Pacific Ocean, use two colours to shade the Melanesian and Polynesian islands.2. Find out where the Polynesians are thought to have come from.3. Compare the musical traditions of Melanesia and Polynesia.4. Contrast native Fijian and Indo-Fijian cultures.5. Describe a native Fijian cultural event, such as a festival.
36
Desafio
Brazilian CommunityArriving in the Lower Mainland mainly over thelast two decades, the small but high-profileBrazilian community in Vancouver isrepresented by such talented performingartists as guitarist Celso Machado, Capoeiramaster Marcos da Silva and dancer, LauraMontiero.
Celso MachadoBorn near Sao Paulo to a family of musicians,Celso is a virtuoso guitarist and percussionistand one of Vancouver’s busiest solo perform-ers. His interest in music traditions around theworld has led to frequent collaborations withartists from diverse cultures. Often combiningBrazilian musical forms with elements of Arab,Mediterranean and even Chinese music, Celso’scompositions are performed internationally.
DesafioCelso’s music encompasses the Africanrhythms, Latin melodies and native Indiansensibilities that place Brazil at the forefront ofworld music. His song, Desafio, is named aftera form of music characterized by Latin improvi-sation and African call and responsetechniques. It portrays the rhythms of life inthe sertaio, a drought-prone agricultural regionin northeast Brazil. Musicians who play thisgenre try to outdo their opponents in musicaland poetic inventiveness by improvising versesthat require extemporaneous responses. Thefirst musician who fails to make a responseloses the competition. In some cases, desafiomasters battle for days.
VocabularyDesafio .............. a form of musical improvisationSertaio ............... dry northeast region of Brazil
Content Questions1. Why does Celso frequently collaborate with
musicians from other cultures?2. How has this collaboration influenced
Celso’s music?3. Which traditions are combined in Brazilian
music?4. Desafio music is popular in which region of
Brazil?5. How does a desafio musician “win” a contest
with another musician?
NorthAtlanticOcean
SouthAtlanticOcean
SouthPacificOcean
COLOMBIA
PERU
BOLIVIA
CHILE
ARGENTINA
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
GUYANA
SURINAME
FRENCHGUIANA
BrazilDistritoFederal
37
Learning Activities1. Describe the images that come to mind when you listen to Desafio.
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2. Comment on the ways in which Celso’s song, Desafio, exemplifies the desafio style of music.____________________________________________________________________________
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Research and Extension Activities1. Name six styles of Brazilian music and a musician associated with each.2. Compare Brazilian desafio and Cuban controversia styles of music.3. Describe the important social role of samba schools in Brazil.4. Describe the annual Carnival in Rio de Janiero.5. Research the cultural history of the state of Bahia, the centre for Afro-Brazilian music.
38
table ofartists
Name Place Song Title Style Purposeof Origin
Diaspora Greece Thomas’ Place Rebetiko Political
Salvador Puerto Casorio de las WeddingFerreras Rico Compas
Vancouver China Rain Hitting Banana Su Yueh EntertainmentChinese Music Ensemble Leaves
Themba South A Blind Man and New Music EntertainmentTana Africa an Elephant
Sarang Korea Kayakum San-Jo Minyo EntertainmentLee Sung Ju Piri Minyo Entertainment
Ancient Cultures South Susurro Andean LamentAmerica
Uzume Taiko Japan Uzume Matsuri Taiko Festival
Gradec Croatian Croatia Samborsko Kolo Kolo DanceTamburitza Orchestra
Zvonimir Croatia Ladarke Idu u Selo Ladarke FestivalCroatian Choir
Soul Survivors Trinidad For He Who Calypso ReligionLoves Us All
Themba Tana & S. Africa Paradox Paradise New Music EntertainmentTakeo Yamashiro Japan
Kin Lalat Guatemala Paraxtut Mayan Ritual
Punjabi Artists’ India Bollian Bangra FestivalAssociation of Richmond
Laos Phosavan Laos A Wish for the Mulam FestivalNew Year
Dlovan Kurdistan Dlovan Traditional Praise Song
Vancouver Fiji Boys Fiji Sa Sowiri Traditional War ChantIsa Lei Traditional Farewell
Celso Machado Brazil Desafio Desafio Entertainment
39
Greater Vancouver Book, The; an Urban Encyclopedia. Surrey: The Linhman Press, ©1997.
Kodo; the Heartbeat Drummers of Japan (video). Montreal: NFB, ©1983.
Musical Instruments of the World. New York: Facts on File, ©1976.
Vancouver Audio Profile (sound recording). Vancouver: Aural Traditions Records, ©1992
World Drums (video). Montreal: NFB, n.d.
World Music; the Rough Guide. Toronto: Penguin Books of Canada Ltd., ©1994.
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