1998 Cessna 172 S For Training Use Only Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for your actual Training

1998 Cessna 172 S

For Training Use Only

Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for your actual Training airplane.

Study Guide

This presentation is based on the POH for the 1998 Cessna 172 S, and covers the following sections of that manual.

Section 3 Emergency Procedures

Section 2 Limitations

Section 1 General

Section 4 Normal Procedures

Remember to verify all

information with your actual

POH

Section 1

Descriptive Data

Aircraft Dimensions

Aircraft Dimensions

Length 27’ 2”

Height 8’ 11”

Wingspan 36’ 1”

Wing Area of 174 square feet

Engine

Engine

Manufactured by Textron Lycoming

Model O-360-L2AThis is a Normally Aspirated, Direct Drive, Air-Cooled, Horizontally-

Opposed , Fuel Injected, Four Cylinder Engine with 360 cubic inches displacement.

180 BHP @ 2700 RPM

Propeller

Propeller

Manufactured by McCauley

Model 1A170E/JHA7660

Two Bladed, Fixed Pitch, Aluminum.

Diameter is 76”

Fuel

Fuel

Approved Fuel Grades:

100LL Grade Aviation Fuel(BLUE)

100 Grade Aviation Fuel(GREEN)

• This is a 152, you will have 13 drains to check

Fuel

• 2 integral tanks [one in each wing] hold the fuel• The Un-usable fuel includes fuel in the feed lines within

the wing struts, Fuel Reservoir, and associated plumbing• The System is Gravity Feed, and uses an Electric Auxiliary

Fuel Pump for priming the Fuel Injection system• There are 13 Fuel Drains• 5 below each wing tank• 3 below the nose• These drains should be tested for water and contamination

prior to flight

Fuel • This aircraft is equipped with a Fuel

Selector Valve that allows Fuel to flow from Left, Right, or Both Fuel tanks. BOTH is the Normal selection.

• A FUEL SHUT-OFF is also installed in this aircraft for use in Emergency Procedures, or for prolonged Storage.

Fuel

• Total Capacity 56 gallons• Total Useable 53 gallons

• Total Each Tank 28 gallons• Total Useable 26.5 gallons

• Non-Useable 3 gallons

OIL

• Grade appropriate to temperature ranges• Often this is 15w50 or 20w50• Check Maintenance Records for actual type

used in your aircraft.

Electrical System

• System is 28 Volt DC• Powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator• Supplying a 24 Volt Battery • Battery is located forward of Firewall, Left Side• Current is supplied Through Split Primary Bus Bars 1 and 2• Essential Bus is wired between the 2 primaries to energize Master,• …..Annunciator, and Interior Lighting• Each Primary is connected to an Avionics Bus by the Avionics Master• Continued…………….

Electrical SystemContinued

• Master Switch is a Split Rocker type switch labeled MASTER• On is in the up Position, Off is in the Down Position• The Right Half is labeled BAT and connects Battery Power to Buses• The Left Half is labeled ALT, connects the Alternator

• Normally, BAT and ALT are used simultaneously• BAT can be turned on to check electrical equipment on the ground• When the ALT switch is OFF the entire system runs on battery

Electrical SystemContinued

• LOW VOLTAGE Annunciator, Will Illuminate when Voltage falls below 24.5 Volts

• OVERVOLTAGE :Alternator Control Unit automatically opens the ALT FLD circuit breaker, Shutting Off the Alternator

• Under these conditions, with normal power use, a low voltage condition will occur eventually, and the Low Volt annunciator will illuminate

• The Alternator Control unit may be then reset by resetting the ALT FLD circuit breaker

• If this occurs a second time, terminate the flight

Maximum Certificated Weights

• Ramp Weight Normal Category 2558• Ramp Weight Utility Category 2208• Takeoff Weight Normal Category 2250• Takeoff Weight Utility Category 2200• Landing Weight Normal Category 2550• Landing Weight Utility Category 2200

Baggage Compartment Weights

• Normal Category– Area 1 120 lbs– Area 2 50 lbs

– Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

Baggage Compartment Weights

• Utility Category

• In this Category the Rear Seat must be un-occupied, and the baggage compartment must be empty.

Standard Airplane Weights

• Standard Empty Weight 1663• Normal Category Useful load 895• Utility Category Useful Load 545

Specific Loadings

• Wing Loading: 14.7 lbs./sq. ft.

• Power Loading: 14.2 lbs./sq. ft.

Baggage Compartment Weights Relate to Category

• Normal Category– Area 1 120 lbs– Area 2 50 lbs

– Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

• Utility Category• All Baggage areas must be empty

Section 2

Limitations

Airspeed Limitations


VNE [ Red Line ]

Never Exceed

Do not exceed this speed.

163


VNO [Upper Limit of Green Arc ]

Maximum Structural Cruise

Exceed only in smooth air.

129


VA

Maneuvering Speed

Based on weight. The less weight, the slower the speed.

105 @ 2550 lbs

98 @ 2200 lbs 90 @ 1900 lbs


Flap Extension


VFE

Do not exceed with Flaps Down10 degrees 110

Flap Extension Speeds

20 degrees 8530 degrees 85


Max window open speed

Do not exceed with window open

163

Airspeed Indicator Markings

White Arc 40 - 85

Flap Operating Range

Upper limit is Vno

[max speed flaps extended]

Lower limit is max weight Vso

[Stall Speed Flaps Landing Configuration]


Green Arc 48 - 129

Normal Operating Range

Upper limit is max structural Cruise, or Vno

Lower limit is max weight Vs

[Stall Speed No Flaps ]


Yellow Arc 129 - 163

Caution Range

Operation with caution only in smooth air.


Red Line 163

Maximum Speed for all operations

Fly Faster than this speed, and you are a Test Pilot !

Power Plant Limitations

Maximum Power

180 BHP


Engine Operating Limits for Takeoff and Continuous Operations

Maximum Engine Speed

2700 RPM

Red Line


Static RPM Range at Full Throttle

Static RPM range 2300-2400


Maximum Oil Temperature

245 degrees (f) or 118 (c)


Oil Pressure

20 PSI Minimum

115 PSI Maximum


Oil Grade

Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil or,

Ashless Dispersant Oil


• Engine Oil :

• 15w50 or 20w50

• Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in your aircraft.

Power Plant Instrument Markings

Tachometer

Red Line

2700 RPM


Oil Temperature

Red line 245

Green Arc 100-245


Oil Pressure

Green Arc 50 – 90 PSI

Red Line Minimum 20 PSI

Red Line Maximum 115 PSI


Fuel Quantity

Red Line 0

1.5 Gallons Unusable Each Tank


Fuel Flow

0 to 12 GPH


Vacuum Gage

4.5 to 5.5 PSI

Normal and Utility Categories

Review of Category of Aircraft


FAR Part 23 Normal Category

(a)The normal category is limited to airplanes that have a seating configuration,

excluding pilot seats, of nine or less, a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or less, and intended for non-acrobatic operation. Non-acrobatic

operation includes:


FAR Part 23 Normal Category

(1) Any maneuver incident to normal flying;

(2) Stalls (except whip stalls); and

(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees.


FAR Part 23 Utility Category

Airplanes certificated in the utility category may be used in any of the operations covered under paragraph (a) of this

section and in limited acrobatic operations. Limited acrobatic operation

includes:

CG Limits and Categories

FAR Part 23 Utility Category

(1) Spins (if approved for the particular type of airplane)

(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, or similar maneuvers, in which the angle of bank is more than 60 degrees but not more than 90 degrees.

(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees.

Normal Category Weight Limits

• Ramp Weight 2558• Takeoff Weight 2550• Landing Weight 2550• Baggage Area 1 120• Baggage Area 2 50• Combined Baggage 120

Normal Category CG Limits

Forward Limit: 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less

To 41 inches aft of datum at 2550 lbs.

Aft Limit:

47.3 inches aft of datum

at all weights.

Utility Category Weight Limits

• Ramp Weight 2208• Takeoff 2200• Landing 2200• Baggage Area 1 and 2 Empty• Rear Seat Empty

Utility Category CG Limits

Forward Limit: 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less To 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 lbs.

Aft Limit:

40.5 inches aft of datum at all weights.

Maneuver LimitsNormal Category

• Any maneuver incidental to normal flying• Stalls Slow Deceleration• Steep Turns 95 knots• Chandelles105 knots• Lazy Eights 105 knots• Spins are not mentioned in the POH under

Normal Category limits, and are considered prohibited in this category.

Maneuver LimitsUtility Category

• Any maneuver incidental to normal flying• Stalls Slow Deceleration• Steep Turns 95 knots• Chandelles105 knots• Lazy Eights 105 knots• Spins Slow Deceleration

Flight Load Factor LimitsNormal Category

Max takeoff weight of 2550 lbs.

Flaps Up +3.8g, -1.52g Flaps Down +3.0g

The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.

Flight Load Factor LimitsUtility Category

Max takeoff weight of 2200 lbs.

Flaps Up +4.0, -1.76g Flaps Down +3.0g

The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.

Kinds of Operation Limits

This airplane is equipped for Day VFR and may be equipped for night VFR and IFR Operations.

Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited.

Fuel Limitations

2 Standard Tanks 28 gallons each

Total Fuel 56 gallons

Un-Useable Fuel 3 gallons

Fuel Limitations

Limitations are show ONLY for Standard Tanks

Check the POH for your aircraft to learn what tanks are installed.

Fuel limitations

• To maximize fuel loading, place the fuel selector to Left or Right.

• This prevents Cross-Feed during fueling• There are safety consideration with

operating on just one tank.

Fuel Limitations

Always Takeoff and Land with the Fuel Selector in the BOTH Position.

Fuel Limitations

If operating only on one tank, Slips and Skid maneuvers are limited to 30 Seconds

Fuel Limitations

With ¼ Tank or Less, prolonged un-coordinated flight is prohibited when operating on either the Left

or Right tank

Fuel Limitations

Fuel remaining when the quantity indicator shows “empty” is not useable!

Other Limitations

Flap Limitations

Takeoff Range 0 to 10 degrees

Landing Range 0 to 30 degrees

Section 3

Emergency Procedures

Airspeeds for Emergency Operation

Flaps Up 70

Flaps Down 65

Engine Failure After Takeoff:


Maximum Glide Speed: 68


65

Precautionary Landing with Engine Power:


Precautionary Landing

Without Engine Power:

Flaps Up 70

Flaps Down 65

Emergency ProceduresChecklists

Engine Failure During Takeoff

• Throttle Idle• Brakes Apply• Flaps Retract• Mixture Idle Cut-off• Ignition Off• Master Off

Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff

• Airspeed 70 flaps up 65 flaps down• Mixture Idle Cut-off• Fuel Shutoff Off PULL OUT• Ignition Off• Flaps As Required• Master Off• Doors Open• Land Straight Ahead Best Site

Engine Failure During Flight[Restart Procedure]

• Airspeed 68• Fuel Shutoff ON PUSH ON• Fuel Selector Both• Auxiliary Fuel Pump On• Mixture Rich [if Restart has not occurred]• If Prop is windmilling, the engine will restart within a few seconds.• If Prop has stopped turning, Turn Ignition to START• Advance Throttle Slowly from Idle, the adjust mixture for smoothness• If The FUEL FLOW drops to Zero, Turn on Auxiliary Fuel Pump

Precautionary Landing Without Engine Power

• Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position• Seats and Seat Belts Secure• Airspeed 70 Flaps Up 65 Flaps Down• Mixture Idle Cut Off• Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF PULL OUT• Ignition Off• Flaps As Required [30 deg. advised]• Master Off• Doors Open• Touchdown Slightly Tail Low• Brakes Apply Heavily

Precautionary Landing With Engine Power

• Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position• Seats and Seat Belts Secure• Airspeed 65 • Flaps 20 degrees• Selected Field : Fly over to evaluate, Climb to appropriate patter

altitude and retract Flaps at safe airspeed• Avionics Master Off• Flaps 30 degrees on Final• Airspeed 65• Master Off• Doors Open• Touchdown Slightly Tail Low• Ignition Off• Brakes Apply Heavily

Ditching

• Review POH for this Procedure• Minimize Descent to 300 FPM at 55 kts• Prepare to protect Face with available items• Open Doors• Activate ELT• Touchdown parallel to swells, Level Attitude• Evacuate Airplane• Use Floatation Devices OUT OF AIRPLANE

FIRE During Engine Start[Engine has started]

• Ignition Start, continue cranking for a start• Set Power to 1800 RPM• Follow Shutdown Procedures• Evacuate and Inspect for Damage

Engine Fire During Start[Engine has not started]

• Throttle Full Open• Mixture Idle Cut-off• Cranking Continue• Fuel Shut-Off OFF PULL OUT• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off• Fire Extinguisher Activate• Engine Secure• Master Off• Ignition Off• Brake Set• Passengers and Crew Evacuate• Fire Extinguish as Required• Inspect for Damage

Engine Failure In Flight

• Mixture Idle Cut Off• Fuel Shutoff Valve Off Pull OUT• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off• Master Off• Cabin heat and air Off except overhead vents• Airspeed 100 Knots or more to create a non combustible fuel air mixture• Forced Landing Refer to Forced Landing Checklist

Electrical Fire in Flight

• Master OFF• Avionics OFF• All Electric OFF [except magnetos]• Vents/Cabin Air/Heat Closed• Fire Extinguisher Activate [if available]• If Extinguisher is activated, open all vents after fire is out to clear cabin

If fire appears to be out, and electrical power is necessary, • Master ON• Circuit Breakers Check for faulty circuit• Avionics ON, 1 system at a time with a delay in order to

evaluate and detect the bad circuit

Blocked Static Source[ERRONEOUS INSTRUTMENT READING SUSPECTED]

• ALTERNATE STATIC PORT OPEN• AIRSPEED CONSULT CALIBRATION TABLE

Landing with a Flat Main Tire

• APPROACH NORMAL• TOUCHDOWN

– GOOD TIRE FIRST, HOLD AIRPLANE OFF FLAT TIRE AS LONG AS POSSIBLE.

Electrical Power Malfunctions

Ammeter shows excessive rate of charge• Alternator OFF• Alternator Breaker PULL • Non-essential equipment OFF• Flight Terminate ASAP

Vacuum System Failure

• Left Vacuum [L VAC] or Right Vacuum [L VAC] Annunciator Illuminates

• If Vacuum is not within normal limits, a failure has occurred.

• Partial Panel Procedures will be necessary for continued flight

Landing without Elevator Control

• Trim for level flight• Set speed for approximately 65• Once trimmed, do not move elevator trim.• Control glide with power only.• At flare-out, Power reduction will cause

nose to drop… Adjust Trim Full UP during power reduction.

SPIN RECOVERY

• THROTTLE IDLE• AILERONS NEUTRAL• RUDDER FULL OPPOSITE OF ROTATION• CONTROL YOKE FORWARD TO BREAK STALL• HOLD THESE CONTROL POSITIONS UNTIL ROTATION STOPS• AS ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE RUDDER• RECOVER FROM DIVE SMOOTHLY.

Section 4Normal Procedures

Before Start

• Preflight Inspection Complete• Passenger Briefing Complete• Seats and Belts Adjust• Brakes Test and Set• Electrical Equipment Off• Avionics Off• Fuel Selector Both• Fuel Shutoff Valve On PUSH IN• Circuit Breakers Check In

Starting Engine [with battery]• Throttle Open ¼ inch• Mixture Idle Cut-Ott• Propeller Area Clear• Master On• Flashing beacon On• Auxiliary Fuel Pump On• Mixture Full Rich until a positive fuel flow, then Idle Cut-Off• Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off• Ignition Start• Mixture Advance as Engine Starts• Oil Pressure Check• Navigation Lights As Required• Avionics On• Flaps Retract

Starting Engine [Flooded Sart]

• If Engine floods [over primed] perform the following and then complete the normal start checklist

• Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF• Mixture Idle Cut-Off• Throttle Open ½ to Full Throttle• Ignition Start• When Engine starts Mixture to Full Rich, Throttle to Idle

Promptly.

Before Taxi

• This is not a Cessna Checklist, but will be useful in developing good habits at towered airports.

• ATIS Information Obtain and copy with I.D.• Clearance Obtain and copy,

READBACK• TRANSPONDER SET Code and Select STBY• Taxi Instructions Comply as Instructed

Before Takeoff• Parking Brake Set• Seats Upright • Seat Belts Secure• Doors Closed and Latched• Flight Controls Free and Correct• Flight Instruments Check and Set• Fuel Quantity Check• Mixture Full Rich• Fuel Selector Valve Recheck Set to BOTH• Throttle 1800• Magnetos Check drop <150, Diff. Max of 50• Vacuum Gage Check • Annunciator Panel Check• Throttle Check IDLE• Throttle Set to 1000 RPM …..Continued….

Before Takeoff…continued• Throttle Friction Lock Adjust• Radios and Avionics SET• NAV/GPS Switch SET• Autopilot OFF• Manual Trim Set for Takeoff• Flaps Set for Takeoff• TRANSPONDER ON• Brakes Release• TAKEOFF CLEARANCEObtain• TRANSPONDER ON Select ALT• Directional Gyro Set when aligned with Runway• Strobes and Landing LightOn when taking Active Runway

Normal Takeoff• Flaps 0 – 10 Degrees• Throttle Full Open• Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)

• Elevator Lift Nose Wheel at 55• Climb Speed 70-80 [80 Provides better Forward

Visibility]

• Flaps Retract

Short Field Takeoff• Flaps 10 Degrees• Brakes Apply• Throttle Full Open• Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)

• Brakes Release• Elevator Slightly Tail Low• Climb Speed 56 Until Obstacles Cleared• Flaps Retract Slowly after reaching 60 knots

Enroute Climb• Airspeed 70-85• Throttle Full Open• Mixture Rich (lean above 3000 ft)

Cruise• Power Set 2100-2700 no more than 75%• Elevator Trim Adjust• Mixture Lean For Performance Desired• Arrival Checklist Prepare

Arrival(not a Cessna List)

• Arrival ATIS In Range Obtain and Copy• Approach Control Contact Prior to 20 Miles out• Clearance Copy and READBACK• Descent Checklist Prepare

Descent

• Power As required• Mixture Adjust, Full Rich at Idle• Altimeter Set• NAV/GPS Set• Fuel Selector Valve BOTH• Flaps As Required within Limits• Landing Checklist Prepare

Normal Landing

• Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up• Flaps As required within Limits• Airspeed 60-70 Flaps Down• Touchdown Main Wheels First• Landing Roll Lower Nose Gently• Braking Minimum Required

Short Field Landing

• Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up• Flaps As required within Limits• Airspeed 61 Flaps Down• Touchdown Main Wheels First• Brakes Apply Heavily• Flaps Retract

Balked Landing[Go Around]

• Throttle FULL OPEN• Flaps Retract to 20 • Climb Speed 60• Flaps Retract to 10 till safe Alt.

After Landing• Runway Clear and onto Taxiway• Strobes Off• Landing Light Off• Transponder STBY• Flaps Retract• Radios Set• Clearance Taxi instruction Parking as required

Secure[Shut Down]

• Brake Set• Avionics OFF• Mixture Idle Cut-Off• Ignition Off• Master Off• Control Lock Install• Fuel Selector Left or Right

• Check with OPERATOR of the Aircraft regarding this last item.

Before we finish, some thoughts on Landings…

You have seen the correct technique…

Main wheels touchdown 1st

This is what can happen with “improper” technique..

The nose wheel touches 1st, followed by Mains, and a bounce results

This is what can happen with “improper” technique..

A bounce occurs, and the airplane balloons up some distance

The Pilot over-reacts, and forces the nose to the runway

The resultant increase in velocity produces another bounce on touchdown, and the cycle starts again.

The third cycle of this phenomena is where accidents typically occur.

The nose will contact first (again),

But the contact will likely be at such an angle to cause Substantial damage the structure, and result a collapsed

Nose wheel assembly

This typically also causes the Propeller to strike the ground causing damage to the Propeller and the Engine

This is frequently the outcome of the second or third bounce…..

Nose wheel touches, and you bounce again.

When the bounce occurs, level off, and Re-Land the Airplane normally if sufficient runway length remains.

If in doubt, go around after the First Bounce!

Get the Right Picture for Landings





Remember, this is supposed to be fun…

and sometimes its for moments like this

End of Session

• Remember to use the approved checklists or Pilot Operating Handbook

Documents

1998 Cessna 172 S For Training Use Only Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for your actual Training