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©1993. Used by permission of Springer-Verlag.
1. Cells are fundamental units of life2. Cells use chemical or solar energy to function and reproduce3. Cells are macromolecular factories4. Cells move, divide (mitosis), and sense environmental conditions
(b) ©1980. Used by permission of Elsevier Science.
Mitochondria are organelles that metabolize conversion of chemical energy from food into ATP.
Introduction to chromatin scales
Electron micrograph of D.Melanogasterchromatin: arrays of regularly spacednucleosomes, each ~80 A across.
Molecular composition of bacterial cells by weightMolecular composition of bacterial cells by weight:
Small molecules 74%water 70%amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, ions 4%
Macromolecules 26%proteins 15%RNA 6%DNA 1%lipids 2%polysaccharides 2%
Protein Data Base accession code 1VII ({C.J. McKnight, D.S. Doering, P.T. Matsudaira, P.S. Kim, J. Mol. Biol. 260 126 (1996)).
Peptide torsion angles and secondary structure
• omega = 180 deg, phi & psi are variable• minimize E({phi,psi}) – protein folding problem
Protein 3D structure (second look)
Protein Data Bank (PDB) http://www.rcsb.org
Protein functions: enzymes, gene regulation