1992_universally Relevant Judicial Procedure for Space

8/6/2019 1992_universally Relevant Judicial Procedure for Space

1/44

A UNIVERSALLY RELEVANT

JUDICIAL PROCEDURE FOR SPACE

By: DECLAN J. O'DONNELL

WORLD BAR ASSOCIATION

_____________________

6841 S. YOSEMITE STREET SUITE 3-CENGLEWOOD, COLORADO 8011!303" #1-11##!800" 63-88


2/44

WORLD BAR ASSOCIATION

SECOND POSITION PAPER

$A U%&()*+y R((+% J/&&+ )2(/)( 2) S+(.$5y: D(+% J. O'D2%%(

TABLE O CONTENTS

TOICAGE

INTRODUCTION 1

BACGROUND ACTS

STATEMENT O T7E CASE 4

ISSUES

CONCLUSIONS

DISCUSSION #

1.NON-JURY ACT INDING #

.T7E SUMMARY ORUM !IN LIEU O TRIAL" 8

3.E9ANDED REMEDIES

4.CONTAINED CONRONTATION 10

.A LARGER UBLIC OLICY 10

AENDI9 I:UNITED NATIONS C7ARTER, 14 1

AENDI9 II:OUTER SACE E9LORATION TREATY, 16# 34

AENDI9 III:DECLARATION ON RELATIONS.;ATICAN II, 16 3

C2y)&


3/44

SECOND POSITION PAPER

$A U%&()*+y R((+% J/&&+ )2(/)( 2) S+(.$5y: D(+% J. O'D2%%(

INTRODUCTION

T=( W2)/ B+) A**2&+&2% =+* 5&*=(/ + 2*&&2% +() (%&(/ $A B+*&* >2) G2()%?(% &%

S+($. T=&* &)* 2*&&2% )(+(/ 2 =( %((/ >2) + *(+)+( 2&&+ (%&y, U%&(/ S+(* 2>G2()%?(%* &% S+(, U.S.G.S., &% 2)/() 2 2)>2). T=&* %(2&&+ (=&( 2/ &**( &*' 2% ?2%(y &% 2)/() 2 +y >2) 2) ((%+, +%/ &%(&+5(,?&(+)( 2> =&* %( *+(. I% 2=() 2)/*, =( (y 2 &*' (>>(&(%(** &* =( )(+y 2%(**&2% 5y+ 2=() %+&2%* =+ & +2%( & +/?&%&*() 2() *+(.

T=&* (+)y 2*&&2% &% >+2) 2> + %( *2()(&&%+%( =( &??(%*( 5/2) +/)&&2%/2+)*", >2) + 2%(-=%/)(/ y(+) )2( 2 2%( 5&&2% (2( &% 2)5&. S(2%/y, & >2)(/%( *2&2%* 2 =( )25(? 2> (%&)2%?(% 2% (+)=. T=( 2)= (=%222)=?+% =+5&+&2% >2)((). I 2/ )(y( (()y=&%< +%/ +*( %2=&%2) =&* 2*&&2% +(), +%/ =( (+)&() 2%(, &* 522?(/ 2%2%( &/(+: T=+ &* =( 2*?222)( =( *%(2/(*. T=( (2%2?& 5+*( >2) (*+( &* ?+/( 2**&5( 5y U.S.G.S. &**&%< %( ?2%(y >2)=+ )2*(. T=( *2&+ 5+*( &* ?+/( +*&5( 5y =+&%< U.S.G.S. =+%2)? 2> /&&++/?&%&*)+&2% *2 =+ /&*(* +% 5( )(*2(/ ?2)( (>>(&(y. T=&* +() =+% &%/)+=() =+% =+)+() &% =+ + %( =&2*2=y 2> /&&+ +/?&%&*)+&2% &* )22*(/.

T=&* S(2%/ 2*&&2% +() )(+(* 2%y 2 =+ %( &%/ 2> *&(. I ?+y 5( + )(&)(/ =+%&%+ +%+y*&* 2> =( T)(+y M+()* =2 )(+)( U.S.G.S. >2) U%&(/ N+&2%* +)2+. I%+%y ((% ( *(( & +* +% &?2)+% 5(%(>& >2) *2&(y &% ?2/()% &?(*, 2% (+)= +* ( +* &%*+(. I &* %2 &%2%*&*(% &= =( U%&(/ N+&2%* C=+)(), !S((, A(%/&", 5(+*( &&%2(* =( &%/ 2> +&>& *((?(% 2> /&*(* *(&>&+y /(*)&5(/ &% C=+() ;I =()(2>.

BACGROUND ACTS

T=( =&* %( +)2+= 2 /&&+ +/?&%&*)+&2% &* C=+() 10: T=( T(%=


4/44


5/44

72((), =( ?+&% =&2*2=& 2&% +* =( &%(&+5( &% )(+&2%* 5(((% (+)= +%/U.S.G.S. &% *+(. T=&* 2) +%y=&%*&2% /(&( +* +52 2/(+*+( + +) (+)=, +%/ ((% =()( U.S.G.S. +* + >+, %2 )()% 2/ 5(

2()+(/. N2 )2? &. E+)= =+/ +)(+/y )(+)(/ >2) )+/&+&2% )25(?* 5y2%*)&%< /2?(/ &&(* !%/() =( C2*?& M+% C2?&%< *(%+)&2". T=()( +* ()y &( ?2)(=+ U.S.G.S. 2/ /2 %2, ((% &= =( =( 2> =( C2??%&**.

U.S.G.S. =+/ 2 (()&(%( &*' 2% &%(2) =( (%&)(=?+% )+(. T=( >&)* )&%&( 2> &*' (&*(%( ?* 5( &'* 2% )(*()+&2%. T=* =(&=/)++ 2 J&(), =( ((* 2/ >y &% (%/&()2)

?+%&%/ =+* =( =)(*=2/ 5(%(>& 2> &?&&%< /&*+*()*, 2&&+ +%/ 2=()&*(, 2 2%( >(( + +&?(. N(() + &*' +**(*, +?(%, +%/ (2( 2 + 2??2%=)(+.

T=&* )+( +% &* 2%*&*(% &= =( 16# S+( T)(+y, !S((, A(%/& II", 5(+*( %2 +%(*2) 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(* +)( (() /&*)5(/ 2) 2&(/. T=( 2+%* *+y +52+)/ =(&) ?+%-?+/( (**(*. T=( &/(+ 2> U.S.G.S. +&%< =+) 2() *+( +* &*' (*&( )&*/&&2% &*+*2 %2 2%)+/&2)y 5(+*( =( *5( T)(+y &* *&(% 2% =+ *5(.

W&= =&* 5+ J+( +%/ =&* C2??%&* L(+/()*. T=(y+ *))(%/()(/ 2 U.S.G.S. 5(+*( (+)= 2/ %2 )((&( =(?. N2 ;&*+* ()( ++&+5( &%2+%y N+&2% *&%( =( >*&2% /(&( *) (+)='* +?2*=()(. T=( /(+= +%/ /(*)&2% +*(/5y =+ )%++y *% ()( )(?(%/2*. 72((), %2 +)&+) /+?+((* ()( %(() &%(2+)/y. O%( >*&2% /(&( +* 2*, =2((), +* ( +* >&(* &= (+)=. T=(*( 2/5( )(+(/ &% &?(.

T=( )(*&/(% 2> =( U%&(/ S+(* =+/ /&*+=(/ +% A)?y S=( 2 5)&%< D(+% +%/ =(U.S.G.S. C2%& 5+ 2 (+)= >2) )&+. T=&* >+ *((?(/ 2 =& J*&( + J&(). U%(** U.S.G.S. (>>(&(y +&(/ &*' + &% *+(,=()( 2/ 5( ?2&( =( U.S.A.". T=&* *(* + +*( >2) =( */y 2> + %&()*+y )((+% +)2+= 2 *&( &%2() *+(. T=&* )(&)(* U.S.G.S. 2 /&*+y + )2(/)( =+ *+&*>&(* &*(>, =( C2??%&**,+%/ =( (2( 2% (+)=, =&( )(*()&%< 2) /(*&%y &% *+(.


6/44

STATEMENT O T7E CASE

J+( +%/ =&* &>(, M2)&>y C2??%&* +)y )(2) 2() + ?2%=. T=(

&/%+&%< 2> D(+%'* *2% +%/ =&* )& 2 =( ?22% ()( +//(/ 5y M2)+%, =2 =+/ 5((% 52)% ?()(y/+y* (+)&(). T=&* 25&2*y )&?&%+ + 2?2%/(/ =( *()&2* =+)+() 2> =( ?&**&2%.72((), & +* %2 %2% 2 5( +) 2> =( +%, (( 5y J+(, M2)(('* >*&2% /(&( +%/ )(-)2y >-*((/ 2+)/* (+)=. T=&*+* &( >&)&%< 2>> + %(+) 52?5 2> (%2)?2* *&@( 2 =+)+** + >)&(%/y %(&2) %2++)(% )(+*2%. J+( =+/ +%%(/ 2 )(-/&)( =( 52?5 ++y >)2? (+)= +* *22% +* D(+%+&+(/ (+/()*=& 2 =( C2??%&**. 72((), =&* (%> ?&*++(/ =(>2)( 2> )2? + 2&*&2% &= (+)=. 7( /&/, =2((), &**( + =(N+&2%* 2% (+)=. C(()y, =( 5+?(/ =( &%&/(% 2% +% +&/(% 5y U.S.G.S., %2 =(C2??%&**. W=(% D(+% +%/ U.S.G.S. (%2%/ =( /(&(%(+) (+)=, & +* 22 +(.

I%()(*&%+. 7( )(+*2%(/ =+ U.S.G.S. =+/ =( &?+( /y 2 *+>(


7/44

ISSUES

T=( C&y S=& + J&() +* =(% 2%>)2%(/ &= =( >22&%< (*&2%* =+ %((/(/ + >+&)*2&2% %/() + %&()*+y )((+% /&&+ )2(/)(:

1.W=+ )&?(* *=2/ 5( =+)+* 2 )2( &% =( +*( 2> J+( +* )&?&%+ &%(%. 2)(%*&* *5((/ + 2> =(D(>(%/+%* 2 &%()&(*, &( /((2)*, )= *()?*, 2&(-*)(** +%+y@()*, +%/ =y%2&*? !+*&%/&+(/ +%/ =()( %((**+)y". J+( 2%*&*(%y *=2(/ )2?2&%< =&* *?+ 2&&+ +)y 2%y. 7( /&*&%y /&*/+&%(/ /2&%< +%y =+)?2 2=()* +%/ /&/ %2 ?(+% 2 +*( =( >*&2% /(&(. I +* &( + 2y-)&/(. N2) 2/ J+( 5(5+?(/ )&?&%+y >2) =( C2??%&* E%


8/44

J*&( =()(>2)( )(&)(/ =+ =( %2 5( 5)+%/(/ + )&?&%+: 7&* 2% *+%/+)/* +%/ =( *))2%/&%)((/2? +* )(*)&(/. T=( 2?5&%+&2% 2> && +%/ )&?&%+ )2(/)(* &% 2%( =(+)&%&>y /((%/(/ 2% (+= 2%('* 2% *+( 2>?&%/. T=( T)&+ +* )((/(/ 5y +% + >+* =+ (+= D(>(%/+% *&()(%( 2 *&(%&>& )22>. S+( 2> ?&%/ +*&%/(/ &% =( >+ /(()?&%+&2%. T=( T(%= C2??+%/?(% +* &(/ +* +=2)&y >2) =&*: T=2*=+ %2 2( =(y %(&&(/ 5(>2)( =( T)&+*+)(/, 2%y &+5&&y +%/ )(?(/&(* 2/ 5( 2%(*(/. A C)&?&%+ C=+)>+* ()( +) 2> =( 2)(%*&* R(2) *2 &+5&&y +* +?2* ++y* &%/(/ &% =( *+(?(%* 2>>+* 5y (+) &%>()(%(. I (> ()y &( >2) A(+. R(?(/&(* 2% A(+ +* +% &?2)+% &**(+%/ & +* +%&&+(/ =+ ?2* A(+* 2/ 5( &% =&* +(2*(/ =( &%/&&/+'*)(+&2%*=& 2 =( U.S.G.S. S2()(& =( S+(. R(=+5&&+&2% 2/ 5( 2%*&/()(/ +* ( +* )()&5&2%, 5 2%y&% ()?* 2> =+ U.S.G.S. 2%*&/()(/ &*' 5(* &%()(** + =+ &?(. N2 ?= +* (> >2) A(+.

T=( )(>())(/ )2(/)( +* =+ 2> +%%+ )(&( 5y =( T)&+ C2). I 2/ +/* &*' )(?(/&(*2 >& =+%


9/44

+( ?&*(+%(2* )2(/)+ =+% =(*( =+% 5(&%< &% *+( +%/ =+&%< &?&(/ )(*2)(* +%/ =& =?+% /(*&%y +%/

(&?&%+( =( %2% *2=&*)y, &))((+%(, +%/ 2%(? *2?(&?(* (()&(%(/ 5y )+/&&2%+)&5%+* +%/ *y*(?*.

1.NON-JURY ACT INDING. T=( =&*2)&+ /((2?(% 2> >&%/&%< >+* +* +) 2> 2) E% 2?5+ +%/ 2*&%< *2=( *)2% >&* >& *(+2)*. E(%+y & (()* =2 +%2(/&%(/ +* 2%*&*&%< 2> &%/((%/(% ()*2%* *(((/ >)2? =( 2&%< )2(* =2 +)( (>2()+>() =( L+y()* *)&( 2>> (()y2%( =2 +% =&% &%/((%/(%y 2) )2&/( (+/()*=&, 2) =2=+( +%y %2(/ =( ((%* + +.

O) ?2/()% J)y *y*(? &* +/+%(/, )(>&%(/, +%/ >+&), 5 & &* %2 + +->&%/&%< )2(/)(.I +* 52)% 2 2> /&>>()(% ?2&(* +%/ & 2) +)+&)%(**. T=+ &* =( 2%*&&2%+ ?+%/+( +%/ =+ =+* 5((% =( A?()&+% +y. I +* %(()&?2)+% 2 5( +)+(, ?()(y >+&).

N2, =2((), +* ( +)2+= &>( &% 2() *+( +%/ =( 2)/ ( *(( &* + ()y /&>>()(% +(,2=() ?2&(* ?+y ?(+% ?2)(. 2) (+?(, +)+y & )25+5y ?(+% ?2)( =+% >+&)%(** &% +*2&(y =+ &* 2+y /((%/(% 2% *&(%( >2) &*' /+&y *)&+. I ?()(y %((/* 2 %2, & /2(*%2 %((/ 2 (+)% =+ %2(/+&)y. T=( >((&% =( && (** 2%()%=+% =( )(+ +5&&y 2 &/(%&>y )25(?*. O% 52+)/ + C&y S=& *2&(y & ?2)( &(y )(y 2%(=%22&%/&% >+ =+% 2% ()*2%+ 2&%&2%* 2> =( (+* (/+(/ &&@(%*. T=( J)y*y*(? &* +*2 + )25(? &% *+( 5(+*( (2( &( 2*() 2


10/44

A%2=() =(%2?(%2% 2> =( J)y *y*(? &* =+ 2> 2?)2?&*( &% =( %+?( 2> 2%*(%**. T=&*/+% =2?(2% &/(+ 2> >+&)%(** 5(+*( =( 25(&2%* 2> /&**&/(%J)2)* +)( 52> 5y 2?)2?&*(* 5y =( ?+2)&y. I &* +(/ &= (?2&2% +%/ *y=22+&)%(**, 5 & &* + 2)?+ >2) %(() >&%/&%< )(+ >+* &% + *&(%&>& *(%*(.

.T7E SUMMARY ORUM !IN LIEU O TRIAL".T=( 2)(%*&* D(+)?(% +)2+= ?+y %25( =( >&%+ +%*() 2 >+ >&%/&% ?2)( +&>&(/ +%/ (** &))((+% ()*2%*. A*2, =( >+ >&%/()* +)( +%*()+5( 2*2?( =&>&().

T=( U.S. M&&+)y C2)* *( + *&?&+) &%/ 2> >+ >&%/&%< *y*(?. N2 )&(* +)( ()?&(/ +%/ =(C2) & 2%*&* 2> )+%&%< ?&&+)y 2>>&()*, +%/ + J/2) =( +*(/+%/ 2%( >2) =( G2()%?(%. T=( )25(? &* =+ &%( 2>>&() )(2)* +)( *(/ >2) >+->&%/&%(**&2%+ 2)(%*&* ()*2%%( =2 +)( +%*()+5( 2 =( C2) +2%(. T=( &%(

2>>&()* 2>(% =+( =(&) 2% +>()(% >)2? =+ 2> >+ >&%/&%>( *&(.A =( ()y (+* & +(?* 2 +2&/ +)5&)+)&%(** +%/ %()+&%y: I /2(* ++y &= =( J)ySy*(?.

T=( >22&%< +)( +=2)&@(/ +%/ ?+&%+&%(/ 5y =( U%&(/ S+(* 2> A?()&+ +%/ ?+y )()(*(%*2?( )((/(% >2) =( (*+5&*=?(% 2> + D(+)?(% 2> 2)(%*&* &% =( J/&&+)y B)+%= 2>G2()%?(% &% U.S.G.S. &% *+(:

!+"T=( A)?(/ 2)(* I%*&( 2> +=22 D(>(%*( +%/=(+/(/ 5y + B2+)/ 2> G2()%2)*.

!5"T=( A?()&+% R( +=22& 2)2)+&2%&= + B2+)/ 2> M(?5()* +=2)&@(/ 2 2%)+ &= =( A)?(/ 2)(* I%*&( 2> +=22(%*( I%(&(%*(.

!("T=( I%(*&>&() &% + C2) M+)&+ ?* 5(, !+%/ )(?+&%", &%/((%/(%.

!>"N2 =+)())(/ 2 )&+ 5y C2) M+)&+ $%& + =2)22)= =()(&% =+* 5((% ?+/(. T=&* &%(*& =( ?+() *( >2)= &% =( =+) =( >2)? 2> =( =+) *&( +%//&*&&%(.$ 10 U.S.C.S. 83, !I%(*&


11/44

?&&+)y C2%*(, +* ( +* + =( T)&+ 5y C2) M+)&+. 10 U.S.C.S. 838 !5" !1".

!="C2)* 2> I%&)y +)( +=2)&@(/ +%/ /&)((/ 2 ?+( >&%/&% >+ 2%y, 2%*&*&%< 2> =)(( 2)?2)( 2??&**&2%(/ 2>>&()*, &= %2&( 2 +)&(*, )&)2%+&2%, )2**-(+?&%+&2%, +%/ 2 &%)2/( (&/(%(. 10 U.S.C.S. 3.

T=(*( (&*&%< +=2)&&(* 2/ 5( +?(%/(/ 2 )(+( 2%( 2)(%*& D(+)?(% %/() =( J/&&+B)+%= 2> G2()%?(%. T=( S+>> 2/ 5( +5( 2 )(+)( >++ )(2)* 2% +*(* 5(>2)( =(=(+)&% )(?(/&(* =+* =( E%


12/44

*+%&2%.

M2) =( &%*&&2% 2> ?+))&++?&y" +* &((/ +* ?2)( &?2)+%. S=(+* ()?&(/ 2 *+y &% *+( *2 2%< +* *=( )(?+&%(/ ?+))&(/ 2 J+(. T=+ +* )(&((/

+%%+y.

4.CONTAINED CONRONTATION. T=+ ++5( ( )2**-(+?&%+&2% ?* 5(?+&%+&%(/ &% *+(. I )()(*(%* 2%( 2> =( ?2* (>>(&( +y* 2 (2)( >2) )=. 72((),& *=2/ 5( +>(&(y +* + +->&%/&%< (=%&(.S&?&+)y, &% =( /&&+ *y*(? >2) *+( *=&*, L+y()* & %((/ 2 5( )+&%(/ &% =( 5+*&*&(%(*. T=( *2&(y &% *+( +% 5( (((/ 2 %2 +%/ +)(&+( + 2> =( *&(%(*.D&*(* &% *+( & )25+5y &%2( =& 2)(%*&*.

A CA;EAT: T=( 2&&* 2> /&+)(.

.A LARGER UBLIC OLICY. U.S.G.S. &&@(%*=& &* 2(% 2 + (2(, %(** /(%&(/ 5y +)&+ +* /(*)&5(/ =()(&%. T=&* &* + )(* 2> =( C2*?& M+% C2?&%< )2?&*( =+ =&* %(N+&2% &% =( *y & )()(*(% /(*&%y >2) =( (%&)( =?+% )+(. I +2%( 2>>()* + 2% U.S.G.S. C&&@(%*=&, !2) + ;&*+2 &*& *+(", *=2/ )()(*(% + 2% I)+ =+( 5((% /(>(+(/, 5 %2 (


13/44

By-+* ()( +


14/44

T7E WORLD BAR ASSOCIATION SECOND OSITION AER:$A U%&()*+y R((+% J/&&+ )2(/)( >2) S+($

AENDI9 NO. I!E?=+*&* +//(/ 5y =( A=2),D(+% J. O'D2%%("

UNITED NATIONS CHARTER, 1945. !A/2(/ 5y =( S+% )+%&*2 C2%>()(%( 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%*, A). --J%( 6, 14, (%()(/ &%2 >2)( 2% O. 4, 14 +?(%/(/ D(. 1#, 163 !+)*.3, # +%/ 61" (%()(/ &%2 >2)( A)2? 11 2 1 +%/ +). #", (%()(/ &%2 >2)( J%( 1, 168. T=( ( &=+?(%/?(%* )(+/ +* >22*":

$W( =( (2(* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* /(()?&%(/ 2 *+( *((/&%< )2? =( *2) +), =&= &( &% 2) &>(-&?( =+* 5)2>&)? >+&= &%>%/+?(%+ =?+% )& %+&2%* +)2) =( 25&)2? )(+&(* +%/ 2=() *2)(* 2> &%()%+&2%+ + +% 5(?+&%+&%(/, +%/ 2 )2?2( *2&+ )2 &>( &% +))((/2?, +%/ >2)=(*( (%/* 2 )+&( 2()+%( +%/ &( 22) =()2?2&2% 2> =( (2%2?& +%/ *2&+ +/+%(?(% 2> + (2(*, =+( )(*2(/ 2 2?5&%( 2)(>>2)* 2 +2?&*= =(*( +&?*.

A2)/&% 2()* >2%/ 2 5( &% 2)?, =+( + =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +%/ /2 =()(5y (*+5&*= +% &%()%+&2%+ 2) =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +)(:

!1" T2 ?+&%+&% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, +%/ 2 =+ (%/: 2 +( (>>(&( 2(&(?(+*)(* >2) =( )((%&2% +%/ )(?2+ 2> =)(+* 2 =( (+(, +%/ >2) =( *)(**&2% 2> +* 2>+ ?(+%*, +%/ &% 2%>2)?&y&= =( )&%&(* 2> *&( +%/ &%()%+&2%+ +, +/*?(% 2) *((?(% 2> &%()%+&2%+/&*(* 2) *&+&2%* =&= ?& =( (+(


15/44

!" T2 /((2 >)&(%/y )(+&2%* +?2%< %+&2%* 5+*(/ 2% )(*( >2) =( )&%&( 2> (+ )&-/(()?&%+&2% 2> (2(*, +%/ 2 +( 2=() +)2)&+( ?(+*)(* 2 *)(%2) =+)?2%&@&%< =( +&2%* 2> %+&2%* &% =( ++&%?(% 2> =(*( 2??2% (%/*.

A!t" +" T=( O) =( )2*(* *+(/ &% A)&( 1, *=+ + &%+2)/+%( &= =( >22&%< )&%&(*.

!1" T=( O) =( *2()(& + &* M(?5()*.

!" A M(?5()*, &% 2)/() 2 (%*)( 2 + 2> =(? =( )&&* )(*&%< >)2??(?5()*=&, *=+ >>& &% +&= =( 25&)+&% &% =(&) &%()%+&2%+ )(+&2%* >)2? =( =)(+ 2) *( 2> >2)( + =( U%&(/ N+&2%*.

!" A M(?5()* *=+ )+&% >)2? )+&% >)2? +%y *+( 2) *=+ )(&)( =( M(?5()* 2*5?& *= ?+()* 2 *((?(% %/() =( )(*(% C=+)() 5 =&* )&%&( *=+ %2 )(/&( =(+&+&2% 2> (%>2)(?(% ?(+*)(* %/() C=+() ;II.

Chapt! II" M(?5()*=&.

A!t" " T=( 2)& =( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=+ 5( =( *+(* =&=, =+&%< +)&&+(/&% =( U%&(/ N+&2%* C2%>()(%( 2% I%()%+&2%+ O)


16/44

+%/ )+&>y & &% +2)/+%( &= A)&( 110.

A!t" 4" !1" M(?5()*=& &% =( U%&(/ N+&2%* &* 2(% 2 + 2=() (+(2&%< *+(* =&= +(=( 25&


17/44

?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, &%/&%< =( )&%&(* =( S()&y C2%& 2 *&+&2%* =&= +)(&(y 2 (%/+% +%y /&*( 2) *&+&2% =(>%&2%* +**&2) =()2*( 2>:

!+" )2?2&%< &%()%+&2%+ 2-2()+&2% &% =( 2&&+ >&(/ +%/ (%2)+&+&2%

!5" )2?2&%< &%()%+&2%+ 2-2()+&2% &% =( (2%2?&, *2&+, )+, (/+&2%+, +%/ =(+=>&(/*, +%/ +**&*&%< &% =( )(+&@+&2% 2> =?+% )&%/+?(%+ >)((/2?* >2) + &=2/&*&%&2% +* 2 )+(, *(, +%2)= &% C=+()* I9 +%/ 9.

A!t" 14" S5( 2 =( )2&*&2%* 2> A)&( 1, =( G(%()+ A**(?5y ?+y )(2??(%/ ?(+*)(*>2) =( (+(> +/*?(% 2> +%y *&+&2%, )( 2)&)&(%/y )(+&2%* +?2%< %+&2%*, &%/&%< *&+&2%* )(*&%< >)2? + &2+&2%2> =( )2&*&2%* 2> =( )(*(% C=+)() *(&%< >2)= =( )2*(* +%/ )&%&(* 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%*.


18/44

A!t" 15" !1" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ )((&( +%/ 2%*&/() +%%+ +%/ *(&+ )(2)* >)2? =(S()&y C2%& =(*( )(2)* *=+ &%/( +% +2% 2> =( ?(+*)(* =+ =( S()&y C2%&=+* /(&/(/ 2% 2) +(% 2 ?+&%+&% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y.

!" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ )((&( +%/ 2%*&/() )(2)* >)2? =( 2=() 2) =( U%&(/N+&2%*.

A!t" 1-" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ ()>2)? *= >%&2%* &= )(*( 2 =( &%()%+&2%+)*((*=& *y*(? +* +)( +**& =()*((*=& +2) +)(+* %2 /(*& =( O) =( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ =+( 2%( 2(.

!" D(&*&2%* 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y 2% &?2)+% (*&2%* *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y + 2-=&)/*?+2)&y 2> =( ?(?5()* )(*(% +%/ 2&% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, =( ((&2% 2> =( %2%-()?+%(%?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&, =( ((&2% 2> =( ?(?5()* 2> =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%&,=( ((&2% 2> ?(?5()* 2> =( T)*((*=& C2%& &% +2)/+%( &= +)+ +//&&2%+ +( (*&2%*2 5( /(&/(/ 5y + 2-=&)/* ?+2)&y, *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y + ?+2)&y 2> =( ?(?5()* )(*(% +%/2&% =( U%&(/ N+&2%* =&= &* &% +))(+)* &% =( +y?(% 2> &* >&%+%&+2%)&5&2%* 2 =( O) =( +?2% 2> &*+))(+)* (+* 2) (((/* =( +?2% 2> =( 2%)&5&2%* /( >)2? & >2) =( )((/&%< 2 >y(+)*. T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y ?+y, %(()=((**, ()?& *= + M(?5() 2 2( &> & &* *+&*>&(/ =+=( >+&)( 2 +y &* /( 2 2%/&&2%* 5(y2%/ =( 2%)2 2> =( M(?5().

)2(/)(.

A!t" +0" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ ?(( &% )(


19/44

+* 2+*&2% ?+y )(&)(. S(&+ *(**&2%* *=+ 5( 2%2(/ 5y =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ + =( )((*2> =( S()&y C2%& 2) 2> + ?+2)&y 2> =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%*.

A!t" +1" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ +/2 &* 2% )(* 2> )2(/)(. I *=+ (( &* )(*&/(%>2) (+= *(**&2%.

A!t" ++" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y ?+y (*+5&*= *= *5*&/&+)y 2)2) =(()>2)?+%( 2> &* >%&2%.

Chapt! V" T=( S()&y C2%&.

C2?2*&&2%.

A!t" +" !1" T=( S()&y C2%& *=+ 2%*&* 2> >&>((% M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%*. T=(R(5& 2> C=&%+, )+%(, =( U%&2% 2> S2&( S2&+&* R(5&*, =( U%&(/ &% G)(+B)&+&% +%/ N2)=()% I)(+%/, +%/ =( U%&(/ S+(* 2> A?()&+ *=+ 5( ()?+%(% ?(?5()* 2> =(

S()&y C2%&. T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ (( (% 2=() M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2 5(%2%-()?+%(% ?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&, /( )(&)*&%*+%(, 2 =( 2%)&5&2% 2> M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2 =( ?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+(+( +%/ *()&y +%/ 2 =( 2=() )2*(* 2> =( O) =( S()&y C2%& *=+ =+( 2%( )()(*(%+&(.

%&2%* +%/ 2()*.

A!t" +4" !1" I% 2)/() 2 (%*)( )2? +%/ (>>(&( +&2% 5y =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, &* M(?5()*2%>() 2% =( S()&y C2%& )&?+)y )(*2%*&5&&y >2) =( ?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/*()&y, +%/ +.

!" I% /&*=+) =( U%&(/ N+&2%*. T=( *(&>& 2()* 2) =(/&*=+) =(*( /&(* +)( +&/ /2% &% C=+()* ;I, ;II, ;III +%/ 9II.

!3" T=( S()&y C2%& *=+ *5?& +%%+ +%/, =(% %((**+)y, *(&+ )(2)* 2 =( G(%()+A**(?5y >2) &* 2%*&/()+&2%.

A!t" +5" T=( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* + =(S()&y C2%& &% +2)/+%( &= =( )(*(% C=+)().


20/44

A!t" +-" I% 2)/() 2 )2?2( =( (*+5&*=?(% +%/ ?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y&= =( (+* /&()*&2% >2) +)?+?(%* 2> =( 2)/'* =?+% +%/ (2%2?& )(*2)(*, =( S()&yC2%& *=+ 5( )(*2%*&5( >2) >2)?+&% =( M&&+)y S+>> C2??&(()(>())(/ 2 &% A)&( 4#, +%* 2 5( *5?&(/ 2 =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* >2) =((*+5&*=?(% 2> + *y*(? >2) =( )( +)?+?(%*.

;2&% =( S()&y C2%& 2% )2(/)+ ?+()* *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y +% +>>&)?+&( 2( 2>%&%( ?(?5()*.

!3" D(&*&2%* 2> =( S()&y C2%& 2% + 2=() ?+()* *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y +% +>>&)?+&( 2( 2>%&%( ?(?5()* &%/&%< =( 2%))&%< 2(* 2> =( ()?+%(% ?(?5()* )2&/(/ =+, &% /(&*&2%*%/() C=+() ;I, +%/ %/() +)+ A)&( , + +)y 2 + /&*( *=+ +5*+&% >)2?

2&% & *2/(*&)(*, 5( )()(*(%(/ 5y + ?(?5() 2> =(


21/44

Chapt! VI" +&>& S((?(% 2> D&*(*.

A!t" " !1" T=( +)&(* 2 +%y /&*(, =( 2%&%+%( 2> =&= &* &(y 2 (%/+% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, *=+, >&)* 2> +, *(( + *2&2% 5y %( =( U%&(/ N+&2%* ?+y 5)&%< +%y /&*(, 2) +%y *&+&2% 2> =(

%+)( )(>())(/ 2 &% A)&( 34, 2 =( +(%&2% 2> =( S()&y C2%& 2) 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y.

!" A *+( =&= &* %2 + M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* ?+y 5)&%< 2 =( +(%&2% 2> =( S()&yC2%& 2) 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y +%y /&*( 2 =&= & &* + +)y &> & +(* &% +/+%(, >2)=( )2*(* 2> =( /&*(, =( 25& +&>& *((?(% )2&/(/ &% =( )(*(% C=+)().

!3" T=( )2((/&% =( G(%()+ A**(?5y &% )(*( 2> ?+()* 5)2 A)&(* 11 +%/ 1.

A!t" -" !1" T=( S()&y C2%& ?+y, + +%y *+ + /&*( 2> =( %+)( )(>())(/ 2 &% A)&(33 2) 2> + *&+&2% 2> &( %+)(, )(2??(%/ +)2)&+( )2(/)(* 2) ?(=2/* 2> +/*?(%.

!" T=( S()&y C2%& *=2/ +( &%2 2%*&/()+&2% +%y )2(/)(* >2) =( *((?(% 2> =(/&*( =&= =+( +)(+/y 5((% +/2(/ 5y =( +)&(*.

!3" I% ?+&%< )(2??(%/+&2%* %/() =&* A)&( =( S()&y C2%& *=2/ +*2 +( &%22%*&/()+&2% =+ ( J*&( &% +2)/+%( &= =( )2&*&2%* 2> =( S+( 2> =( C2).

A!t" ." !1" S=2/ =( +)&(* 2 + /&*( 2> =( %+)( )(>())(/ 2 &% A)&( 33 >+& 2 *(( & 5y=( ?(+%* &%/&+(/ &% =+ A)&(, =(y *=+ )(>() & 2 =( S()&y C2%&.

!" I> =( S()&y C2%& /((?* =+ =( 2%&%+%( 2> =( /&*( &* &% >+ &(y 2 (%/+% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, & *=+ /(&/( =(=() 2 +(


22/44

+&2% %/() A)&( 36 2) 2 )(2??(%/ *= ()?* 2> *((?(% +* & ?+y 2%*&/() +)2)&+(.

A!t" /" W&=2 )(/&( 2 =( )2&*&2%* 2> A)&(* 33 2 3#, =( S()&y C2%& ?+y, &> +=( +)&(* 2 +%y /&*( *2 )((*, ?+( )(2??(%/+&2%* 2 =( +)&(* &= + &( 2 + +&>&*((?(% 2> =( /&*(.

Chapt! VII" A&2% &= )(*( 2 =)(+* 2 =( (+(, 5)(+=(* 2> =( (+(, +%/ +* 2>+ =((+(, 2) + 2> + >+&)( 2 2?y &= *= )2&*&2%+?(+*)(*.

A!t" 41" T=( S()&y C2%& ?+y /(&/( =+ ?(+*)(* %2 &%2&%< =( *( 2> +)?(/ >2)( +)(2 5( (?2y(/ 2 >( 2 &* /(&*&2%*, +%/ & ?+y + 2% =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%* 2 +y *= ?(+*)(*. T=(*( ?+y &%/( 2?(( 2) +)&+ &%())&2% 2> (2%2?&)(+&2%* +%/ 2> )+&, *(+, +&), 2*+, (( 2??%&+&2%, +%/ =(*(()+%( 2> /&2?+& )(+&2%*.

A!t" 4+" S=2/ =( S()&y C2%& 2%*&/() =+ ?(+*)(* )2&/(/ >2) &% A)&( 41 2/ 5(&%+/(+( 2) =+( )2(/ 2 5( &%+/(+(, & ?+y +( *= +&2% 5y +&), *(+, 2) +%/ >2)(* +*?+y 5( %((**+)y 2 ?+&%+&% 2) )(*2)( &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y. S= +&2% ?+y &%/(/(?2%*)+&2%*, 52+/(, +%/ 2=() 2()+&2%* 5y +&), *(+, 2) +%/ >2)(* 2> M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%*.

A!t" 4" !1" A M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, &% 2)/() 2 2%)&5( 2 =( ?+&%(%+%( 2>&%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, %/()+( 2 ?+( ++&+5( 2 =( S()&y C2%&, 2% &* + +%/&% +2)/+%( &= + *(&+ ++&&&(*,&%/&%< )& +**+2) =( )2*( 2> ?+&%+&%&%< &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/*()&y.

!" S= ++&&&(* +%/ +**&*+%( 2 5( )2&/(/.

!3" T=( +


23/44

5(((% =( S()&y C2%& +%/ M(?5()* +%/ *=+ 5( *5( 2 )+&>&+&2% 5y =(*&2)( & *=+, 5(>2)( +&%< 2% + M(?5()%2 )()(*(%(/ 2% & 2 )2&/( +)?(/ >2)(* &% >>&?(% 2> =( 25& =( M(?5() *2 /(*&)(*, 2 +)&&+( &% =( /(&*&2%* 2> =( S()&y

C2%& 2%()%&%< =( (?2y?(% 2> 2%&% =+ M(?5()'* +)?(/ >2)(*.

A!t" 45" I% 2)/() 2 (%+5( =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2 +( )2)( 2%&%2) 2?5&%(/ &%()%+&2%+ (%>2)(?(% +&2%.T=( *)(% =(*( 2%&%2) =(&) 2?5&%(/ +&2% *=+5( /(()?&%(/, &=&% =( &?&* +&/ /2% &% =( *(&+ + =( M&&+)y S+>> C2??&((.

A!t" 4."!1" T=()( *=+ 5( (*+5&*=(/ + M&&+)y S+>> C2??&(( 2 +/&*( +%/ +**&* =( S()&yC2%& 2% + (*&2%* )(+&%< 2 =( S()&y C2%&'* ?&&+)y )(&)(?(%* >2) =( ?+&%(%+%(2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y, =( (?2y?(% +%/ 2??+%/ 2> >2)(* +(/ + &* /&*2*+,

=( )( +)?+?(%*, +%/ 2**&5( /&*+)?+?(%.

!" T=( M&&+)y S+>> C2??&(( *=+ 2%*&* 2> =( C=&(>* 2> S+>> 2> =( ()?+%(% ?(?5()* 2>=( S()&y C2%& 2) =(&) )()(*(%+&(*. A%y M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* %2 ()?+%(%y)()(*(%(/ 2% =( C2??&(( *=+ 5( &%&(/ 5y =( C2??&(( 2 5( +**2&+(/ &= & =(% =((>>&&(% /&*=+) =( C2??&(('* )(*2%*&5&&&(* )(&)(* =( +)&&+&2% 2> =+ M(?5() &%&* 2).

!3" T=( M&&+)y S+>> C2??&(( *=+ 5( )(*2%*&5( %/() =( S()&y C2%& >2) =( *)+( +%y +)?(/ >2)(* +(/ + =( /&*2*+ 2> =( S()&y C2%&. F(*&2%* )(+&%< 2=( 2??+%/ 2> *= >2)(* *=+ 5( 2)(/ 2 *5*((%y.

!4" T=( M&&+)y S+>> C2??&((, &= =( +=2)&@+&2% 2> =( S()&y C2%& +%/ +>()2%*+&2% &= +)2)&+( )( =( U%&(/ N+&2%* /&)(y +%/ =)2 =( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=+ 2&% &% +>>2)/&%< ?+ +**&*+%( &% +))y&% )((%&( 2) (%>2)(?(% ?(+*)(* + =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2) %2, =&= >&%/* &*(>


24/44

2%>)2%(/ &= *(&+ (2%2?& )25(?* +)&*&%< >)2? =( +))y&%< 2 2> =2*( ?(+*)(* *=+=+( =( )&-/(>(%( &> +% +)?(/ ++ 2)* + =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, %& =( S()&yC2%& =+* +(% ?(+*)(* %((**+)y 2 ?+&%+&% &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y. M(+*)(* +(%

5y M(?5()* &% =( (()&*( 2> =&* )& *(>-/(>(%( *=+ 5( &??(/&+(y )(2)(/ 2 =(S()&y C2%& +%/ *=+ %2 &% +%y +y +>>( =( +=2)&y +%/ )(*2%*&5&&y 2> =( S()&yC2%& %/() =( )(*(% C=+)() 2 +( + +%y &?( *= +&2% +* & /((?* %((**+)y &% 2)/() 2?+&%+&% 2) )(*2)( &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y.

Chapt! VIII" R( =( U%&(/ N+&2%* (%()&%< &%2 *= +))+%2) 2 +=&(( +&>& *((?(% 2> 2+ /&*(* =)2 +)&(* 34 +%/ 3.

A!t" 5" !1" T=( S()&y C2%& *=+, =()( +)2)&+(, &&@( *= )(2)(?(% +&2% *=+ 5( +(% %/())(


25/44

Chapt! I" I%()%+&2%+ (2%2?& +%/ *2&+ 22()+&2%.

A!t" 55" W&= + &( 2 =( )(+&2% 2> 2%/&&2%* 2> *+5&&y +%/ (5(&%< =&= +)( %((**+)y>2) (+(> +%/ >)&(%/y )(+&2%* +?2%< %+&2%* 5+*(/ 2% )(*( >2) =( )&%&( 2> (+ )&-/(()?&%+&2% 2> (2(*, =( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=+ )2?2(:

!+" =& &&% (?2y?(%, +%/ 2%/&&2%* 2> (2%2?& +%/ *2&+ )22), +%/ 25*()+%( 2>, =?+% )&%/+?(%+ >)((/2?* >2) + &=2/&*&%&2% +* 2 )+(, *(, +% =( *(&+&@(/ + =()2*(* *( >2)= &% A)&( .

A!t" -0" R(*2%*&5&&y >2) =( /&*=+) =( >%&2%* 2> =( O)2)= &% =&*C=+() *=+ 5( (*(/ &% =( G(%()+ A**(?5y +%/, %/() =( +=2)&y 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y,&% =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%&, =&= *=+ =+( >2) =&* )2*( =( 2()* *( >2)= &%C=+() 9.

Chapt! " T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%&.

C2?2*&&2%.

A!t" -1" !1" T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& *=+ 2%*&* 2> (%y-*((% M(?5()* 2> =(U%&(/ N+&2%* (((/ 5y =( G(%()+ A**(?5y.


26/44

!" S5( 2 =( )2&*&2%* 2> +)+ =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ *=+ 5((((/ (+= y(+) >2) + ()? 2> =)(( y(+)*. A )(&)&%< ?(?5() *=+ 5( (&2) &??(/&+( )(-((&2%.

!3" A =( >&)* ((&2% +>() =( &%)(+*( &% =( ?(?5()*=& 2> =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%&

>)2? (& =( *&?(?5()* =2*( ()? 2> 2>>&( (&)(* + =( (%/ 2> =+ y(+), %&%( +//&&2%+ ?(?5()* *=+ 5((((/. O> =(*( %&%( +//&&2%+ ?(?5()*, =( ()? 2> 2>>&( 2> =)(( ?(?5()* *2 (((/ *=+(&)( + =( (%/ 2> 2%( y(+), +%/ 2> =)(( 2=() ?(?5()* + =( (%/ 2> 2 y(+)*, &% +2)/+%(&= +))+% =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, +%/ 2 =( *(&+&@(/ + 2%(%&2%* >2) *5?&**&2% 2 =( G(%()+ A**(?5y, &= )(*( 2?+()* >+&%< &=&% &* 2?((%(.

!4" I ?+y +, &% +2)/+%( &= =( )(* )(*)&5(/ 5y =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, &%()%+&2%+2%>()(%(* 2% ?+()* >+&%< &=&% &* 2?((%(.

A!t" -" !1" T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& ?+y (%() &%2 + =( +())(/ 2 &% A)&( #, /(>&%&%< =( ()?* 2% =&= =( +


27/44

A!t" --" !1" T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& *=+ ()>2)? *= >%&2%* +* >+ &=&% &*2?((%( &% 2%%(&2% &= =( +))y&%< 2 2> =( )(2??(%/+&2%* 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y.

!" I ?+y, &= =( +)2+ 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y, ()>2)? *()&(* + =( )((* 2> M(?5()*2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +%/ + =( )((* 2> *(&+&@(/ + =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& *=+ =+( 2%( 2(.

!" D(&*&2%* 2> =( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y + ?+2)&y 2> =( ?(?5()*)(*(% +%/ 2&%&(/*+%/ >2) =( )2?2&2% 2> =?+% )&2) =(()>2)?+%( 2> &* >%&2%*.

A!t" -9" T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& *=+ &%&( +%y M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2+)&&+(, &=2 2(, &% &* /(&5()+&2%* 2% +%y ?+() 2> +)&+) 2%()% 2 =+ M(?5().

A!t" .0" T=( E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& ?+y ?+( +))+%2) )()(*(%+&(* 2> =(*(&+&@(/ + =( 2??&**&2%*(*+5&*=(/ 5y &, +%/ >2) &* )()(*(%+&(* 2 +)&&+( &% =( /(&5()+&2%* 2> =( *(&+&@(/+2) =( 2%(%&%< 2> ?((&% + ?+2)&y 2> &* ?(?5()*.

Chapt! I" D(+)+&2% )(- =( U%&(/ N+&2%* =&= =+( 2) +**?( )(*2%*&5&&&(* >2) =(+/?&%&*)+&2% 2> ())&2)&(* =2*( (2(* =+( %2 y( ++&%(/ + > ?(+*)( 2> *(>- =(*( ())&2)&(* +)( +)+?2%, +%/+( +* + *+)(/ )* =( 25& &%()%+&2%+(+( +%/ *()&y (*+5&*=(/ 5y =( )(*(% C=+)(), =( (-5(&%< 2> =( &%=+5&+%* 2> =(*(


28/44

())&2)&(*, +%/, 2 =&* (%/:

!+" 2 (%*)(, &= /( )(*( >2) =( )( 2> =( (2(* 2%()%(/, =(&) 2&&+, (2%2?&,*2&+, +%/ (/+&2%+ +/+%(?(%, =(&) * )(+?(%, +%/ =(&) )2(&2% +)=() &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y

!/" 2 )2?2( 2%*)&( ?(+*)(* 2> /((2?(%, 2 (%2)+ =( *2&+, (2%2?&, +%/ *&(%&>& )2*(* *( >2)= &% =&*A)&( +%/

!(" 2 )+%*?& )(2) &%>2)?+&2% )2*(*, *5( 2 *=

&?&+&2% +* *()&y +%/ 2%*&&2%+ 2%*&/()+&2%* ?+y )(&)(, *+&*&+ +%/ 2=() &%>2)?+&2%2> + (=%&+ %+)( )(+&%< 2 (2%2?&, *2&+, +%/ (/+&2%+ 2%/&&2%* &% =( ())&2)&(* >2)=&= =(y +)( )(*(&(y )(*2%*&5( 2=() =+% =2*( ())&2)&(* 2 =&= =+()* 9II +%/ 9III+y.

A!t" .4" M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +*2 + =( ())&2)&(* 2=&= =&* C=+() +&(*, %2 (** =+% &% )(*( 2> =(&) ?()22&+% +)(+*, ?* 5( 5+*(/ 2% =( =( )(* 2> =( 2)/, &% *2&+, (2%2?&, +%/ 2??()&+ ?+()*.

Chapt! II. I%()%+&2%+ )*((*=& *y*(?.

A!t" .5" T=( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=+ (*+5&*= %/() &* +=2)&y +% &%()%+&2%+ )*((*=& *y*(?>2) =( +/?&%&*)+&2% +%/ *()&*&2% 2> *= ())&2)&(* +* ?+y 5( +(/ =()(%/() 5y *5*((%&%/&&/+ +() )(>())(/ 2 +* )* ())&2)&(*.

A!t" .-" T=( 5+*& 25(&(* 2> =( )*((*=& *y*(? &% +2)/+%( &= =( )2*(* 2> =(U%&(/ N+&2%* +&/ /2% &% A)&( 1 2> =( )(*(% C=+)(), *=+ 5(:

!+" 2 >)=() &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y

!5" 2 )2?2( =( 2&&+, (2%2?&, *2&+, +%/ (/+&2%+ +/+%(?(% 2> =( &%=+5&+%* 2>=( )* ())&2)&(*, +%/ =(&) )2- (+= ())&2)y +%/ &* (2(* +%/ =( >)((y()(**(/ &*=(* 2> =( (2(* 2%()%(/, +%/ +* ?+y 5( )2&/(/ 5y =( ()?* 2> (+= )*((*=&+2) + M(?5()* 2> =(


29/44

U%&(/ N+&2%* +%/ =(&) %+&2%+*, +%/ +*2 (+ )(+?(% >2) =( +() &% =( +/?&%&*)+&2% 2>*&(, &=2 )(/&( 2 =( ++&%?(% 2> =( >2)( A)&( 80.

A!t" .." !1" T=( )*((*=& *y*(? *=+ +y 2 *= ())&2)&(* &% =( >22&%< +( )*((*=& +)2? (%(?y *+(* +* + )(* 2> =( S(2%/ W2)/ W+) +%/

!" ())&2)&(* 2%+)&y +(/ %/() =( *y*(? 5y *+(* )(*2%*&5( >2) =(&) +/?&%&*)+&2%.

!" I & 5( + ?+() >2) *5*((% +2)( *2()(& )*((*=& >2) (+= ())&2)y 2 5( +(/ %/() =( )*((*=& *y*(?,&%/&%< +%y +()+&2% 2) +?(%/?(%, *=+ 5( + ())&2)&(* =(/ %/() ?+%/+( 5y + M(?5() 2> =(U%&(/ N+&2%*, +%/ *=+ 5( +)2(/ +* )2&/(/ >2) &% A)&(* 83 +%/ 8.

A!t" /0" !1" E( +* ?+y 5( + (&*&%< &%()%+&2%+&%*)?(%* 2 =&= M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* ?+y )(*(&(y 5( +)&(*.

!" +)+ =&* A)&( *=+ %2 5( &%())((/ +* =( %( +2) +&%< ?+%/+(/ +%/ 2=() ())&2)&(* %/() =()*((*=& *y*(? +* )2&/(/ >2) &% A)&( ##.

A!t" /1" T=( )*((*=& +() +(/ =( +/?&%&*()&%< +=2)&y, ?+y 5( 2%( 2)?2)( *+(* 2) =( O).

A!t"/+" T=()( ?+y 5( /(*&2)= &% A)&( #6 *=+ 5( +&+5( 2 =( (2( 2> (+= *)+(


30/44

!3" T=( S()&y C2%& *=+, *5( 2 =( )2&*&2%* 2> =( )*((*=& + 2> =( +**&*+%( 2> =( T)*((*=& C2%& 2()>2)? =2*( >%&2%* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* %/() =( )*((*=& *y*(? )(+&%< 2 2&&+,(2%2?&, *2&+, +%/ (/+&2%+ ?+()* &% =( *)+( =( +/?&%&*()&%< +=2)&y 2 (%*)( =+ =( )* ())&2)y *=+ +y&* +) &% =( ?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y. T2 =&* (%/ =( +/?&%&*()&% 2%(() >2)(*, >+&&&(*, +%/ +**&*+%( >)2? =( )* ())&2)y &%+))y&%< 2 =( 25&(%( +%/ =( ?+&%(%+%( 2> + +%/ 2)/() &=&%=( )* ())&2)y.A!t" /5" !1" T=( >%&2%* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* &= )(2) =)((-y(+) ()?* 5y =( G(%()+ A**(?5y +* ?+y 5(%((**+)y 2 (%*)( =+ =( 2+ %?5() 2> ?(?5()* 2> =( T)*((*=& C2%& &* (+y /&&/(/5(((% =2*( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* =&= +/?&%&*() )* ())&2)&(* +%/ =2*( =&= /2%2.

!" E+= ?(?5() 2> =( T)*((*=& C2%& *=+ /(*&&(/ ()*2% 2)()(*(% & =()(&%.

F#&)t($&% a&' P$2!%"

A!t" /." T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y +%/, %/() &* +=2)&y, =( T)*((*=& C2%&, &% +))y&%< 2=(&) >%&2%*, ?+y:

!+" 2%*&/() )(2)* *5?&(/ 5y =( +/?&%&*()&%< +=2)&y

!5" +( (&&2%* +%/ (+?&%( =(? &% 2%*+&2% &= =( +/?&%&*()&%< +=2)&y

!" )2&/( >2) ()&2/& &*&* 2 =( )(*(&( )* ())&2)&(* + &?(* +


31/44

+/?&%&*()&%< +=2)&y +%/

!/" +( =(*( +%/ 2=() +&2%* &% 2%>2)?&y &= =( ()?* 2> =( )*((*=& +2)?+( + (*&2%%+&)( 2% =( 2&&+, (2%2?&, *2&+,+%/ (/+&2%+ +/+%(?(% 2> =( &%=+5&+%* 2> (+= )* ())&2)y, +%/ =( +/?&%&*()&%2) (+= )* ())&2)y &=&% =( 2?((%( 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y *=+ ?+( +%+%%+ )(2) 2 =( G(%()+ A**(?5y 2% =( 5+*&* 2> *= (*&2%%+&)(.

;2&% =( T)*((*=& C2%& *=+ 5( ?+/( 5y + ?+2)&y 2> =( ?(?5()* )(*(% +%/2&%2) =( 2%(%&%< 2> ?((&% + ?+2)&y 2> &* ?(?5()*.

A!t" 91" T=( T)*((*=& C2%& *=+, =(% +)2)&+(, ++& &*(> 2> =( +**&*+%( 2> =(E2%2?& +%/ S2&+ C2%& +%/ 2> =( *(&+&@(/ +


32/44

Chapt! IV" T=( I%()%+&2%+ C2) 2> J*&(.

A!t" 9+" T=( I%()%+&2%+ C2) 2> J*&( *=+ 5( =( )&%&+ 2) =( U%&(/ N+&2%*. I*=+ >%&2% &% +2)/+%( &= =( +%%((/ S+(, =&= &* 5+*(/ 2% =( S+( 2> =(

()?+%(% C2) 2> I%()%+&2%+ J*&( +%/ >2)?* +% &%( =( )(*(% C=+)().

A!t" 9" !1" A M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +)( &*2 >+2 +)&(* 2 =( S+( 2> =(I%()%+&2%+ C2) 2> J*&(.

!" A *+( =&= &* %2 + M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* ?+y 5(2?( + +)y 2 =( S+( 2> =(I%()%+&2%+ C2) 2> J*&( 2% 2%/&&2%* 2 5( /(()?&%(/ &% (+= +*( 5y =( G(%()+ A**(?5y2% =( )(2??(%/+&2% 2> =( S()&y C2%&.

A!t" 94" !1" E+= M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* %/()+(* 2 2?y &= =( /(&*&2% 2> =(I%()%+&2%+ C2) 2> J*&( &% +%y +*( 2 =&= & &* + +)y.

!" I> +%y +)y 2 + +*( >+&* 2 ()>2)? =( 25&


33/44

&% =&* 2&%&2% ?+y =)(+(% =( ?+&%(%+%( 2> &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y.

A!t" 100" !1" I% =( ()>2)?+%( 2> =(&) /&(* =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ +%/ =( *+>> *=+ %2 *((2) )((&( &%*)&2%* >)2? +%y )2? +%y 2=() +=2)&y (()%+ 2 =(O))+&% >)2? +%y +&2% =&= ?&( 2% =(&) 2*&&2% +*

&%()%+&2%+ 2>>&&+* )(*2%*&5( 2%y 2 =( O)> *=+ 5( +2&%(/ 5y =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ %/() )( =( *+>> +%/ &% =( /(()?&%+&2% 2> =(2%/&&2%* 2> *()&( *=+ 5( =( %((**&y 2> *()&%< =( =& (>>&&(%y,2?((%(, +%/ &%(> 2% +*&/( + () =( )(*(% C=+)() 2?(* &%2 >2)( *=+ +* *22% +* 2**&5( 5( )( &* M(?5()* *= )&&(2) =( >>&?(% 2> &* )2*(*.

!" R()(*(%+&(* 2> =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +%/ 2>>&&+* 2> =( O) =(&)>%&2%* &% 2%%(&2% &= =( O)


34/44

!3" T=( G(%()+ A**(?5y ?+y ?+( )(2??(%/+&2%* &= + &( 2 /(()?&%&%< =( /(+&* 2>=( +&+&2% 2> +)+ =&* A)&( 2) ?+y )22*( 2%(%&2%* 2 =( M(?5()* 2>=( U%&(/ N+&2%* >2) =&* )2*(.

Chapt! VII" T)+%*&&2%+ *()&y +))+%2)( 2> *= *(&+ +())(/ 2 &% A)&( 43 +* &%=( 2&%&2% 2> =( S()&y C2%& (%+5( & 2 5( &* )(*2%*&5&&&(* %/()A)&( 4, =( +)&(* 2 =( 2)-N+&2% D(+)+&2%, *& +)+ =+ D(+)+&2%, 2%* &= 2%(+%2=() +%/ +* 2+*&2% )(&)(* &= 2=() M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* &= + &( 2 *=2&% +&2% 2% 5(=+> 2> =( O)2) =( )2*( 2> ?+&%+&%&% +%y *& =+ +) 5y =( G2()%?(%* =+&%< )(*2%*&5&&y >2) *= +&2%.

Chapt! VIII" A?(%/?(%*.

A!t" 10/" A?(%/?(%* 2 =( )(*(% C=+)() *=+ 2?( &%2 >2)( >2) + M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%* =(% =(y =+( 5((% +/2(/ 5y + 2( 2> 2 =&)/* 2> =( ?(?5()* 2> =( G(%()+A**(?5y +%/ )+&>&(/ &% +2)/+%( &= =(&) )(*(&( 2%*&&2%+ )2(**(* 5y 2 =&)/* 2>=( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, &%/&%< + =( ()?+%(% ?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&.

A!t" 109" !1" A G(%()+ C2%>()(%( 2> =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* >2) =( )2*( 2>)(&(&%< =( )(*(% C=+)() ?+y 5( =(/ + + /+( +%/ +( 2 5( >&(/ 5y + 2-=&)/* 2( 2> =(?(?5()* 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y +%/ 5y + 2( 2> +%y %&%( ?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&.E+= M(?5() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=+ =+( 2%( 2( &% =( 2%>()(%(.

!" A%y +()+&2% 2> =( )(*(% C=+)() )(2??(%/(/ 5y + 2-=&)/* 2( 2> =( 2%>()(%( *=++( (>>( =(% )+&>&(/ &% +2)/+%( &= =(&) )(*(&( 2%*&&2%+ )2(**(* 5y 2 =&)/*2> =( M(?5()* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* &%/&%< + =( ()?+%(% ?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&.

!3" I> *= + 2%>()(%( =+* %2 5((% =(/ 5(>2)( =( (%= +%%+ *(**&2% 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y>22&%< =( 2?&%< &%2 >2)( 2> =( )(*(% C=+)(), =( )22*+ 2 + *= + 2%>()(%( *=+5( +(/ 2% =( + =+ *(**&2% 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y, +%/ =( 2%>()(%( *=+ 5( =(/ &>*2 /(&/(/ 5y + ?+2)&y 2( 2> =( ?(?5()* 2> =( G(%()+ A**(?5y +%/ 5y + 2( 2> +%y *((%?(?5()* 2> =( S()&y C2%&.


35/44

Chapt! I" R+&>&+&2% +%/ *&&+&2%* *=+ 5( /(2*&(/ &= =( G2()%?(% 2> =( U%&(/ S+(* 2> A?()&+,=&= *=+ %2&>y + =( *& (+= /(2*& +* ( +* =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ 2> =(O)() & =+* 2?( &%2 >2)( &5(2?( 2)& =( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2% =( /+( 2> =( /(2*& 2> =(&) )(*(&()+&>&+&2%*.

A!t" 111" T=( )(*(% C=+)(), 2> =&= =( C=&%(*(, )(%=, R**&+%, E% =( G2()%?(% 2> =( U%&(/ S+(*2> A?()&+. Dy ()&>&(/ 2&(* =()(2> *=+ 5( )+%*?&(/ 5y =+ G2()%?(% 2 =(G2()%?(%* 2> =( 2=() *& =( )()(*(%+&(* 2> =( G2()%?(%* 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* =+( *& S+% )+%&*2 =( (%y-*&= /+y 2> J%(, 2%( =2*+%/ %&%(=%/)(/ +%/ >2)y->&(.$

E?=+*&*:U%/()&%&%< 5y =( +=2), D(+% J. O'D2%%(, * + U.S.G.S. &%/ 2> G2()%?(% >2) +&%< )&*/&&2% 2> 2() *+(5y T)(+y. T=( U%&(/ S+(* 2> G2()%?(%* &% S+( 2/ 5(


36/44

T7E WORLD BAR ASSOCIATION SECOND OSITION AER ON SACE:$A UNI;ERSALLY RELE;ANT JUDICIAL ROCEDURE OR SACE$

AENDI9 II

!E?=+*&* +//(/ 5y =( A=2),D(+% J. O'D2%%("

OUTER SPACE EPLORATION TREATY, 19-." !T)(+y 2% )&%&(* G2()%&%< =(A&&&(* 2> S+(* &% =( E2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> O() S+(, &%/&%< =( M22% +%/ 2=()C((*&+ B2/&(*, 2(%(/ >2) *& /(2*& 2> =( &%*)?(%* 2> )+&>&+&2% 5y >&(22*":

$T=( S+(* +)&(* 2 =&* T)(+y, I%*&)(/ 5y =( 2)( ?+%&%/ +* +

)(* 2> ?+%'* (%)y &%2 2() *+(, R(2 + ?+%&%/ &% =()2 =( (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+( >2) (+(> )2*(*, 5(&(&%< =+ =((2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+( *=2/ 5( +))&(/ 2% >2) =( 5(%(>& 2> + (2(* &))(*(&( 2>=( /( =(&) (2%2?& 2) *&(%&>& /((2?(%, /(*&)&%< 2 2%)&5( 2 5)2+/ &%()%+&2%+2-2()+&2% &% =( *&(%&>& +* ( +* =( ( =( (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(>2) (+(> )2*(*, 5(&(&%< =+ *= 2-2()+&2% & 2%)&5( 2 =( /((2?(% 2> ?+%/()*+%/&%< +%/ 2 =( *)(% >)&(%/y )(+&2%* 5(((% S+(* +%/ (2(*.

R(+&%< )(*2&2% 16 !9;III", (%&(/ D(+)+&2% 2> L( S+(* &% =( E2)+&2% +%/ U*( 2> O() S+(, =&= +* +/2(/ %+%&?2*y 5y =( U%&(/N+&2%* G(%()+ A**(?5y 2% 13 D((?5() 163.

R(+&%< )(*2&2% 1884 !9;III", +&%< 2% S+(* 2 )(>)+&% >)2? +&%< &% 2)5& +)2%/ =((+)= +%y 25(* +))y&%< %(+) (+2%* 2) +%y 2=() &%/* 2> (+2%* 2> ?+** /(*)&2% 2)>)2? &%*+&%< *= (+2%* 2% ((*&+ 52/&(*, =&= +* +/2(/ %+%&?2*y 5y =( U%&(/N+&2%* G(%()+ A**(?5y 2% 1# O25() 163.

T+&%< +2% 2> U%&(/ N+&2%* G(%()+ A**(?5y )(*2&2% 10 !II" 2> 3 N2(?5() 14#, =&=2%/(?%(/ )2+ O() S+(, &%/&%< =( M22% +%/O=() C((*&+ B2/&(*, & >)=() =( )2*(* +%/ )&%&(* 2> =( C=+)() 2> =( U%&(/N+&2%*, 7+( +22&% 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, *=+5( +))&(/ 2 >2) =( 5(%(>& +%/ &% =( &%()(** 2> + 2%)&(*, &))(*(&( 2> =(&) /((2%2?& 2) *&(%&>& /((2?(%, +%/ *=+ 5( =( )2&%( 2> + ?+%&%/.


37/44

O() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, *=+ 5( >)(( >2) (2)+&2% +%/ *( 5y+ S+(* &=2 /&*)&?&%+&2% 2> +%y &%/, 2% + 5+*&* 2> (+&y +%/ &% +2)/+%( &=&%()%+&2%+ +, +%/ =()( *=+ 5( >)(( +(** 2 + +)(+* 2> ((*&+ 52/&(*. T=()( *=+ 5(>)((/2? 2> *&(%&>& &%(*&+&&+( +%/ (%2)+ 2()*+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, &% +2)/+%( &= &%()%+&2%+ +, &%/&% =( U%&(/ N+&2%*, &% =( &%()(* 2> ?+&%+&%&%< &%()%+&2%+ (+( +%/ *()&y +%/)2?2&%< &%()%+&2%+ 2-2()+&2% +%/ %/()*+%/&% (+2%* 2> ?+** /(*)&2%, &%*+ *= (+2%*2% ((*&+ 52/&(*, 2) *+&2% *= (+2%* &% 2() *+( &% +%y 2=() ?+%%().

T=( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(* *=+ 5( *(/ 5y + S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y (*&(y >2)(+(> )2*(*. T=( (*+5&*=?(% 2> ?&&+)y 5+*(*, &%*++&2%* +%/ >2)&>&+&2%*, =( (*&% +%y y( 2> (+2%* +%/ =( 2%/ 2> ?&&+)y ?+%2()(* 2% ((*&+ 52/&(* *=+ 5(>2)5&//(%. T=( *( 2> ?&&+)y ()*2%%( >2) *&(%&>& )(*(+)= 2) >2) +%y 2=() (+(> )2*(**=+ %2 5( )2=&5&(/. T=( *( 2> +%y (&?(% 2) >+&&y %((**+)y >2) (+(> (2)+&2% 2>=( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(* *=+ +*2 %2 5( )2=&5&(/.

A!t" V" S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y *=+ )( ?+%&%/ &% 2() *+( +%/*=+ )(%/() 2 =(? + 2**&5( +**&*+%( &% =( ((% 2> +&/(%, /&*)(**, 2) (?() +%2=() S+( +)y 2) 2% =( =& )( =(&) *+( (=&(.

I% +))y&%< 2% +&&&(* &% 2() *+( +%/ 2% ((*&+ 52/&(*, =( +*)2%+* 2> 2%( S+( +)y*=+ )(%/() + 2**&5( +**&*+%( 2 =( +*)2%+* 2> 2=() S+(* +)&(*. S+(* +)&(* 2 =(T)(+y *=+ &??(/&+(y &%>2)? =( 2=() S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y 2) =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ 2>=( U%&(/ N+&2%* 2> +%y =(%2?(%+ =(y /&*2() &% 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=()((*&+ 52/&(*, =&= 2/ 2%*&( + /+%( 2) =(+= 2> +*)2%+*.

A!t" VI" S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y *=+ 5(+) &%()%+&2%+ )(*2%*&5&&y >2) %+&2%+ +&&&(* &%2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, =(=() *= +&&&(* +)( +))&(/ 2% 5y2)= &% =( )(*(% T)(+y. T=( +&&&(* 2> %2%-


38/44

A!t" VII" E+= S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y =+ +%=(* 2) )2)(* =( +%=&%< 2> +% 25( &%22() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, +%/ (+= S+( +)y >)2? =2*(())&2)y 2) >+&&y +% 25( &* +%=(/, &* &%()%+&2%+y &+5( >2) /+?+ 25(* +%=(/ &%2 2() *+(, &%/&% =(&) 2?2%(% +)*, &* %2 +>>((/ 5y=(&) )(*(%( &% 2() *+( 2) 2% + ((*&+ 52/y 2) 5y =(&) )()% 2 =( E+)=. S= 25(* 2)2?2%(% +)* >2%/ 5(y2%/ =( &?&* 2> =( S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y 2% =2*( )()%&*= &/(%&>y&%< /++ )&2)2 =(&) )()%.

A!t" I" I% =( (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*,S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y *=+ 5( 2-2()+&2% +%/ ?+ +**&*+%(+%/ *=+ 2%/ + =(&) +&&&(* &% 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*,&= /( )( + 2=() S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y. S+(* +)&(*2 =( T)(+y *=+ )*( */&(* 2> 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, +%/2%/ (2)+&2% 2> =(? *2 +* 2 +2&/ =(&) =+)?> 2%+?&%+&2% +%/ +*2 +/()*( =+% =( E+)= )(*&%< >)2? =( &%)2/&2% 2> ()+())(*)&+ ?+() +%/, =()(%((**+)y, *=+ +/2 +)2)&+( ?(+*)(* >2) =&* )2*(. I> + S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y =+*)(+*2% 2 5(&(( =+ +% +&&y 2) (()&?(% +%%(/ 5y & 2) &* %+&2%+* &% 2() *+(,&%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, 2/ +*( 2(%&+y =+)?> &%()>()(%( &=+&&&(* 2> 2=() S+(* +)&(* &% =( (+(> (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(, &%/&%< =(?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, & *=+ %/()+( +)2)&+( &%()%+&2%+ 2%*+&2%* 5(>2)()2((/&%< &= +%y *= +&&y 2) (()&?(%. A S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y =&= =+* )(+*2% 25(&(( =+ +% +&&y 2) (()&?(% +%%(/ 5y +%2=() S+( +)y &% 2() *+(, &%/&%< =(?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, 2/ +*( 2(%&+y =+)?> &%()>()(%( &= +&&&(* &% =((+(> (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, ?+y)((* 2%*+&2% 2%()%&%< =( +&&y 2) (()&?(%.

A!t" " I% 2)/() 2 )2?2( &%()%+&2%+ 2-2()+&2% &% =( (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(,&%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, &% 2%>2)?&y &= =( )2*(* 2> =&* T)(+y, =(S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y *=+ 2%*&/() 2% + 5+*&* 2> (+&y +%y )((** 5y 2=() S+(* +)&(*2 =( T)(+y 2 5( +>>2)/(/ +% 22)%&y 2 25*()( =( >& *+( 25(* +%=(/ 5y =2*(S+(*. T=( %+)( 2> *= +% 22)%&y >2) 25*()+&2% +%/ =( 2%/&&2%* %/() =&= & 2/5( +>>2)/(/ *=+ 5( /(()?&%(/ 5y + (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2()*+(, S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y 2%/&%< +&&&(* &% 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=()((*&+ 52/&(*, +2)? =( S()(+)y-G(%()+ 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* +* ( +* =( 5&+%/ =( &%()%+&2%+ *&(%&>& 2??%&y, 2 =( (+*&5( +%/ )+&+5(, 2> =(%+)(, 2%/, 2+&2%* +%/ )(** 2> *= +&&&(*. O% )((&&%< =( *+&/ &%>2)?+&2%, =(


39/44

S()(+)y G(%()+ 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%* *=2/ 5( )(+)(/ 2 /&**(?&%+( & &??(/&+(y +%/(>>(&(y.

A!t" II" A *+&2%*, &%*++&2%*, (&?(% +%/ *+( (=&(* 2% =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+52/&(* *=+ 5( 2(% 2 )()(*(%+&(* 2> 2=() S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y 2% + 5+*&* 2> )(&)2&y.

S= )()(*(%+&(* *=+ + )2((/ &*&, &% 2)/() =++)2)&+( 2%*+&2%* ?+y 5( =(/ +%/ =+ ?+&?? )(+&2%* ?+y 5( +(% 2 +**)( *+>(y+%/ 2 +2&/ &%()>()(%( &= %2)?+ 2()+&2%* &% =( >+&&y 2 5( &*&(/.

A!t" III" T=( )2&*&2%* 2> =&* T)(+y *=+ +y 2 =( +&&&(* 2> S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y &%=( (2)+&2% +%/ *( 2> 2() *+(, &%/&%< =( ?22% +%/ 2=() ((*&+ 52/&(*, =(=() *=+&&&(* +)( +))&(/ 2% 5y + *&%)+?(2) 2> &%()%+&2%+ &%()-&+&2% 5y *& )+&>&+&2% +%/&%*)?(%* 2> +(**&2% *=+ 5( /(2*&(/ &= =( =( U%&(/ &% G)(+B)&+&% +%/ N2)=()% I)(+%/, =( U%&2% 2> S2&( S2&+&* R(5&* +%/ =( U%&(/ S+(* 2>A?()&+, =&= +)( =()(5y /(*& )+&>&+&2% 2) +(**&2% +)( /(2*&(/ *5*((% 2 =( (%)y&%2 >2)( 2> =&* T)(+y, & *=+ (%() &%2 >2)( 2% =( /+( 2> =( /(2*& 2> =(&) &%*)?(%* 2>)+&>&+&2% 2) +(**&2%.

!" T=( D(2*&+)y G2()%?(%* *=+ )2?y &%>2)? + *& =(/+( 2> (+= *& /(2*& 2> (+= &%*)?(% 2> )+&>&+&2% 2> +%/ +(**&2% 2 =&*T)(+y, =( /+( 2> &* (%)y &%2 >2)( +%/ 2=() %2&(*.

!6" T=&* T)(+y *=+ 5( )( =(C=+)() 2> =( U%&(/ N+&2%*.

A!t" V" A%y S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y ?+y )22*( +?(%/?(%* 2 =&* T)(+y. A?(%/?(%* *=+(%() &%2 >2)( >2) (+= S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y +(&%< =(


40/44

+?(%/?(%* 2% =(&) +(+%( 5y + ?+2)&y 2> =( S+(* +)&(* 2 =( T)(+y +%/ =()(+>()>2) (+= )(?+&%&%< S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y 2% =( /+( 2> +(+%( 5y &.

A!t" VI" A%y S+( +)y 2 =( T)(+y ?+y &* &=/)++ >)2? =( T)(+y 2%( y(+)+>() &* (%)y &%2 >2)( 5y )&(% %2&>&+&2% 2 =( D(2*&+)y G2()%?(%*. S= &=/)++

*=+ +( (>>( 2%( y(+) >)2? =( /+( 2> )((& 2> =&* %2&>&+&2%.

A!t" VII" T=&* T)(+y, 2> =&= =( E% =( D(2*&+)y G2()%?(%*. Dy ()&>&(/2&(* 2> =&* T)(+y *=+ 5( )+%*?&(/ 5y =( D(2*&+)y G2()%?(%* 2 =( =(*&>( &* %2 >&%+5 =( U%&(/ S+(* =+* +5&/(/ 5y &* ()?* +* + T)(+y.

EM7ASIS:T=( %/()&%&%< (?=+*&* &* )2&/(/ 5y =( +=2), D(+% J. O'D2%%(, 2 =&%&2% )2()y.T=( &/(+ 2> )2=&5&&%< +&?* 2> )&*/&&2% 2() *+( 5y U.S.G.S. 2/ 5( 2%)+)y 2 &*)2*(. T=( T)(+y ?+/( 2 2)(/ 2 +?(%/ =( 16# O() S+(E2)+&2% T)(+y 2 ((? U.S.G.S. >)2? &* )2&*&2%*. T=&* ((?&2% 2/ 5( +)2)&+(5(+*( U.S.G.S. & 5( &% *+( )+=() =+% 2% (+)= +>() &* )*((*=& ()&2/ (%/*.

T=( =&2*2=& /(>( &% =&* 16# T)(+y &* =+ & )(&)(* =( 2&/ 2> 2() *+( 2 =+( + 2&/ &%+&* 2 )2&/( >2) +%y 2) =( 2%2)( & &* )+&>&(/. T=( T)(+y *=2/ )2&/( >2) C2*?& M+% C2?&%< +%/ =((*+5&*=?(% 2> + G2()%?(% >2) 2() *+(, &( =( U%&(/ S+(* 2> G2()%?(%* &% S+(. A*& &* %2, =&* T)(+y &* +% &%&+&2% 2 &%()-*(+) =+2*. I )2&/(* >2) +% +5*(%( 2> )&*/&&2%2%y.


41/44

T7E WORLD BAR ASSOCIATION SECOND OSITION AER ON SACE:$A UNI;ERSALLY RELE;ANT JUDICIAL ROCEDURE OR SACE$

AENDI9 - III!E?=+*&* +//(/ 5y =( A=2),D(+% J. O'D2%%("

;ATICAN II:DECLARATION ON T7E RELATIONS7I O T7E C7URC7 TO NON-C7RISTIAN RELIGIONS, 16.!U%/()&%&%< *&(/ 5y =( +=2), D(+% J. O'D2%%(, +%/ + 22%2(* +)( 2?&(/."

1.I% 2) &?(*, =(% (()y /+y ?(% +)( 5(&%< /)+% 2*() 2."

M(% 22 2 =( +)&2* )(&2) +%*()* 2 =2*( )2>2%/ ?y*()&(* 2> =( =?+% 2%/&&2%=&=, 2/+y ((% +* &% 2/(% &?(*, /((y *&) =( =?+% =(+): W=+ &* + ?+%H W=+ &* =(?(+%&%< +%/ =( )2*( 2> 2) &>(H W=+ &*


42/44

>)((/2? 2) ++&% *)(?( (%&>2)* 2) 5y =& (+=&% &>(, +%/ *+)(/()(?2%&(*.

T=( C+=2& C=)= )((* %2=&%< =&= &* )( +%/ =2y &% =(*( )(& 2%/ +%/ 2> &>(, =2*( )(* +%/ (+=&%()&%< &% ?+%y +)&+)* >)2? =+ *=( =2/* +%/ *(* >2)=, %(()=((** 2>(% )(>( + )+y 2>=+ T)= =&= (%&($ !J2=% 14:6" &% =2? ?(% >&%/ =( >%(** 2> )(&(, +%/ &%=2? G2/ =+* )(2%&(/ + =&% !>. C2). :18-1".

T=( C=)= =()(>2)( =+* =&* (=2)+&2% >2) =() *2%*: )/(%y +%/ 2&%+&= +%/ &>(,+%2(/, M+() 2> =(+(% +%/ (+)= +%/ S(+() 2 ?(%. T=(y *)&( 2 *5?&=2(=(+)(/y ((% 2 7&* &%*)+5( /()((*, * +* /&/ A5)+=+?, &= =2? =( I*+?& >+&= &*(+*(/ 2 +**2&+( &*(>. T=2 =( N( C2(%+% &= A5)+=+?'* *2.

2) =( C=)= 2> C=)&* +%2(/ G2/'* *+&%< /(*&2%/ +?2%< =( +)&+)=*, M2*(*, +%/ =()2=(*. S=( )2>(**(* =+ + =2 5(&(( &% C=)&*, A5)+=+?'* *2%* +2)/&%< 2 >+&= !>. G+.3:#", +)( &%/(/ &% =( *+?( +)&+)='* +, +%/ &(&*( =+ =( *++&2% 2> =( C=)= +*?y*&+y >2)(*=+/2(/ 5y =( =2*(% (2('* (2/* >)2? =( +%/ 2> 52%/+2)(, +%%2 >2) =( O/ T(*+?(% =)2 =+ =( G(%&(* !>. R2?. 11:1#-4". I%/((/, =( C=)=5(&((* =+ 5y 7&* )2** C=)&*, 2) (+(, )(2%&(/ J( +%/ G(%&(, ?+&%< =(? 52= 2%( &%


43/44

7&?*(> !>. E=. :14-16".

A*2, =( C=)= (() ((* &% ?&%/ =( 2)/* 2> =( A2*( +52 =&* &%*?(%, $=2 =+( =(+/2&2% +* *2%*, +%/ =( )2? =2? &* C=)&* +2)/&%< 2 =( >(*=$ !R2?. :4-", =(

*2% 2> =( ;&))2? =( J(&*= (2( *)+%< =( +2*(*, =()>2%/+&2% *2%(* +%/ &+)*, +* ( +* ?2* 2> =( (+)y /&*&(* =2 )2+&?(/ C=)&* 2 =(2)/.

A* =2y S)&)( (*&>&(*, J()*+(? /&/ %2 )(2 =() &*&+&2% !>. L. 1:44", %2)/&/ =( J(* &% +) & !>.R2?. 11:8". N(()=((**, +2)/&%< 2 =( A2*(, =( J(* *& )(?+&% ?2* /(+) 2 G2/5(+*( 2> =(&) >+=()*, >2) 7( /2(* %2 )((% 2> =( * 7( ?+(* %2) 2> =( +* 7( &**(* !>.R2?. 11:8-". I% 2?+%y &= =( )2=(* +%/ =( *+?( A2*(, =( C=)= ++&* =+ /+y,%2% 2 G2/ +2%(, 2% =&= + (2(* & +//)(** =( L2)/ &% + *&%. I*. 66:3 * 6:4 R2?. 11:11-3".

S&%( =( *&)&+ +)&?2%y 2??2% 2 C=)&*&+%* +%/ J(* &* =* *2 2*() +%/ )(2??(%/ =+ ?+ %/()*+%/&%< +%/ )(*( =&= &* =( >)& +52( +2> 5&5&+ +%/ =(22 5)2=()y /&+2 =( J(* +%/ =2*( =2 >22(/ =(&) (+/ )(**(/ >2) =( /(+= 2> C=)&* !>.J%. 1:6", *&, =+ =+(%(/ &% 7&* +**&2% +%%2 5( 5+?(/ 2% + =( J(* =(% &&% 2/+y. A=2 G2/, =(J(* *=2/ %2 5( )(*(%(/ +* )(/&+(/ 2) )*(/ 5y G2/, +* &> *= &(* >22(/ >)2? =(=2y S)&)(*. A *=2/ +( +&%*, =(%, (* &% +(=(&+ &%*)&2% +%/ &% =( )(+=&%< 2>G2/'* W2)/, =(y (+= +%y=&%< 2 2> =+)?2%y &= =( C=)&*.

T=( C=)= )(/&+(* + ()*(&2%* + 2> =() 2??2%+)&?2%y &= =( J(*, +%/ ?2&+(/ 5y =( C=)&* +* =( *& G2/'*+-(?5)+&%< 2( +%/ +* =( >2%+&% >)2? =&= (()y 2*.

.W( +%%2 &% )=>%(** + 2% =+ G2/ =2 &* =( +=() 2> + &> ( )(>*( 2 + &% +5)2=()y +y 2+)/ ()+&% ?(%, )(+(/ =2


44/44

A* + 2%*((%(, =( C=)= )((*, +* >2)(& C=)&*, +%y /&*)&?&%+&2% + =(? 5(+*( 2> =(&) )+(, 22), 2%/&&2% 2> &>(, 2) )(&22*(* 2> =( =2y A2*(* (() +%/ +, =&* *+)(/ Sy%2/+)/(%y &?2)(* =( C=)&*&+% >+&=> 2 $?+&%+&% (2*=& +?2%< =( %+&2%*$ !1 (.

:1", +%/, &> 2**&5(, +* >+) +* &% =(? &(*, 2 (( (+( &= + ?(% !>. R2?. 1:18" *2 =+=(y ?+y )y 5( *2%* 2> =( +=() =2 &* &% =(+(% !>. M. :4".

E+= +%/ (()y 2%( 2> =( =&%2)= &% =&* D(+)+&2% =+* 2% =( 2%*(% 2> =( +=()* 2>=&* ?2* *+)(/ C2%&. W( 22, 5y =( +2*2& +=2)&y 2%>())(/ 2% * 5y C=)&*, 2&% &= =(;(%()+5( +=()* &% +)2&% =( C+=2& C=)=

Documents

1992_universally Relevant Judicial Procedure for Space