1992 US Navy Basic Pest Management 177p

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Pesf ManagemenfTraining ManualBasicPestManagement

NAUFfK MO-3 O. ISeptember 1992 ll Ill11llIllllIIIIII I 1l lllllllSN 05251P.542~3300


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FOREWORDAlthough there are many ways to manage or control pest prob-lems, the use of pesticides is frequently selected. Some ofthese chemicals are extremely persistent in the environment andtoxic by their very nature. Public concerns over their extensiveuse and their detrimental effects on human health, wildlife re-sources and other environmental components, demand that weprovide continuous professional review and training in selectionand application of sound control measures. Pesticides are uniquebecause they are purposely released into the environment toaffect pest plants or animals and simultaneously may become anenvironmental contaminant. It is our expertise that not onlydetermines their efficacy, but also minimizes their adverseenvironmental impact. The objective of pest management iseffective control with minimal use of the least toxic productavailable. The Department of the Navy, a steward of 3.9 million

acres of land at some 250 shore installations and landlord to amillion people, shall continue to support these concerns.Program emphasis shall be on professional management of installa-tion pest management programs, controlled application by or underthe supervision of trained and certified personnel, and use ofcost-effective strategies, and use of approved pesticides andequipment. The purpose of this publication is to facilitatetraining the activity pest controller.Pesticide use is closely regulated under the Federal Insecti-cide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and several other federalstatutes. Navy pesticide applicators, in every case, shouldconsider state or host country requirements in their pest manage-ment operations.Recommendations for improvement are encouraged from any partyand these should be furnished to the Commander, Naval FacilitiesEngineering Command, Code 1634, 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria,VA 22332-2300. h&i ?iP. R.Captain, CEC, U. S. NavyAssistant Commander forPublic Works Centers and Departments


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ABSTRACTThis publication provides core or basic information on pestmanagement and it applies directly to the type of pest controloperations used in the Navy shore establishment. It is a compan-ion to two other training manuals: Military Pest Management (MO-

310) and Urban Integrated Pest Management (MO-310.2). The manualspecifically offers information on developing an effectivecontrol program, vulnerable stages in the life cycle of pests,use of equipment for handling and applying pesticides, and thesafe, responsible use of pesticides. The text and figures wereprovided through the courtesy of the Certification and TrainingBranch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.


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Applying Pesticides CorrectlyA Guide for Private and Commercial Applicators

SEPA AUnited States Extension Service, United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency Defmtment of Agriculture


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Preface This manual represents he second revision ofApplying Pesticides Correctly - A Guide forPrivate and Commercial Applicators. The seriesbegan with separateguides for private and commer-

cial applicators published jointly by the U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1974. Thosemanuals were a part of the initial implementation ofthe applicator training requirements of the FederalInsecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972.They established a threshold level of informationnecessary or applicators seeking initial certification.The first revision, in 1983, recognized the need forprivate and commercial applicators to have a com-mon basis of knowledge about pesticide use. It

combined the two 1974 publications into an ex-panded and updated core manual for use by bothgroups of applicators. Produced by North CarolinaState University and Information Impact. in coopera-tion with USDA and EPA, it included new informa-tion and represented a step towards more depth ofknowledge for certified applicators.This second revision reflects the continuingevolution o f the applicator certification program.Pesticide use has become ncreasingly complex.Safe. responsible pesticide use has become increas-ingly important to human health and environmentalquality. This new manual includes much new infor-mation about the effects of pesticides and how toensure that they can continue to be used for the

benefit of society with a minimum of risk to eitherpeople or the environment.Another major change is in the focus of the

manual. The previous versions, while giving muchbasic information, were slanted toward agriculturalpesticide use. Recognizing that more and moreapplicants for certification come from fields otherthan agriculture, this version has taken a broadapproach. The core of information it contains is, ingeneral, applicable to the entire range of categories inwhich certification is granted.Finally, this revision constitutes a major change inthe format of the core manual. The information iscontained in separateunits, or modules, that each

contain learning objectives and review questions andanswers. The structure allows for replacement ofindividual units, as needed, without the need to reviseand renumber the entire book. Since the modules arenot numbered. training agencies can organize them tosuit their individual needs and can add or delete unitsas appropriate.This project, which has the support of both theExtension Service, USDA, and the Office o f Pesti-cide Programs, EPA, represents he continuation of along-standing effort to ensure that pesticide applica-tor training is relevant and useful to applicators whoseek certification and that it fulfills the purpose ofimproving the safety and efficacy of pesticide use.


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Acknowledgements .This manual, Applying Pesticides Correctly.was produced by The Ohio State University andInformation Impact. in cooperation with the Exten-sion Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, and theOffice of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency.Principal participants in the project were:Sally A. McDonald, Information Impact - primaryauthor and compiler.Mary Ann Wamsley, Information Impact - editorand reading level advisor.John K. Victor, Mary Hoffe lt, Jodi Bamhill, andJackie Mat-they, Section of Information andApplied Communications in the Ohio CooperativeExtension Service at The Ohio State University -artists and graphic designers.Richard C. Funt, The Ohio State University -project coordinator.Members of The Ohio State University AdvisoryCommittee included:Richard C. Funt. Department of Horticulture, ChairMark Headings, Agricultural Technical InstituteJo Anne Kick-Raak. Pesticide Applicator TrainingRichard Lindquist. Department of EntomologyErdal Ozkan, Department of AgriculturalEngineeringCharles Powell. Jr., Department of Plant PathologyCeleste Welty. Department of EntomologyThe following people are especially acknowledgedfor their thorough reviews and constructive sugges-tions:Karen Angulo, Environmental Protection AgencyRobert Bellinger. Clemson University

Burton C. Evans. University of GeorgiaRonald Gardner. Cornell UniversitySeveral printed sources were particularly crucial to

the development of this manual:Agricultural Respiratory Hazards Education Series.Unit 9. Personal Protective Equipment. 1986. C.Mutel, C . Hradek. and W. Popendorf. AmericanLung Association of Iowa, Des Moines. Iowa.Personal & Environmental Safety. 1990. LabSafety Supply, Janeville, Wisconsin.Pesticide Applicator Training Manual, CoreManual. 1990. D. Rutz, R. Gardner, and W.Smith. Chemicals-Pesticides Program, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY.Pesticide Education Manual, A Guide to Safe Useand Handling. C. Brown and W. Hock. ThePennsylvania State University, University Park,Pennsylvania.Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poison-ings. 1989. D.P. Morgan. Fourth Edition. IowaPesticide Hazard AssessmentProject, The Univer-sity of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City,Iowa.Thanks go also to the many other reviewers whotook the considerable time necessary o read the draftmanuscript and to offer comments and suggestions.Each had a significant hand in ensuring that this finalversion represents he best and most up-to-dateinformation available about the safe use of pesticides.These reviewers included Cooperative ExtensionService pesticide coordinators. EPA headquarters andregional personnel, NIOSH personnel, and otherexperts from the pesticide industry.


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ContentsUnit 1Unit 2

Unit 3Unit 4

unit 5

Unit 6

Unit 7

Unit 8Unit 9

Unit 10

Unit 11Appendix

Principles ot Pest Controln Pests l Pest Control l Integrated Pest Management n Pest Control FailuresPesticide abelingn EPA Approval of Pesticide Labeling l Classification of Pesticide Usesn Parts of Pesticide Labelingformulationsn Liquid Formulations l Dry Formulations l Fumigants l AdjuvantsPesticides n the Environmentm Sources of Contamination n Sensitive Areas m Pesticide Movementn Harmful Effects on Nontarget Plants and Animals l Harmful Effects on SurfacesSpecial EnvironmentalConcerns Probcti~g around Watarand Endangmd Siwciesm Sources of Ground Water n Pesticide Contamination of Ground Watern The Certified Applicators Role n Limitations on Pesticide Usen Habitats of Endangered Species B Imponance of Protecting Endangered Speciesn The Certified Applicators RoleHarmtulEttectsand EmergencyResponsen Exposure n Toxicity n Harmful Effects n Signs and Symptoms of Harmful Effectsn Responding to a Poisoning Emergency n Heat StressPersonalProtectiveEuuipmentn Chemical-Resistant Personal Protective Equipment n Protecting Your Skinl Protecting Your Eyes n Protecting Your Respiratory Tractn Personal Protective Equipment for Handling Fumigants n Disposables and Reusablesn Maintaining Personal Protective EquipmentPesticide HandlingDecisionsl Personal Safety Considerations n Pre-Application Decisions l Avoid Heat StressMixing, loading, and Applicationm Safe Mixing and Loading Practices n Applying Pesticides Safelyl After Mixing. Loading, and Application m Safety SystemsApplying he CorrectAmountn Deciding How Much To Apply n Mixing. Loading, and Calibration Alternativesm Calibrating Your Equipment l Calibration Methods n Measure AccuratelyTransportation,Storage,Disposal,and Spill Cleanupl Transportation of Pesticides m Pesticide Storage H Disposal n Spill ManagementEttectsof Pesticideson the HumanBody


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Principlesof Pest Control

p Pesticides \


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_, ~.. . a_ :

learning ObjdivesAfter you complete your study

of this unit. you should be able to:n Explain why identification ofthe pest is the first step in devel-oping an effective pest controlstrategy.w Explain the differences betweencontinuous pests, sporadic pests,and potential pests.

Host-Aplantoranidanainwhicha pest lives.Jttvdkbormnws-N&insectlzhmidithatkccpthc~stagesofanillacaflomchangiogitltothcmIlrmladult form.LBbdii-Tkf#lSi&kptUdUCtl8hClandothcracunnpMyingmataialsthatcooIain ditccticms that psticidc uacm atekgally rcquirul to follow.

n Explain what is meant by n Define integrated pest manage-prevention. suppression, and ment and list several possibleeradication of pests. control tactics that may be used inl Describe thresholds and why an IPM strategy.they are an important consider- n Name factors that can causeation in developing a pest control pesticide applications to fail tostrategy. control pests.W Describe monitoring as itrelates to pest control and explainwhy it is important to pest controlstrategy.

H Name ways to help avoid thedevelopment of pest resistance opesticides.

TermsToKnow


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A pest is anything that:l competes with humans. domes-tic animals. or desirable plants forfood or water,n injures humans, animals.desirable plants, structures, orpossessions,n spreadsdisease o humans,domestic animals. wildlife. ordesirable plants,n annoys humans or domesticanimals.Types f PestsTypes of pests nclude:n insects, such as roaches, er-mites. mosquitoes. aphids. beetles,fleas. and caterpillars,n insect-like organisms, such asmites. ticks, and spiders,n microbial organisms. such asbacteria. fungi, nematodes,viruses, and mycoplasmas,n weeds. which are any plantsgrowing where they are notwanted.l mollusks. such as snails, slugs,and shipworms, andn vertebrates, such as rats. m ice,other rodents. birds. fish, andsnakes.Most organisms are not pests. Aspecies may be a pest in somesituations and not in others. Anorganism should not be considered

Ia pest until it is proven to be one.Categories of pests nclude:n continuous pests that are nearlyalways present and require regularcontrol.n sporadic, migratory. or cycli-cal pests hat require controloccasionally or intermittently.a potential pests that do notrequire control under normalconditions, but may require controlin certain circumstances.Pest IdentificationAccurate identification is thefirst step in an effective pestmanagementprogram. Neverattempt a pest control programuntil you are sure of what the pestis. The more you know about thepest and the factors that influenceits development and spread. heeasier, more cost-effective, andmore successful your pest control

will be. Correct identification of apest allows you to determine basicinformation about it. including itslife cycle and the time that it ismost susceptible to being con-trolled.As a certified applicator, youmust be familiar with the pestsyou are likely to encounter in thetyw of work in your certificationcategory. To be able to identifyand control pests, you need toknow:B the physical features of thepests ikely to be encountered,

n characteristics of the damagethey cause.B their development and biology,H whether they are continuous,sporadic. or potential pests, andn what your control goal is.If you need help in identifying apest. contact your commodity orindustry organization. Cooperative

Principles of Pest Control


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Estens~onagent. or State and-(rant urnv~ersit\~.PestControlAny time you are consideringvvhether pest control is necessary.remember:Control a pest only when it iscausing or is expected to cause

more harm than is reasonable toaccept.

Use a control strategy thatwill reduce the pest numbers toan acceptable level.

Cause as little harm aspossible to everything except thepest.Even though a pest is present. itma not do very much harm. Itcould cost more to control the pestthan would be lost becauseof thepests damage.PestControlGoalsWhenever you try to control apest. kou w11Iwant to achieve oneof these three goals. or somecombination of them:n prevention - keeping apest from becoming a problem.n suppression - reducing pestnumbers or damage to an accept-able level. andn eradication - destroying anentire pest population.

Prevention may be a goal whenthe pests presenceor abundancecan be predicted in advance.Continuous pests. by definition.are usually very predictable.Sporadic and potential pests maybe predictable if you know thectrcumstances or conditions thatwill favor their presenceas pests.For example, some plant diseasesoccur only under certain environ-mental conditions. If such condi-tions are present. you can takesteps o prevent the plant diseaseorganisms from harming thedesirable plants.

Suppression is a common goalin many pest situations. The intentis to reduce the number of pests oa level where the harm they arecausing is acceptable. Once apests presence s detected and thedecision is made that control isnecessary, suppression andprevention often are oint goals.The right combination of controlmeasurescan often suppress hepests already present and preventthem from building up again to alevel where they are causingunacceptable harm.Eradication is a rare goal inoutdoor pest situations. because tis difficult to achieve. Usually the

goal is prevention and/or suppres-sion. Eradication is occasionallyattempted when a foreign pest hasbeen accidentally introduced but isnot yet established in an area.Such eradication strategies often

are supported by the Government.Mediterranean fruit fly, gypsymoth, and fire ant control pro-grams are examples.In indoor areas,eradication is amore common goal. Enclosedenvironments usually are smaller.less complex. and more easilycontrolled than outdoor areas. Inmany enclosed areas.such asdwellings: schools: office build-ings; and health care, food pro-cessing, and food preparationfacilities. certain pests cannot orwill not be tolerated.Threshold evelsThresholds are the levels of pestpopulations at which you shouldtake pest control action if youwant to prevent the pests in anarea from causing unacceptableinjury or harm. Thresholds may bebased on esthetic. health, or


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economic considerations. Theselevels. which are known as actionthresholds. have been determinedfor many pests.A threshold often is set at thelevel where the economic lossescaused by pest damage. f the pestpopulation continued to grow,would be greater than the cost ofcontrolling the pests. These typesof action thresholds sometimes arecalled economic thresholds.In some pest control situations,the threshold level is zero: even asingle pest in such a situation isunreasonably harmful. For ex-ample, the presence of any rodentsin food processing facilities forcesaction. In homes. people generally

take action to control some pests.such as rodents or roaches, even ifonly one or a few have been seen.PestMonltorlngIn most pest control situations,the area to be protected should bemonitored (checked or scouted)often. Regular monitoring cananswer several important ques-tions:n What kinds o f pests are present?n Are the numbers great enoughto warrant control?n When is the right time to begincontrol?n Have the control e fforts suc-cessfully reduced the number ofpests?

Monitoring of insect. insect-like, mollusk. and vertebrate pestsusually is done by trapping or byscouting. Monitoring of weedpests usually is done by visualinspection. Monitoring for micro-bial pests s done by looking forthe injury or damage they cause.Monitoring also can includechecking environmental condi-tions in the area that is beingmanaged. Temperature andmoisture levels, especially humid-ity. are often important clues inpredicting when a pest outbreakwill occur or will hit thresholdlevels.Monitoring is not necessary nsituations where a pest is continu-ally present and the threshold iszero. For example. there is zerotolerance for the presenceofbacteria in operating rooms andother sterile areas of health carefacilities. In these situations,routine pest control measuresaretaken to prevent pests fromentering an area and to eradicateany pests hat may be present.

Pest control involves more thansimply identifying a pest andusing a control tactic. The treat-ment site. whether it is an outdoorarea or inside a structure. usuallycontains other living organisms(such as people, animals. andplants) and nonliving surroundings(such as air, water, structures,objects, and surfaces). All of thesecould be affected by the pestcontrol measuresyou choose.Unless you consider the possibleeffects on the entire system withinwhich the pest exists, your pestcontrol effort could cause harm orlead to continued or new pestproblems. Rely on your own goodjudgment and. when pesticides arepart of the strategy, on the pesti-cide labeling.


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Mo\t treatment \ltes are di+rupted to some degree by pestcontrol strategies. The action5 ofever type of organism or compo-nent sharing the site usually affectthe actions and well-being ofmany others. When the balance isdtsrupted. certain organisms maybe destroyed or reduced in num-ber. and others - sometimes hepests - may dominate.IntegratedPestManagement

Integrated pest manqemenr isthe combining of appropriate pestcontrol tactics into a single plan(strategy I to reduce pestsand theirdamage to an acceptable evel.l sing many different tactics tocontrol a pest problem tendc tocause the leasr disruption to theIlvlng organisms and nonli\rlngburroundings at the treatment site.RelyIn? only on pestlcldes for pestcontrol can cause pests o developresistance o pesticides. can causeoutbreaks of other pests. and canharm surfaces or nontarget organ-isms. With some types of pests.use of pesticides as the only tacticwill achieve very poor control.To solve pest problems. youmust:n identify the pest or pests anddetermine whether control iswarranted for each.l determine your pest controlfoal(\).n know what control lactics areavailable.n evaluate the benefits and risksof each tactic or combination oftactics.n choose a strategy that will bemost effective and will cause heleast harm 10people and theenvironment.n use each tactic in the strategycorrectly,

l observe local. State. and Federalregulations that apply to thesituation.The s trategy you choose willdepend on the pest you haveidentified and the kind and amountof control you need.

NaturalControlsSome natural forces act on allorganisms. causing the popula-tions to rise and fall. These naturalforces act independently ofhumans and may either help orhinder pest control. You may notbe able lo alter the action ofnatural forces on a pest popula-tion. but you should be aware oftheir influence and take advantageof them whenever possible.Natural forces that affect pestpopulations include climate.natural enemies. natural barriers.

availability of shelter. and foodand water supphes.

ClimateWeather conditions. especialItemperature. day length. andhumidity. affect pests activity andtheir rate of reproduction. Pestsmay be killed or suppressedb)rain. freezing temperatures.drought. or other adverse weather.Climate also affects pests ndi-rectly by influencing the growthani1development of their hosts. Apopulation of plant-eating pests srelated to growth of its host plants.Unusual weather conditions canchange normal patterns so thatincreased or decreaseddamageresults.


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Natural enemiesBirds. reptiles, amphibians.fish. and mammals feed on somepests and help control theirnumbers. Many predatory andparasitic insect and insect-likespecies eed on other organisms,some of which are pests. Patho-gens often suppresspest popula-tions.Oeographic barriersFeatures such as mountains andlarge bodies of water restrict thespread of many pests. Otherfeatures of the landscapecan havesimilar effects.Foodand water supplyPest populations can thrive onlyas long as their food and watersupply lasts. Once the food source- plant or animal - is exhausted,the pests die or become inactive.The life cycle of many pestsdepends on the availability ofwater.ShelterThe availability of shelter canaffect some pest populations.Overwintering sites and places tohide from predators are importantto the survival of some pests.

AppliedonbolsUnfortunately, natural controlsoften do not control pests quicklyor completely enough to preventunacceptable njury or damage.Then other control measuresmustbe used. Those available include:n host resistance,n biological control,l cultural control.m mechanical control,n sanitation. andn chemical control.Hostmsistance

Some plants, animals. andstructures resist pests better thanothers. Some varieties of plants,wood. and animals are resistant tocenain pests. Use of resistanttypes, when available, helps keeppest populations below harmfullevels by making conditions lessfavorable for the pests.Host resistance works in threemain ways:n Chemicals in the host repel thepest or prevent the pest fromcompleting its life cycle.n The host is more vigorous ortolerant than other varieties andthus less likely to be seriouslydamaged by pest attacks.n The host has physical character-istics that make it more difficult toattack.

Biolobical controlBiological control involves theUseOf natural enemies - para-sites. predators. and pathogens.YOUcan supplement this naturalcontrol by releasing more of apests enemies into the target areaor by introducing new enemiesthat were not in the area before.Biological control usually is noteradication. The degree of controlfluctuates. There is a time lagbetween pest population increaseand the corresponding increase nnatural controls. But. under properconditions, sufficient control canbe achieved to eliminate the threatto the plant or animal to beprotected.Biological control also includesmethods by which the pest isbiologically altered, as in theproduction and release of largenumbers of sterile males and theuse of pheromones or juvenilehormones.Pheromonescan be useful inmonitoring pest populations.Placed in a trap, for example, theycan attract the insects in a samplearea so that pest numbers can be

estimated. Pheromonesalso can bea control tool. Sometimes amanufactured copy o f the phero-mone th?t a female insect uses oattract males can be used toconfuse males and prevent mating,resulting in lower numbers ofpests. Applying juvenile hormonesto an area can reduce pest numbersby keeping some immature pestsfrom becoming normal. reproduc-ing adults.

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Cultural controlCultural practices sometimesare used to reduce the numbers ofpests that are attacking cultivatedplants. These practices alter thernvironment. the condition of thehost plant. or the behavior of thepest to prevent or suppressaninfestation. They disrupt thenormal relationship between thepest and the host plant and makethe pest less likely to survive,grow. or reproduce. Commoncultural practices include rotatingcrops. cultivating the soil. varyinstime of planting or harvesting.planting trap crops. adjusting ramu idth. and pruning. thinning. andfertilizing cultivated plants.Mechanical [physical) controlDevices. machines. and othermethods used to control pests oralter their environment are calledmechanical or physical controls.Traps. screens. barriers. fences.nets. radiation. and electricitysometimes can be used to preventthe spread of pests into an area.Lights. heat. and refrigerationcan alter the environment enoughto suppressor eradicate some pestpopulations. Altering the amountof water. including humidity. cancontrol some pests. especiallyinsects and disease agents.SanitationSanitation practices help toprevent and suppresssome pestsby removing the pests hemselvesor their sources of food andshelter. Urban and industrial pestscan be reduced by tmproving

cleanliness. eliminating pestharborage. and increasing thrfrequency of garbage pickup.Management of pests attackingdomestic animals is enhanced bgood manure management prac-tices. Carryover of agriculturalpests from one planting to the next

can hc reduced b removing cropresidues.Other forms of \anttation thathelp prevent pest spread ncludeusing pest-free seedsor transplantsand decontaminating equipment.antmal\. and other posstblecarriers before allowing them toenter a pest-free area or leave anInfested area. The proper design o ffood-handling areascan reduceaccessand shelter for many pests.Chemical controlPesttcidex are chemicals used todestroy pests. control their activ-ttv. or prevent them from causingdamage. Some pesticides eitherattract or repel pests. Chemicalsthat regulate plant growth orremove foliage also are classified;is pesticide\. Pesticides aregenerally the fastest way tocontrol pests. In many instances.they are the only tactic available.


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PestControl pesticide. Others withstand its OtherRaatonsar FailureFailures effects. Pests hat are not de- Not every pesticide failure isstroyed may pass along to their caused by pest resistance. MakeSometimes you may find that offspring the trait that allowed sure that you have used the correcteven though you applied a pesti- them to survive. pesticide and the correct dosagetide. the pest has not been con- When one pesticide is used and that you have applied thetrolled. You should review the repeatedly in the same place. pesticide correctly. Sometimes asituation to try to determine what against the same pest. the surviv- pesticide application fails towent wrong. There are several ing pest population may be more control a pest because he pest waspossible reasons or the failure of resistant to the pesticide than the not identified correctly and thechemical pest control. original population was. The wrong pesticide was chosen. OtherPestResistance opportunity for resistance is applications fail because hegreater when a pesticide is used pesticide was not applied at anPesticides fail to control some over a wide geographic area or appropriate time - the pest maypests because he pests are resis- when a pesticide is applied not have been in the area duringtant to the pesticides. Consider this repeatedly to a rather small area the application or it may havewhen planning pest control where pest populations are iso- been in a life cycle stage orprograms that rely on the use of lated. A pesticide that leaves a location where it was not suscep-pesticides. Rarely does any residue that gradually loses its tible to the pesticide. Also remem-pesticide kill all the target pests. effectiveness over time will help ber that the pests hat are presentEach time a pesticide is used. it select out resistance. Rotating may be part of a new infestationselectively kills the most suscep- pesticides may help reduce the that developed after the chemicaltible pests. Some pests avoid the development of pest resistance. was applied.


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0 What is the first thing voushould do when you detect thepresence of a pest that you thinkyou may need to control?A Identify the pest to be sure youknow exactly what the problem is.0 . How can pest identificationhelp you develop a good pestcontrol strategy?A Identification of the pestallows you to determme basteinformation about it. including Itsltfe cycle and the time that it ISmost susceptrble o being con-trolled.0 . Explain the differencesbetween continuous pests,sporadic pests, and potentialpests.A Continuous pests are nearlyalways present and require regularcontrol; sporadic pests are migra-tar . cy,clical, or other occasionalpests that require control once in awhile, but not on a regular basis;potential pests are organisms thatare not pests under normal condi-tions. but can become pestsandrequire control in certain circum-stances.0 . Explain what is meant byprevention, suppression, anderadication of pests.

A Prevention is keeping a pestfrom becoming a problem: sup-presston is reducing pest numbersor damage o an acceptable evel;eradication is destroying an entirepest population.Q . What is a threshold? Whyshould you consider thresholdswhen you develop a pest controlstrategy?A Thresholds are the levels ofpest populations at which youmust take pest control actton toprevent unacceptable damage orinjury. Use of threshold informa-tion can improve your pest controlctrategy by helping you make adecision about when to begincontrol tactics.0 . Describe pest monitoringand explain how it can beimportant to pest control strat-egy.A Monitoring is checking orscouting for pests n an area odetermine what pests are present.how many of each kind of pest arein the area. and how much damagethey are causing. Monitoring isimportant to many pest controlstrategies. because t helps deter-mine if the threshold has beenreached and whether controlmeasureshave been effective.

0 Define integrated pestmanagement (IPM 1 and listseveral possible control tacticsthat may be used in an IPMstrategy.A Integrated pest management sthe combining of appropriate pestcontrol tactics into a single plan toreduce pests and their damage oan acceptable evel. Pest controltactics may include: host rests-tance. biologtcal control. culturalcontrol. mechanical control.sanitation. and chemical (pesti-ctde) control.0 You applied a pesticide, butit did not control the pest. Namethree reasons wh your controleffort might have failed.A The failure of the pesticide tocontrol the pest might have beencaused by pest resistance,choos-ing the wrong pesticide.misidentifying the pest. applyingthe wrong amount, or applying thepesticide incorrectly.0 What can you do to keep thepests you are trying to controlfrom becoming resistant to thepesticides you use?A Pest resistance can be reducedby using integrated pest manage-ment and rotattng the types ofpesticides used.

Applying Pesticides Correct \


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Pesticide abeling


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.4fter you complete your studyof this module. you should be ableto:m Interpret the terms label andlabeling.l Identify the meaning of Re-stricted Use classification andexplain where to look for it onpesticide labeling.n Distinguish among the termscommon name. chemical

ACUtcdk t8--IllnataiOinjruieJthUl=Yrpprr-btfcaexprmeto8pl2dckk(tt8tuuywithin24houm).Meq#cdkts-Humfulcrffuasuch8sskinrdlorabm&th8tsomcpaTpk&velopintc8aion t0iWdiCibttNtdOnotc8u8ctkmmclestialinmostochcrpaopk.chrrief-Thcplimluynutcricrlu8cdIoallowapcstk5&tobcdispcr&cffcctively; for exampk. the tdc in a dustfonndatioa. the water mixai with awoa8ble powder bcfotc a spry tlpplicrr-

name. and brand name andknow which to use to mostaccurately identify a pesticideproduct.l Interpret the signal words (andsymbols) on pesticide labeling.l Know the types of hazardprecautionary statementsonpesticide labeling.n Interpret the statement It is aviolation of Federal law to use this

product in a manner inconsistentwith its labeling.n Explain the pesticide usersresponsibility to follow usedirections and requirementscontained in separatedocumentsthat. although referenced on thelabeling. do not necessarilyaccompany the product at thetime of purchase.

TermsToKnow ?WieidehMdkr-kl3anwhOdk ctlyworkswith pauiw. such sduringmixin&-. ~,slorlrg.disptming. 8nd 8pplying. or working onprticiac-RUWhU)---PWtiCi&l8bchgsmmnau8th8t8kttyoutoporriMebamdsbomuscofthcpdci&pluduct8ndtb8tsomctimc6-spccSc8ctiastot8kctoavoidtheba7mds.Targetpest-TbcpcsttowlowndwbichcmmdlDtaslares8rc&ing~


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Psticide product labeling is themain method of communicationbetween a pesticide manufacturerand pesticide users. The informa-tion printed on or attached to thepesticide container is the label.Labeling includes the label itself.plus all other information youreceive from the manufacturerabout the product when you buy it.

tion that accompanies he pesticideproduct. Pesticide labeling givesyou instructions on how to use theproduct safely and correctly.Pesticide users are required bylaw to comply with all theinstructions and directions foruse in pesticide labeling.

EPAApprovalofPesticide abeling

Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) has reviewed themanufacturers application forregistration and determined thatthe use of the product will notpresent an unreasonable risk tohumans or the environment. Aspart of this product registrationprocess, EPA has certain labelinginformation requirements andmust approve all language that themanufacturer proposes o includeThe labeling may include bro- No pesticide may be sold in the in the product labeling.chures. leaflets. and other informa- United States until the U.S.


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EPA reviews the labeling tomake sure that it contains all theinformation needed for safe andeffective use of the pesticideproduct and that the information isbacked up by data submitted (orcited) by the manufacturer. EPAmay require the manufacturer tochange the labeling if it does notcontain enough information or ifthe information is wrong. EPAalso may require that the labelinginclude other information aboutlaws or regulations that have beenadopted to protect human\ or theenvironment.Only after EPA has reviewedthe labeling and registered theproduct can a pesticide product bcsold for use. If the manufacturerwants to change the informationon the labeling a fter the productand labeling are registered. EPAmust approve the change. EPAalso may require changes Inlabeling.Types f RegistrationYou are responsible for apply-ing only registered pestictdes. Youmay encounter three major typesof registration:n Federal registration.n special local needs registration.n emergency exemptions fromregistration.

Federal EPA registrations arethe most common. Most pesticideuses are registered this way. Lookfor the official EPA registrationnumber (which must appear on thelabel) to be sure you are buying anapproved product.Special local needs registra-

tions (known as SLN or 1,3(c)registrations) allow States ofurther control how the pesticide isused in their jurisdiction. includ-ing registering additional usesoradding limitations for a federallyregistered pesticide. These regis-

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trations often involve addingapplication sites. pests. or alternatecontrol techniques to those listedon the federally registered label-rng.Supplemental labeling must beprovided for each SLN registra-tion. Applicators must have a copyof the SLN labeling in theirpossession n order to apply thepesticide for that purpose. Theregistration number of SLNlabeling will include the initialsSLN and the standard two-letterabbreviation code for the Statethat issued the registration. Theseregistrations are legal only in theState or local area specified in thelabeling. Any application in

L

II- /I

another State or region is subjectto civil and crtminal penalties.Extension personnel. pesticidedealers. and other professionalswill help keep you informed ofSLN registrations that pertain toyour local area needs.Emergency exemptions from

registration are used when anemergency pest situation arises forwhich no pesticide is registered. Ifboth Federal and SLN registra-tions would take too long to enact.an emergency registration can beused. Known as Section 18exemptions. these registrationsare handled by the highest govem-ing official involved - usually aState governor or Federal agencyhead. This provision allows apesticide product to be sold andused for a nonregistered purposefor a specified period of time.Strict controls and recordkeepingare required for all these emer-gency uses. You must understandall of the special requirements andresponsibilities involved wheneveryou use pesticides with emergencyexemptions. The agency that hasgranted the emergency exemptionwill supply you with the necessaryapplication rates. safety precau-tions. and other vital information.Classification fPesticide Uses

EPA categorizes every use ofevery pesticide as either unclassi-fied or restricted use. Man)times all the uses of a particularformulation are classified asrestricted or all are unclassified.Sometimes. however. certain usesof a formulation are restricted andother uses of the same product arenot. In these cases. he directionsfor use for the two classificationsmust be clearly separate rom oneanother. Entirely different packag-ing and labeling are used.


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Restricted-UseesticidesA pesticide, or some of its uses,is classified as restricted if it couldcause harm to humans (pesticidehandlers or other persons) or to theenvironment unless it is applied bycertified applicators who have theknowledge to use these pesticidessafely and effectively. The worduse in this phrase is a generalterm - it refers to such activitiesas:n application,n mixing and loading,n transporting, storing, or han-dling pesticides after themanufacturers seal is broken,n care and maintenance of appli-cation and handling equipment,H disposal of pesticides and theircontainers.CertifiedPesticideApplicatorsOnly a certified pesticideapplicator may use or supervisethe use of restricted-use pesticides.Under Federal law, there are twotypes of certified pesticide appli-cators - private applicators andcommercial applicators.

Private applicators use orsupervise the use of restricted-usepesticides to produce an agricul-tural commodity on propertyowned or rented by themselves ortheir employer, or on the property

of another person with whom theytrade services.Commercial applicators useor supervise the use of restricted-use pesticides on any property orfor any putpose other than thatlisted for private applicators.Certification requires trainingor testing for competency in thesafe and effective handling anduse of restricted-use pesticides.Your State, tribal, or Federalagency will conduct training and/or testing for certification and mayimpose stricter standards han

those required by Federal law.Many such agencies have agree-ments to allow certification by oneto be acceptedby others nearby.Partsof PesticideLabeling

The information on pesticidelabeling usually is grouped underheadings to make it easier to findthe information you need. Someinformation is required by law toappear on a certain part of thelabeling or under certain headings.Other information may be placedwherever the manufacturerchooses.

Pesticide labeling containsbasic information that helps usersclearly identify the product. Some

of these items will be on the frontpanel of every label, becauseEPArequires that they appear there.Other items, while generally onthe front panel, may be locatedelsewhere on the label or in thelabeling if the manufacturerchooses.

Each manufacturer has a brandname for each of its products.Different manufacturers may usedifferent brand names for the samepesticide active ingredient. Mostcompanies register each brandname as a trademark and do notallow any other company to usethat name. The brand or tradename is the one used in advertise-ments and by company sales-people. The brand name shows upplainly on the front panel of thelabel.Pesticide handlers must bewareof choosing a pesticide product bybrand name alone. Many compa-nies use the same basic name withonly minor variations to designateentirely different pesticide chemi-cals. For example:n DePesto= carbarylm DePesto Super = parathion andmethomyll DePesto Supreme = carbaryl,parathion, and methomylSometimes several differentcompanies sell the samepesticideproduct under different brandnames. For example:m De Weed 2E = diquat 2 lbs pergallon EC formulated by Com-PanYxn No Weeds = diquat 2 lbs pergallon EC formulated by Com-PanYz*Always read the ingredientstatement o determine the activeingredients that a product con-tams.

Pesticide Lubeling =I


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Ingredient statementEach pesticide label must listwhat is in the product. The list iswritten so you can readily seewhat the active ingredients are andthe amount of each ingredient (asa percentage of the total product ).The ingredient statement must listthe official chemical name and/orcommon name for each activeingredient. lnet-t ingredients neednot be named. but the label mustshow what percent of the totalcontents they make up.The chemical name is acomplex name that identifies thechemical components and struc-ture of the pesticide. This name isilmost always listed in the ingre-dient statement on the label. Forexample. the chemical name ofDiazinon is O.O-Diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate.Becausepesticides havecomplex chemical names.manyare given a shorter commonname. Only common names hatare officially accepted by the U. S.Environmental Protection Agencymay be used in the ingredientstatement on the pesticide label.The official common name maybe followed by the chemical namein the list of active ingredients.For example, a label with thebrand name Sevin. 50% W Pwould read:Active ingredient:Carbaryl (I-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) . . 50%Inert ingredient . . 50%By purchasing pesticidesaccording to the common orchemical names. you will alwaysbe sure to pet the right activeingredient.

Registration andestablishment numbersThese numbers are needed bythe pesticide handler in case ofpoisoning. claims of misuse. orliability claims.An EPA registration number(for example. EPA Reg. No. 3 l20-280-AA) indicates that the pesti-cide label has been approved byEPA. Most products will containonly two sets of numbers: forexample. EPA Reg. No. 3 120-280.The first set of numbers, 3 120.identifies the manufacturer orcompany. The second set. 780.identifies the product.Additional letters and numbersare sometimes part of the EPAregistration number; for example.EPA Reg. No. 3120-280-AA-0850. The letters AA might berequired by a particular State toappear on that label. The 0850 isthe distributors identificationnumber and appearson labels ofdistributor products.When a pesticide is registeredby a State becauseof a speciallocal need. the registration isdesignated. for example. as EPASLN No. KS-770009. In this case.SLN indicates special local needand KS means hat the product isregistered for use in Kansas. If theSLN registration is for only a fewof the registered uses n thepesticide labeling, the SLNnumber may not be on the frontpanel of the pesticide label.Instead. it may be located in thesupplementary labeling with theuse to which it applies.The establishment number(for example. EPA Est. No. 5840-AZ-l) appearson either thepesticide label or container. Itidentifies the facility where theproduct was made. In case hereare questions or concerns aboutthe pesticide product. the facilitythat made the product can bedetermined.

Name and address ofmanufacturerThe law require\ the maker ordistributor of a product to put thename and addressof the companyon the label. This is 50 you willknow who made or sold theproduct.Net contentsThe front panel of the pesticidelabel tells you how much is in thecontainer. This can be expressedas pounds or ounces for dryformulations and as gallons.quarts. pints. or fluid ounces forliquids. Liquid formulations alsomay list the pounds of activeingredient per gallon of product.Type01pes icideThe type of pesticide usually islisted on the front panel of thelabel. This short statement ndi-cates In general terms what theproduct will control. Examples:

Her-hicidr for- the cottrtd c~frwcs,brush. otld weeds.TyPe of tormulationThe front panel of some pesti-cide labels will tell you what kindof formulation the product is. Thefotmulation may be named or thelabel may show only an abbrevia-tion. such as WP for wettablepowder. D for dust. or EC foremulsifiable concentrate.


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RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDEDuetoveayhightoxicitytohumausandbirds.

For~aaletoanduse~ybycatifiedapplicatotsorpasonsunderthcirdiFtctsupervisionandonlyfor those uses covered by the certified applicatms certification.Restrkted-UseDesignationWhen a pesticide is classified asrestricted, the label will stateRestricted Use Pesticide in abox at the top of the front panel.Below this heading may be astatement describing the reason forthe restricted-use classification.Usually another statement willdescribe the category of certifiedapplicator who can purchase anduse the product. Pesticides that areunclassified have no designationon the product label. Examples ofrestricted-use statementsonpesticide labels include:RESTRICTED USEPESTICIDE due to acute toxicityand toxicity to birds and mam-mals. For retail sale and use onlyby certified applicators or personsunder their direct supervision andoni for those uses covered by thecertified applicators certification.RESTRICTED USEPESTICIDE due to very highacute to.ricity to humans andbirds. For retail sale to and useonly by certified applicators orpersons under their direct supervi-sion and only for those usescolpered by the certifiedapplicators certification. Directsupervision for this product isdefined as the certified applicatorbeing physically present during:application. mixing, loading,repair. and cleaning of applica-tton equipment. Commercialcertified applicators must alsoensure that all persons involved in

these activities are informed of theprecautionary statements.RESTRICTED USEPESTICIDE due to oncogenicio.For retail sale and use only bycertified applicators or personsunder their direct supervision andonly for those uses covered by thecertified applicators certification.The use of this product may beha:ardous to your health. Thisproduct contains [active ingredi-ent], which has been determinedto cause tumors in laboratooanimals.RESTRiCTED USEPESTICIDE due to ground waterconcern. For retail sale to and useonly by certified applicators orpersons under their direct supervi-sion and only for those usescovered by the certified applica-tors certification. Users mustread and follow all precautionarystatements and instructions for usein order to minimize potential of[active ingredient] to reachground water.

Front-Panel recautionaryStatementsSignal ords nd ymbolsThe signal word - DANGER,WARNING, or CAUTION -must appear n large letters on thefront panel of the pesticide label.It indicates how acutely toxic theproduct is to humans. The signalword is immediately below thestatement. Keep out of reach ofchildren. which also must appearon every label.

The signal word is based not onthe active ingredient alone, but onthe contents of the formulatedproduct. It reflects the hazard ofany active ingredients, carriers,solvents, or inert ingredients. Thesignal word indicates the risk ofacute effects from the four routesof exposure to a pesticide product(oral, dermal, inhalation, and eye)and is basedon the one that isgreatest. The signal word does notindicate the risk of delayed effectsor allergic effects.Use the signal word to help youdecide what precautionary mea-sures are needed or yourself, yourworkers. and other persons (oranimals) that may be exposed.m DANGER - This wordsignals you that the pesticide ishighly toxic. The product is verylikely to cause acute illness fromoral, dermal. or inhalation expo-sure, or to cause severe eye or skinirritation.DANGER

POISONn POISON/SKULL ANDCROSSBONES - All highlytoxic pesticides that are very likelyto cause acute illness through oral,dermal. or inhalation exposure


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also will carry the word POISONprinted in red and the skull andcrossbonessymbol. Products thathave the signal word DANGERdue to skin and eye irritationpotential will not carry the wordPOISON or the skull andcrossbonessymbol.m WARNING - This wordsignals you that the product ismoderately likely to cause acuteillness from oral. dermal, orinhalation exposure or that theproduct is likely to cause moderateskin or eye irritation.

l CAUTION -This wordsignals you that the product isslightly toxic or relativelynontoxic. The product has onlyslight potential to cause acuteillness from oral, dermal, orinhalation exposure. The skin oreye irritation it would cause. fany, is likely to be slight.Statementof Dracticaltreatment (first aid1Most pesticide products arerequired to include instructions onhow to respond to an emergencyexposure involving that product.The instructions usually includefirst aid measuresand may includeinstructions to seek medical help.If the Statement of PracticalTreatment is not located on thefront panel, a statement on thefront panel must refer the user tothe section of the label or labelingwhere the Statement of PracticalTreatment may be found.Hazardso Humans ndDomestic nimalsAcute etl ects statementsThe label or labeling willcontain statements hat indicatewhich route of entry (mouth skin,eyes, lungs) you must particularlyprotect and what specific actionyou need to take to avoid acute

I STATEMIZNT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENTC8lla&ctaf@hys&ian~chic.arho6piml~ly.Expkintlmttbcvictimhllsbctnexpo8altQ~ddercnbctrir/betcondition.Afterfirstaidisgiwzntakevictimtoclinicarhoqbl.

effects from exposure to thepesticide. These statementsmaybe on the front or side panel of thelabel, or they may be locatedsomewhere else in the labeling.The statementswill warn you ifyou may be harmed by swallow-ing or inhaling the product orgetting it on your skin or in youreyes.Many pesticides can causeacute effects by more than oneroute. so study these statementscarefully. These precautionarystatements ell you what parts ofyour body will need the mostprotection. DANGER: Fatal ifswallowed or inhaled gives a fardifferent indication than DAN-GER: Corrosive - causeseyedamage and severe skin bums.

PRECAUTIONARYSTATEMENTSHAzfARDsToEuMANs(&DoMesTICANIMALs)

DANCER:Fi3t&Iif&CKbCdthK@ltbeskin, fatal if sw8llowal. and poi-sonousifi&akd.DonothathcV8pWSOrsplylllistDOIlOtgCtCUlSkillOrC~

Delayedettects statementsThe labeling of pesticides thatthe Environmental ProtectionAgency considers to have thepotential to cause delayed effectsmust warn you of that fact. Thesestatementswill tell you whetherthe product has been shown tocause problems such as tumors orreproductive problems in labora-tory animals.

Allergic ettects statementIf tests or other data indicatethat the pesticide product has thepotential to cause allergic effects ,such as skin irritation or asthma,the product labeling must statethat fact. Sometimes he labelingrefers to allergic effects as sensi-tization.

Personalprotective equlpmentstatementsImmediately following thestatementsabout acute, delayed,and allergic effects, the labelingusually lists personal protectiveequipment requirements. Thesestatements ell you the minimumpersonal protective equipment thatyou must wear when using thepesticide. Sometimes he state-ments will require different

PERSONALPROTECTIVEEQm=AppliamandciiherhandkrsmustwearcovaaIlsovabng-slecvalshirtand long-kggal pm*,Cbnhl-mistant gloves suchuhlttylaniuikCbunM-nsisrmtfoaweapePs

Eye qtionRespirator with an organicvapor-~ caruidge and ap&ilterrppmvedforpesticidea-MSHA/NIOSH apprcwal prefix(23c)acanism nppnmdfaper-tiCi&-MSHA/NIOSHrppwllnumbcr(14G)Overhead applications: addchmial-resistant widdhmdkuahood-and-ofequipment: add chemical-hstant


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personal protective equipment fordifferent pesticide handlingactivities. For example, an apronmay be required only duringmixing and loading or equipmentcleaning. Sometimes the state-ments will allow reduced personalprotective equipment when youuse safety systems, such as closedsystemsor enclosed cabs.EnvironmentalHazardsThis section of the pesticidelabeling will indicate precautionsfor protecting the environmentwhen you use the pesticide. Somegeneral statementsappear on thelabeling of nearly every pesticide.

ENVIRONMENTALHAZARDSThispttaedeishighiytoxictoZUptiCinvcrttbratestiWiId-life.Bi&Mxwkdareasmaybek&d.Donotcofl-whycleaningofcq@maItor~of wastes.Thispaoductishighlytc&tobeescxpostdtodinxt-orresiduesanbloomingcropsatweeds.Donotapplythisproductorallowittodrifttobloomingcropsorwccdsifbeesarevisit-iIlgthetnWmentare a.

Most pesticide labeling, forexample. will warn you not tocontaminate water when youapply the pesticide or when youclean your equipment or disposeof pesticide wastes. The labelingwill contain specific precautionarystatements f the pesticide poses aspecific hazard to the environ-ment. For example, it may warnyou that the product is highlytoxic to bees or other wildlife.

This section of the pesticidelabeling will tell you of anyspecial fire, explosion, or chemicalhazards the product may pose. Forexample, it will alert you if theproduct is so flammable that youneed to be especially careful tokeep it away from heat or openflame or if it is so corrosive that itmust be stored in a corrosion-resistant container. When pesti-cides are flammable, smokingwhile handling them is extremelyhazardous.

Note: The physical or chemicalhazard statementsare not locatedin the sameplace in all pesticidelabeling. Some abeling groupsthem in a box under the headiigPhysical or Chemical Hazards.Other labeling may list them onthe front panel of the label beneaththe signal word. Still other label-ing may list the hazards n para-graph form under headings such asNote or Important. If there areno unusual physical or chemicalhazards, here may be no state-ment in the labeling.DirecUonstorUseDirectly under the headingDirections for Use on everypesticide product labeling is thefollowing statement: It is aviolation of Federal law to use thisproduct in a manner inconsistentwith its labeling. The Directionsfor Use section also containssections on storage and disposaland may contain a section on entry

> r_

DIRECTIONS.FOR USEItisavio~ofkkr8lhwtousetbisproductinammnnin-conWentwithitslah&ng.

into treated areas after a pesti-cide application. In addition, theDirections for Use section willcontain the specific directionsfor using the product.

It is illegal to use a pesticidein any way not permitted by thelabeling. A pesticide may beused only on the plants, animals,or sites named in the directionsfor use. You may not use higherdosages,higher concentrations,or more frequent applications.You must follow all directionsfor use, including directionsconcerning safety, mixing,diluting. storage, and disposal.You must wear the specifiedpersonal protective equipmenteven though you may be riskingonly your own safety by notwearing it. The use directionsand instructions are notadvice, they are requirements.Federal law does allow you touse pesticides in some ways notspecifically mentioned in thelabeling. Unless you would be inviolation of the laws of yourState or tribe. you may:m apply a pesticide at anydosage, concentration, or fre-quency less than that listed onthe labeling,n apply a pesticide against anytarget pest not listed on thelabeling if the application is to aplant, animal, or site that islisted.


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n use any appropriate equipmentor method of application that isnot prohibited by the labeling.n mix a pesticide or pesticideswith a fertilizer if the mixture isnot prohibited by the labeling,n mix two or more pesticides. ifall of the dosagesare at or belowthe recommended rate.Entry statementSome pesticide labeling con-tains a precaution about entering atreated area after application. Thisstatement ells you how much timemust pass before people can entera treated area except under specialcircumstances. These entryintervals are set by both EPA andsome States.Entry intervals set byStatesare not always listed on thelabel; it is your responsibility todetermine whether one has beenset.The entry statement may beprinted in a box under the headingEntry or Worker Protections,or it may be in a section with atitle such as Important, Note,or General Information. If theentry interval applies only tocertain uses or locations. theheading may indicate that limita-tion. For example, the headingmight be Agricultural UseRestrictions.Storage and disposalAll pesticide labeling containssome instructions for storing thepesticide. These may include bothgeneral statements,such as Keepout of reach of children and pets.and specific directions, such asDo not store in temperaturesbelow 32 F.Pesticide labeling also containssome general information abouthow to dispose of excess pesticideand the pesticide container inways that are acceptable underFederal regulations. State and

STORAGE ANDDISPOSALPRORIBITIONS: Do not amtami-tlatcwatcr,food,0rfcedbystorageordisLlod.Donot8tortlmdcrcatdi-

D-ORAGE:DOmtShXCbdOWtUtbpMUWOfOT.StCREiU8dCllWna.stominaiginal-ally.K&p amariner tightly closed whatnot in nsc. Reduce stacking [email protected] and cquipimnt listed underPRECAUTIONARY STATE-MFNWwhen~gOpCttCOtl-mincm.SlItIXDMATERIAL:BIockordikttoptwawpmacofspill.cmaum -m8midaudtrs

maDEmDIslosAL:--mbdy-hnptrpadiqMmaId-p~mix-aue.afhb8Gsavidrtion-l8w.lftksewastmamuMbc&podctfbylueattoahglol8brJittsme&clmtactyaurstateRr&tide or Environmentrl ControlAgency,arbe HatadagWuaeSrcptUUZltdivetith:-BPAbgiadoBicefixgilidMaCONTAIIWR DIBPOSAL:Me4&1-Tripleri~(araptiv&~~).naloffcrfatwyc~ataYlndi-F&sa+gddUttSrpprovedbyStrtc8DdlOCdul-. .iez -Tripkrinsc(aapivs-lent).nuloffcrforrccyclingorfe-. . *-g*apmculrrti-ofinasanitarylandfiB,abnnemtc.

local laws vary. however, so the

Storage and disposal statementslabeling usually does not giveexact disposal instructions.usually appear n a special sectionof the labeling titled Storage andDisposal.

Otherdirections tor useThe instructions on how to usethe pesticide are an important partof the labeling. This is the bestway you can find out the right wayto handle the product.The use instructions will tellyou:n the pests hat the manufacturerclaims the product will control,n the plant, animal, or site theproduct is intended to protect,l in what form the product shouldbe applied.n the correct equipment to use.n how much pesticide to use.n mixing directions.n whether the product can bemixed with other often-usedproducts,l whether the product is likely tocause unwanted injuries or stainsto plants, animals. or surfaces,l where the material should beapplied,n when and how often it shouldbe applied.Directions tor use byraiaranceSome directions for use thatpesticide users must obey arecontained in documents that areonly referred to on the productlabeling. Such instructions includeEPA or other Government agencyregulations or requirementsconcerning the safe use of thepesticide product. For example, apesticide label might state:

to this product. If restrictionsapply to the area in which thisproduct is to be used, you mustobtain the PESTICIDE USE

Use of this product in a mannerinconsistent with the PESTICIDEUSE BULLETIN FOR PROTEC-TION OF ENDANGERED SPE-CIES is a violation of Federallaws. Restrictions for the protec-tion of endangered speck apply

Applying Pesticides Correctly


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BULLETIN FOR PROTECTIONOF ENDANGERED SPECIES for.rhur cwunt~.This statement probably wouldbe the only indication on thepesticide label or in the labelingthat other use directions and

restrictions apply to the product.You are responsible fordetermining whether the regula-tion. bulletin. or other documentreferred to on the pesticide prod-uct labeling applies to yoursituation and your intended use ofthe pesticide product. If thedocument is applicable. you mustcomply with all the specificdirections for use and other

requirements that it contains.These documents do not alwaysaccompany the pesticide productwhen it is sold. Instead. you mayhave to get the additional direc-tions and requirements from othersources, such as pesticide dealers

or company representatives.industry or commodity organiza-tions. land-grant universities. orCooperative Extension agents.This reference to other docu-ments is a new practice. It isnecessary because here is nolonger room on the traditionalpesticide label to explain therequirements of all laws andregulations that may apply to theuser. For example. EPA hasadopted or is considering newrequirements concerning:H ground water protection,m endangered species protection,n pesticide transportation. storage.and disposal. andH worker protection.Some of these are general usedirections that apply to all pesti-cides. so one copy should besufficient for each affected user. Inother cases, he instructions andrestrictions apply only in certaingeographical areasor to certainusesof a pesticide product. Copies

of the directions for use that areapplicable in the specific situationneed to be distributed only to theaffected users.The decision by EPA not torequire all of the applicabledirections for use to be distributedwith each pesticide product placesgreater responsibility on thepesticide user. One sentence orparagraph on a pesticide label maybe the only notice you will receivethat additional use directions arerequired in order for the product tobe used in compliance with itslabeling. You must:n determine whether you areaffected,n locate the applicable directionsfor use,m determine how to comply withthe instructions and requirementsin the directions for use, andn comply with those instructionsand requirements.


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AIawpnssdby~in1947md =tM&Suy8iMmdedin rsn. 1975,197a 8nd 2388

ut?eofperhcida.IbePsdcalIrlsdci&,Rurgicide,8ndRode&5deAc%isavmmoniyEfUTOdtO~itSits-FIERA.

FIFRA8ffaart3pp~inm8nyw8ys.~cx8mpIc,itpnwidcstfrat:n ~Amustregistapwnfiidesandperticideus8s.l AIIpesticidesmustbcusatOSll~aSdhUXlXIOtltbCl8bCIiIlg.~EPAmustclassifyasrcstricted use those uses of pesti-

Know he law

0 Explain the diflerencesbetween the terms label andlabeling.A The label is the informationprinted on or attached to thepesticide container. Labelingincludes the label itself, plus allother information you receivefrom the manufacturer about theproduct when you buy it.Q . What do the words Re-stricted Use Pesticide tell youabout the pesticide product?

A Restricted Use Pesticidemeans hat the product has beenshown to be likely to harm peopleor the environment if it is not usedcorrectly. It may be purchased andused only by certified applicatorsand those under their directsupervision.0 . Where would you look tofind out whether a pesticide isclassified as Restricted Use?A If a pesticide is classified asRestricted Use, the words Re-

stricted Use Pesticide will appearin a box on the front panel of thepesticide label.Q Explain the differencesbetween chemical name, com-mon name, and brand name.Which of these terms should youuse to most accurately identify apesticide product?A The chemical name is acomplex name that identifies thechemical components and struc-ture of the pesticide. A common


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name is a shorter name that EPArecognizes as a substitute for thechemical name of a product. Abrand name is the name - usuallya trademark - used by a chemicalcompany to identify a pesticideproduct. The common name (orthe chemical name, if no commonname is given) is the most accu-rate and useful way to identify apesticide product.Q . Name and explain themeaning of the signal words andsymbols you may see on apesticide product.A. Caution indicates that thepesticide product is slightly toxicor relatively nontoxic. Warningindicates that the pesticide productis moderately toxic. Dangerindicates that the pesticide productis highly toxic. Poison and theskull and crossbones indicatesthat the pesticide product is highlytoxic as a poison. rather than as askin or eye irritant.0 . Can you use the signal wordon a pesticide label to judge thelikelihood of suffering acute,delayed, or allergic effects if youare overexposed to the product?Explain.

A. Signal words and symbolsindicate the likelihood that youwill experience acute harmfuleffects if you are over-exposed.Signal words do not tell youanything about the risks of de-layed harmful effects or allergiceffects.Q . What types of hazardstatements should you look forin the pesticide labeling?A You should look for precau-tions about hazards o humans(and domestic animals). environ-mental hazards, and physical/chemical hazards.0 . What types of precautionarystatements may be included inthe labeling section titled Haz-ards to Humans*?A Acute effects precautions,delayed effects precautions,allergic effect precautions. andpersonal piotective equipmentrequirements may be in the sectionof the labeling titled Hazards toHumans.Q . What is the meaning of thestatement: It is a violation ofFederal law to use this productin a manner inconsistent with itslabeling*?

A It is illegal to use a pesticidein any way not permitted by thelabeling. A pesticide may be usedonly on the plants, animals. orsites named in the directions foruse. You may not use higherdosages.higher concentrations. ormore frequent applications. Youmust follow all directions for use,including directions concerningsafety, mixing, diluting, storage,and disposal. You must wear thespecified personal protectiveequipment even though you maybe risking only your own safety bynot wearing it.0 . Does the pesticide labelcontain all the instructions anddirections for use that you needto use the product safely andlegally?A Some pesticide products haveall the necessary nstructions anddirections for use on the productlabel. For other products. moreinstructions and directions may bein other labeling that accompaniesthe product at the time of pur-chase.The label or labeling of stillother products may refer toseparatedocuments that containspecialized instructions anddirections. Pesticide users arerequired by law to comply with allthese types of instructions anddirections - not just with thelabel itself.

Pesticide Labeling


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c Formulations


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learning ObjectivesAfter you complete your study m Identify factors to consider appropriate formulations forof this unit, you should be able to: when choosing a formulation. specific purposes.H Explain what a pesticide n Use your knowledge of the n Recognize the purpose offormulation is. characteristics, advantages,and adjuvants and list several types.w Distinguish between active disadvantages of different types ofand inert ingredients. pesticide formulations to select


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T e active ingredients in apesticide are the chemicals thatcontrol the target pest. Mostpesticide products you buy alsohave other ingredients, called inert(inactive) ingredients. They areused to dilute the pesticide or tomake it safer, more effective,easier to measure, mix, and apply,and more convenient to handle.Usually the pesticide is dilutedin water. a petroleum-basedsolvent, or another diluent. Otherchemicals in the product mayinclude wetting agents. spreaders,stickers, or extenders. Thismixture of active and inert inpre-dients is called a pesticide formu-lation.Some formulations are readyfor use. Others must be furtherdiluted with water. a petroleum-based solvent, or air (as in airblastor ULV applications) by the userbefore they are applied.

A single active ingredient oftenis sold in several different kinds offormulations. If you find that morethan one formulation is availablefor your pest control situation. youmust choose the best one for thejob. Before you make the choice.ask yourself several questions

about each formulation. Forexample:m Do you have the necessaryapplication equipment?n Can the formulation be appliedsafely under the conditions in theapplication area?l Will the formulation reach yourtarget and stay in place longenough to control the pest?n Is the formulation likely toharm the surface to which you willapply it?To answer these kinds o fquestions. you need to knowsomething about the characteris-tics of different tyvs of fotmula-tions and the general advantagesand disadvantagesof each type.

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liquid FormulationsEmulsifiableConcentratesEC r ElAn emulsifiable concentrateformulation usually containsliquid active ingredient. one ormore petroleum-based solvents.and an agent that allows theformulation to be mixed withwater to form an emulsion. Eachgallon of EC usually contains 25to 75 percent (2 to 8 pounds)active ingredient. ECs are amongthe most versatile formulations.They are used against agricultural.ornamental and turf, forestry.structural. food processing.livestock. and public health pests.They are adaptable to many typesof application equipment. fromsmall. portable sprayers to hydrau-lic sprayers. low-volume groundsprayers. mist blowers, and low-volume aircraft sprayers.Advantages:H Relatively easy to handle,transport, and store.n Little agitation required - willnot settle out or separatewhenequipment is running,n Not abrasive,l Do not plug screens or nozzles.n Little visible residue on treatedsurfaces.

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Disadvantages:n High concentration makes teasy to overdose or underdosethrough mixing or calibrationerrors,n May cause unwanted harm toplants,n Easily absorbed hrough skin ofhumans or animals,D Solvents may cause rubber orplastic hoses, gaskets,and pumpparts and surfaces o deteriorate,w May cause pitting or discolora-tion of painted finishes,n Flammable - should be usedand stored away from heat or openflame,n May be corrosive.soltttlotts (S)Some pesticide active ingredi-ents dissolve readily in a liquidsolvent. such as water or a petro-leum-based solvent. When mixedwith the solvent, they form asolution that will not settle out orseparate.Formulations of thesepesticides usually contain theactive ingredient, the solvent. andone or more other ingredients.Solutions may be used in any typeof sprayer indoors or outdoors.Ready-to-use (ttltt)Some solutions are productsthat contain the correct amount ofsolvent when you buy them. Nofurther dilution is required beforeapplication. These formulations,usually solutions in petroleum-based solvents. contain smallamounts (often I percent or less)of active ingredient per gallon.fi;ygate solutions

Other solutions are sold asconcentrates that must be furtherdiluted with a liquid solventbefore you apply them. Occasion-ally the solvent is water, but moreoften the solvent is a specially

refined oil or petroleum-basedsolvent.Some uses of solutions are:n structural and institutional pestcontrol,l control of some householdpests,w livestock and poultry pestcontrol,D space sprays in barns andwarehouses,l shade ree pest control,

n mosquito control.Advantages:n No agitation necessary.Disadvantages:n Limited number of formulationsof this type available.The other advantagesanddisadvantages of solutions varydepending on the solvent used, theconcentration of the active ingre-dient, and the type of applicationinvolved.


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Ultra-low-Volume IThese concentrates may ap-proach IO0 percent active ingredi-ent. They are designed to be usedas is or to be diluted with onlysmall quantities of specifiedsolvents. These special-purposeformulations are used mostly inoutdoor applications, such as inagricultural, forestry, ornamental.and mosquito control programs.Advantages:l Relatively easy to handle.transport, and store.n Little agitation required.l Not abrasive to equipment.l No plugging of screensandnozzles.n Little visible residue on treatedsurfaces.Disadvantages:l Difficult to keep pesticide in thetarget site - high drift hazard,l Specialized equipment required.n Easily absorbed hrough skin ofhumans or animals,m Solvents may cause rubber orplastic hoses. gaskets.and pumpparts and surfaces o deteriorate.flowables IF or 1)

Some active ingredients areinsoluble solids. These may beformulated as flowables in whichthe finely ground active ingredi-ents are mixed with a liquid. alongwith inert ingredients, to form asuspension. Flowables are mixedwith water for application and aresimilar to EC or wettable powderformulations in easeof handlingand use. They are used in the sametypes of pest control operations forwhich ECs are used.Advantages:8 Seldom clog nozzles.

l Easy to handle and apply.Disadvantages:n Require moderate agitation,n May leave a visible residue.

Aerosols A)These formulations contain oneor more active ingredients and asolvent. Most aerosols contain alow percentageof active ingredi-ent. There are two types of aerosolformulations - the ready-to-usetype. and those made for use insmoke or fog generators.Ready-to-use eroteltThese aerosol formulations areusually small, self-contained unitsthat release he pesticide when thenozzle valve is triggered. Thepesticide is driven through a fineopening by an inert gas underpressure. creating fine droplets.These products are used in green-houses. n small areas nsidebuildings, or in localized outdoorareas.Commercial models. whichhold 5 to 10 pounds of pesticide,are usually refillable.Advantages:m Ready to use.m Easily stored,l Convenient way to buy smallamount of a pesticide,n Retain potency over fairly longtime.Disadvantages:n Practical for very limited uses.m Risk of inhalation injury.l Hazardous f punctured. over-heated, or used near an openflame.m Difficult to confine to target siteor pest.formulattons tor smoke ortog generatorsThese aerosol formulations arenot under pressure. They are usedin machines that break the liquidformulation into a fine mist or fog(aerosol) using a rapid1 whirlingdisk or heated surface. Theseformulations are used mainly forinsect control in structures such asgreenhousesand warehouses and

for mosquito and biting fly controloutdoors.Advantages:n Easy way to fill entire spacewith pesticide.Disadvantages:n Highly specialized use andequipment,n Difficult to confine to target siteor pest,n May require respiratory protec-tion to prevent risk of inhalationinjury.Invert EmulsionsThis mixture contains a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in anoil carrier. Invert emulsionsrequire a special kind of emulsifierthat allows the pesticide to bemixed with a large volume ofpetroleum-based carrier, usuallyfuel oil. When applied, invenemulsions form large droplets thatdo not drift easily. Invert emul-sions are most commonly used invegetation control along rights-of-way where drift to susceptiblenontarget plants is a problem.Dry Formulationsousts 01Most dust formulations areready to use and contain a lowpercentage of active ingredient(usually l/2 to 10 percent). plus avery fine dry inert carrier madefrom talc, chalk. clay. nut hulls, orvolcanic ash. The size of indi-vidual dust particles is variable.A few dust formulations areconcentrates and contain a highpercentage of active ingredient.These must be mixed with dryinert carriers before they can beapplied.Dusts are always used dry, andthey easily drift into nontargetsites. They sometimes are used foragricultural applications. Instructures. dust formulations are

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used in cracks and crevices and forspot treatments. They are widelyused in seed reatment. Dusts alsoare used to control lice, fleas, andother parasites on pets and live-stock.Advantages:n Usually ready to use, with nomixing,n Effective where moisture from aspray might cause damage,n Require simple equipment,n Effective in hard-to-reachindoor areas.Disadvantages:H Easily drift off target duringapplication,D Residue easily moved off targetby air movement or water,n May irritate eyes, nose, throat,and skin,n Do not stick to surfaces as wellas liquids.n Difficult to get an even distribu-tion of particles on surfaces.Baits IB)A bait formulation is an activeingredient mixed with food oranother attractive substance.Thebait either attracts the pests or isplaced where the pests will find it.Pestsare killed by eating thepesticide the bait contains. Theamount of active ingredient inmost bait formulations is quitelow, usually less than 5 percent.Baits are used inside buildingsto control ants, roaches, lies, andother insects and for rodentcontrol. Outdoors they sometimesare used to control snails, slugs,and some insects, but their mainuse is for control of vertebratepests such as rodents, othermammals, and birds.Advantages:l Ready to use,n Entire area need not be covered,becausepest goes to bait,l Control pests that move in andout of an area.

Disadvantages:n Can be attractive to childrenand pets,n May kill domestic animals andnontarget wildlife outdoors,n Pest may prefer the crop orother food to the bait,n Dead pests may cause odorproblem,n Other animals may be poisonedas a result of feeding on thepoisoned pests.m If baits are not removed whenthe pesticide becomes neffective,they may serve as a food supplyfor the target pest or other pests.Granule (6)Granular formulations aresimilar to dust formulations exceptthat granular particles are largerand heavier. The coarse particlesare made from an absorptivematerial such as clay, corn cobs,or walnut shells. The activeingredient either coats the outsideof the granules or is absorbed ntothem. The amount of activeingredient is relatively low.usually ranging from 1 to 15percent.Granular pesticides are mostoften used to apply chemicals tothe soil to control weeds, nema-todes, and insects living in thesoil. Granular formulations aresometimes used in airplane orhelicopter applications to mini-mize drift or to penetrate densevegetation.Granular formulations also areused to control larval mosquitoes

and other aquatic pests. Granulesare used in agricultural, structural,ornamental. turf, aquatic, right-of-way, and public health (bitinginsect) pest control operations.Advantages:n Ready to use - no mixing,n Drift hazard is low, and par-ticles settle quickly.n Little hazard to applicator - nospray, little dust,n Weight carries the formulationthrough foliage to soil or watertarget,n Simple application equipment,such as seedersor fertilizerspreaders,n May break down more slowlythan WPs or ECs through aslow-release coating.Disadvantages:n Do not stick to foliage or othernonlevel surfaces,n May need to be incorporatedinto soil or planting medium,n May need moisture to stanpesticidal action,n May be hazardous o nontargetspecies,especially waterfowl andother birds that mistakenly feed onthe grain- or seed-like granules.Pellets P or PSIMost pellet formulations arevery similar to gram&r formula-tions; the terms often are usedinterchangeably. In a pelletformulation, however, all theparticles are the same weight andshape. The uniformity of theparticles allows them to be appliedby precision applicators such as

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those being used for precisionplanting of pelleted seed. A fewfumigants are formulated aspellets; however, these will beclearly labeled as fumigants andshould not be confused withnonfumigant. granule-like pellets.

Wettable powders are dry,finely ground formulations thatlook like dusts. They usually mustbe mixed with water for applica-tion as a spray. A few products,however. may be applied either asa dust or as a wettable powder -the choice is left to the applicator.Wettable powders contain 5 to95 percent active ingredient,usually 50 percent or more.Wettable powder particles do notdissolve in water. They settle outquickly unless constant agitation isused to keep them suspended.Wettable powders are one ofthe most widely used pesticideformulations. They can be used formost pest problems and in mosttypes of spray equipment whereagitation is possible.

Advantages:n Easy to store. transport. andhandle.l Less likely than ECs and otherpetroleum-based pesticides tocause unwanted harm to treatedplants, animals. and surfaces.n Easily measured and mixed.n Less skin and eye absorptionthan ECs and other liquid formu-lations.Disadvantages:n Inhalation hazard to applicatorwhile pouring and mixing theconcentrated powder.l Require good and constantagitation (usually mechanical) inthe spray tank and quickly settleout if agitation is turned off.l Abrasive to many pumps andnozzles, causing them to wear outquickly,n Difficult to mix in very hard orvery alkaline water,l Often clog nozzles and screens.l Residues may be visible.Soluble owdersBP or uiSP)Soluble powder formulationslook like wettable powders.However. when mixed with water,soluble powders dissolve readilyand form a true solution. Afterthey are mixed thoroughly. noadditional agitation is necessary.The amount of active ingredient insoluble powders ranges from I.5 to95 percent; it usually is over 50percent. Soluble powders have allthe advantagesof wettable pow-ders and none of the disadvantagesexcept the inhalation hazardduring mixing. Few pesticides areavailable in this formulation,because ew active ingredients aresoluble in water.

MicroencapsulatedPesticides MIMicroencapsulated formula-tions are particles of pesticides(liquid or dry) surrounded by aplastic coating. The formulatedproduct is mixed with water andapplied a5 a spray. Once applied.the capsule slowly releases hepesticide. The encapsulationprocess can prolong the active lifeof the pesticide by providing atimed release of the active ingredi-ent.Advantages:n Increased safety to applicator.m Easy to mix. handle. and apply.n Releasespesticide over a periodof time.Disadvantages:n Constant agitation necessary ntank.n Some bees may pick up thecapsules and carry them back totheir hive where the releasedpesticide may poison the entirehive.Water-Dis rsibleGranulesDryFlowablesl(WDG r OF1Water-dispersible granularformulations are like wettablepowder formulations. except theactive ingredient is prepared asgranule-sized particles. Water-dispersible granules must bemixed with water to be applied.Once in water, the granules breakapart into fine powder. Theformulation requires constantagitation to keep it suspended nwater. Water-dispersible granulesshare the advantages and disad-vantages of wettable powdersexcept:n They are more easily measuredand mixed.l They cause ess inhalationhazard to the applicator duringpouring and mixing.


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FumigantsFumigants are pesticides thatform poisonous gaseswhenapplied. Some active ingredientsare liquids when packaged underhigh pressure but change to gaseswhen they are released.Otheractive ingredients are volatileliquids when enclosed in anordinary container and so are notformulated under pressure.Othersare solids that releasegaseswhenapplied under conditions of highhumidity or in the presenceofwater vapor. Fumigants are usedfor structural pest control. in foodand grain storage facilities. and inregulatory pest control at ports ofentry and at State and nationalborders. In agricultural pestcontrol. fumigants are used n soiland in greenhouses.granaries. andgrain bins.Advantages:D Toxic to a wide range of pests.n Can penetrate cracks, crevices.wood, and tightly packed areassuch as soil or grains.n Single treatment usually willkill most pests n treated area.Disadvantages:n The target site must be enclosedor covered to prevent the gas fromescaping.n Highly toxic to humans and allother living organisms.n Require the use of specializedprotective equipment. includingrespirators.

n Require the use of specializedapplication equipment.AdjuvantsAn adjuvant is a chemicaladded to a pesticide formulationor tank mix to increase ts effec-tiveness or safety. Most pesticideformulations contain at least asmall percentageof adjuvants.Some of the most commonadjuvants are surfactants -

surface active ingredients that

alter the dispersing. spreading. andwetting properties of spraydroplets.Common adjuvants are:n Wetting agents - allowwettable powders to mix withwater.n Emulsifiers - allow petroleum-based pesticides (ECs) to mixwith water.n Invert emulsifiers - allowwater-based pesticides to mix withpetroleum carrier.n Spreaders allow pesticide toform a uniform coating layer overthe treated surface.n Stickers - allow pesticide tostay on the treated surface.n Penetrants allow the pesti-cide to get through the outersurface to the inside of the treatedarea.n Foaming agents - reduce drift.n Thickeners - reduce drift byincreasing dropl

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1992 US Navy Basic Pest Management 177p