1986 National Waste Processing Conference 14

7/31/2019 1986 National Waste Processing Conference 14

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MNMZNG TRACE ORGANC EMSSONS FROM

COMBUSTON OF MUNCPAL SOLD WASTE BY

THE USE OF CARBON MONOXDE MONTORS

L HLGeshman Bckne and Baon nc

Washngon D.C.

ABSTRA

Emssons o ace oxc oganc compounds such aspoychlonaed dbenzodoxns (PCDD) and poychonaed uans (PCDF) om combuson o mu

ncpal sold wase (MSW) n muncpa wasecombusos MWC) have been ound o vay om aslow as 50 pg o ove 10 mg pe cubc mee. Laboaoy ess and undamenal knec heoy show hahemal desucon ecency o oganc compoundsdepends on empeaue me and oxygen concenaon Caculaons o combuson o muncpal euseeveal he ange o excess a and euse mosuewhn whch s possbe o manan he empeauesneeded o desoy oganc compounds Ousde o hsange when ehe oo much o oo lle excess oxygens povded a gea ncease n he poducs o ncomplee combuson s noed ncludng no ony dcuo measue ace oganc compounds such as doxnsand uans bu also cabon monoxde (CO) whch seadly measued n he pas pe mlon ange. Analyss o PCDD and PCDF daa om vaous pansconms ha hese emssons ae elaed no ony ouace empeaue oxygen concenaon eusemosue conen and a dsbuon bu also o heeecveness o he combuson conol sysem n mananng oxygen levels whn a naow ange. PCDDand PCDF emssons have been ound o be a ac

29

cepable eves when CO emssons ae mananed aess han ppm. hs ndng ndcaes ha connuous measung o CO s useu o ndng and mananng opmum combuson condons when bung

muncpa sod wase

BACKGROUND

Anayss o emssons om he combuson o muncpa sod wase (MSW) has eveaed he pesenceo ace amouns o polychlonaed dbenzo--doxns(PCDD) and dbenzouans (PCDF). he sk o publcheah o hese emssons om a numbe o appaenyweldesgned and opeaed eacoy and waewaeuse combusos has been esmaed and ound o beaccepable n eeence o cuen gudenes [1]. heac ha some muncpa wase combusos (MWC)have been ound o em much hghe uanes ohese hghy oxc poluans has ceaed uesonswhch ae beng addessed houghou he wod. hshas smuaed esng and analyss deced a ndngou how o oban and manan accepaby low evelso hese emssons so ha he peomance o manyexsng plans can be mpoved and ha o uuepans wl be sasacoy. Achac ncneaos whno combuson and emsson conos have been shudown n many counes.


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vew o pubc statemets that dox emssosae evtable ad caot be saely cotolled bypope desg ad opeato t has become mpeatvethat these doubts be addessed ad that satsactoymethods o assug optmum waste combusto beoud. Meas o cotuousy supevsg the peomace o waste combusto systems must be de

veoped ad povded so that egulatos ad the geeapubc ca have codece themal destucto techoogy.

Expeece othe combusto systems has showthat cabo mooxde (CO) s a sestve ad useuldcato o competeess o combusto ad destucto o ogac compouds uels ad waste mateals.hs has ed to the deto o (cabo) combustoececy tems o the ato o cabo doxde (C)to the sum o CO plus CO ad cuso o ths ato gudees ad eguatos 2 3]

t ca be show that thee s a sutabe eatoshp

betwee cabo combusto ececy ad the destucto o doxs ad uas so that CO ca seve as adcato o destucto o doxs ad othe tace ogac compouds the CO measuemets could beused ot oy to optmze combusto codtos butaso to povde cotuous supevso ad motogo euse combusto

vew o the act that ths use o CO measuemetshas become wdespead oss uel combusto ad hazadous waste combusto t s ogca that thspactce be exteded to the combusto o mucpalsold waste.

hee have bee may wags om hazadouswaste ceato opeatos that the elatoshp betwee CO eadgs ad the destucto ad emovalececy (DRE) o specc compouds s ot so smpe. addto a tedecy s oted o CO eadgsto "spke ude mometay upsets obvatg the useo CO eadgs o alam ad shutdow puposes.Rathe t ca be accepted as a dcato o goodcombusto. he desed age o CO eadgs wdeped upo the system to whch they ae appledad must be detemed by paametc testg o thesystem [4] ode to deteme the utlty o CO

measuemets MSW combusto actual opeatgdata must be examed ad aayzed

Ove the ast ew yeas moe ad moe data hasbecome avaable whch makes t possble to elatecombusto codtos to CO measuemets cocuet wth PCDD ad PCDF emssos. Whe completecombusto data s aso obtaed t becomes possbeto peom vauable aayses eatg boe outputoxyge cocetatos ad a ad gas ow ates, aswell as uace tempeatues (ude debeately o

130

eve accdetaly vaed codtos) to emsso data.hs makes t possble to develop cause ad eect eatoshps betwee the vaous paametes as wel assghts to ways ad meas o mpovg ad optmzg combusto codtos as evdeced by educed CO ad ogac emssos.

he pupose o ths pape s to peset data showg

the elatoshps betwee combusto codtosPCDD ad PCDF emssos ad CO measuemets.

CREATION AND DETRUION OF DIOXIN

AND FURAN

he chemca ketcs o combusto ad compouddestucto ae we udestood theoy ad o aaboatoy scale as show above. Howeve whe cosdeg the complex happegs dug combustoeve o ossl uels we ecogze the eve geate d

cuty o udestadg what happes whe hydocabos ae bued the pesece o chloeesutg emssos o chloated doxs ad uas Whle thee s much speculato o these mechasms thee s geea ageemet that whe subectedto appopate tempeatues oxyge cocetatosad esdece tmes these compouds ca be omedat ow tempeatues ad destoyed at hgh tempeatues to hgh destucto ececes [5]

Mass-Balances of PCDD and PCDF

ests at Hamto (SW ARU) Otao ude athepoo combusto codtos showed that the weghto doxs (PCDD) the euse suppled wee aboutthe same as the weght the gases leavg the boe6] Howeve the uas (PCDF) the euse weemuc lowe tha the PCDD ad about double thedoxs at the ext ceasg by about twety tmes.hs dcates that omato takes place somehowdug the pocess.

ests at Pce Edwad sad (PE) Otao o atwochambe staveda euse combusto showedthat the stack emssos o PCDD aveaged about 20%

o the PCDD the euse ed [7] Whle PCDF weeoy oud two gabage samples PCDF emssos

weeabout 50% geate tha PCDD emssos PCDDad PCDF wee measued the gases eteg theboe ad oud to be much owe tha those gasesleavg the boe. he pecus whch weeoughy ty tmes geate uatty behaved deety choobezees deceased ad chloopheolsceased

Oe expaato o these pheomea has bee


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oered by Vogg and Stiegitz, who investgated thethermal behavor of PCDD/PCDF on y ash obtanedfrom an ESP of a muncpa incinerator [8]. They foundthat when treated n an oven, at 572F (3C) a tenfold increase n PCDD occurred, that at 4C it wasreduced to one-quarter of the concentraton of theuntreated y ash,

932F (5C) to 1%, and to below

the detecton limit at F (6C).Whatever the theores of creation and destructon,

what matters ultatey are the actual emissons fromoperating uncipal waste combutors (MWC's), andthe measures which are eectve n reducing them toacceptabe evels.

CONDTONS REQUIRED FOR THE

DESTRUCTON OF PCDD/PCDF

Laboratory data shows that purey thera (non

ame) destructon of doxns begins at temperatures of12F (6C) and higher, provided sucient oxygenand retenton tie are available. These data are consstent with the fundamenta principes of checalknetcs 9]

Figure 1 shows that the therma destruction curvesfor a number of typcal chorinated hydrocarbons. Onsemiogarthmc coordnates these destructon curvesfolow a straight line. The nes for dibenzodoxns(PCDD), dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and bphenyls(PVC), are very simar. Decachlorobphenyl and hexachlorobenzene requires much hgher teperatures toacheve equa eves of destructon. t is worth notingthat the dierence in reacton temperature which isnecessary to compensate for retenton tmes of 0.5 and

4 sec s ony about 20C at 99.99% destructon eciency. Of greater signcance s the eect of oxygenconcentraton: whle 1365F (740C) is sucient toreach "four nines in ar (21% oxygen), about 1562F(850C) is indcated when the oxygen concentration sreduced to 25%. Under the condtons whch takepace in practica combustion systems, ost of theoxygen is consumed, and whie na oxygen concen

traton may average over 6% oxygen, there may bepockets whch have lower evels, or ndeed a lack ofsucient oxygen to permit compete combustion. Furthermore, we ay not be satsed wth four nines.Extrapolaton of the destruction curves beyond thedata (generaly limted to four nines) indicates that17F (9C) or more may achieve destruction toparts per mlion or greater, although at these owconcentrations of the polutants these extrapolationsmay not be valid

Since thermal destructon is ceary the resut of a

13 1

combnation of temperature, oxygen and tie, t woudseem that these conditions coud be provided n combustion systems f the right amount of ar s suppedat the right paces to bu the fue, with sucientixing of fue and ar. Ths ay not be a problem wththe quids and gases tested n the laboratory, but tcertainly ust be more dcult to achieve these con

dtons when buing municipal soid waste.The next question is, can unicipal waste be burned

in such a anner as to provide sucent temperature,oxygen and tme, rst theoretcaly, and secondy, actualy? The wde range of dioxin emissions from varous pants ndctates that achieving these idealcondtons is easer said than done.

Thortical Tmpratur of Combustion Products

What teperatures are theoretcaly possbe whenbung MSW? The temperature to which the productsof cobuston can be rased depends on the heat reeased by the fuel, the amount of combustion ar andthe moisture content of the fue The temperaturesresutng from combuston of combustbe sods andvoate gases can be cacuated by dvidng the heatreleased by the quantty and specic heat of the gaseousproducts of cobuston. Fgure 2 shows calcuatedproduct temperatures determied by oxygen contentof the product gases, excess of air suppled over thattheoretcaly needed to complete combustion (stochioetrc ar), and moisture content, for typical municipal refuse propertes [3] This temperature sapproxmately the temperature of the tip of the ame,hence s often called ame temperature. These temperatures can be increased by supplying preheatedcombuston ar, typcally by about 2F.

The peak temperature occurs with no excess air oroxygen. In actual combustion some excess air is neededto make sure that enough ar s avaabe in al ocatons, and to accelerate combustion wth excess oxygen.If less than stochometrc air is suppied, the temperature wl be less than the theoretical maximum, and

soe combustibe gases wl be produced. f more thantheoretcal ar s used, the teperature wl be less thanthe theoretca maxmum due to coolng by dlution ofthe gases.

t s cear that the amount of excess air whch canbe permtted wthout falng beow the requred temperature depends on the moisture content, and vceversa. The combustion condtons whch wil assuredestructon of doxins are thus lmted. The combustioncontrol system ust keep the combustion processwithin these constraints, as fuel feed rate and com


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(zz:watzWwcrwS

....

00 .. 100

10

10

0

. ,\\ DecachlorobiphenyBiphenyl

.

Dbe",Ofa

Dbezo--Dox

Hexaclorobenee

90

99

999

9999001 550 600 650 00 50 900 950 100050 500

XUR TMPRT'UR \,-

-

- -

:]--)

; PPM

. : 4.0 secondS \ , :

\ 1 c/ xge , :I

:

100 P

D. 00 100 1500 1600 100

FIG. DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS VERSUS TEMPERATURE, TIME ANDOXYGEN CONCENTRATION BASD ON UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON LABORATORY DAT 0

132

ZWw-;zw

WZof

WC


5/16

4/% s

% w

4%wfW 2


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ucts of combusto. Totally watecooled fuaces catoleate hghe ame tempeatues tha efactoy fuaces hece ca opeate wth less excess (o coolg)a As a cosequece they ca have smalle fuacesad povde shote eteto tmes usually 1 o 2 secto the 15F pot. Patally o fully efactoy ledfuaces povde moe esdece tme to each 5Feveal moe secods ae equed to cool the gasesdow to 12F. I ths tempeatue age oxdatoof CO ad othe poducts of combusto tapes oapdly. I summay 1 to 2 sec of eteto tme aeessetally "bult to ay type of efuse combustosystem hece eteto tme caot be cosdeed tobe a depedet vaable. Reteto tme ceasesat lowe g ates due to educed gas velocty butthe volume up to the 5F pot also deceases Reteto tme ceases as the watewalls become fouled.

Oxygen Concentration

Oxyge cotet s evdetly a majo vaable cethe combusto tempeatue eeded depeds o oxyge ad oxyge (wth ts assocated toge) s elatedto the tempeatue whch ca be acheved thee s asomewhat lmted age wth whch optmum codtos ca be acheved. As the combusto pocesstakes place the oxyge the combusto a s usedup educg the excess oxyge avalable to cotuethe eactos. Too much combusto a povdes am

ple oxyge but educes the esultg tempeatue ad

ca also quech the eacto. Reducg combustoa ceases tedeces to fom pockets whch aelackg sucet oxyge to complete the eactos.Fo these easos t s of utmost mpotace that combusto a be dstbuted vey caefully ode tomata optmum codtos thoughout the fuace.Pope toducto of ovee a ad shapg of thecombusto chambe ae ecessay to assue sucetmxg to make up fo less tha pefect dstbutoof a ad fuel o the fuel bed [].

The amout of excess oxyge avalable a combusto chambe whe t s mataed at a gve fu

ace tempeatue s aected by the efuse mostuecotet. Fuel mostue substatally aects the ametempeatue by educg the actual heat eleased bythe efuse ad by addg wate vapo to the gas volume.As efuse mostue ceases less excess a s equedto acheve the cotolled fuace tempeatue Theeduced oxyge avalable ceases the tempeatueequed fo compoud destucto. Hgh efuse mostue ca be compesated to a ceta extet by povdg peheated combusto a.

34

FAILURE MOES IN FLAME COMBUSTION

I ame combusto ogac compouds ae bokedow to the elemets mllsecods. Afte theame they efom: cabo oxdes to CO at st adthe CO s the oxded to cabo doxde (COJ. Laboatoy ame combusto tests show that specc compoud destucto o ceato afte the ame s

sestve to tempeatue excess oxyge ad tme aswth puely themal destucto. Ethe less o moetha the optmum oxyge esults "falue modes whch poducts of complete combusto cludgCO cease.

Fgue 3 shows typcal esults of emssos fomame combusto as the avalable combusto a svaed. Below of theoetcal a both CO adhydocabos (HC) cease suddely to hgh levelsAbove about 40 above the a theoetcally equedfo complete combusto emssos cease apdlyfo vaous easos cludg ame coolg ad by

passg of gases aoud the ame. I betwee these"falue modes of poo combusto a age of goodpefomace s foud. mla paabolc cuves aefoud fo may ogac compouds cludg gas olad coal.

Carbon Monoxide: An Indicator of Poor

Combustion

Fo a gve excess of combusto a CO emssosae hghe tha those of HC ad most ogac com

pouds dcatg that CO s moe dcult to destoyude the same codtos tha most othe ogaccompouds. It s geeally foud that ude combusto codtos whch destoy CO to low levels otheogac compouds ae eve moe completely destoyed. Ideed whe CO levels epeset 99.99destcto of the cabo the fuel othe compoudsae ofte foud to be destoyed to 99.99 to 99999

[13].

Due to the paabolc elatoshp betwee excessoxyge ad the CO emssos thee ae pots of equalCO o both sdes of the paabola at deet oxyge

cocetatos. The same s tue fo othe poducts ofcomplete combusto (PIC's) although the mmamay ot be at the same oxyge cocetato. It secessay to kow both the oxyge level ad the COlevel to deteme whee o ths cuve the pot ofopeato les. As a coollay t wou appea that byopeatg the combusto pocess ude oxyge cotol t could be held wth the age of optmumopeato that s mmum CO 4]. I case the mmum emssos of othe compouds dd ot cocde


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A Beee 3

E u I

3 3ere here A ere here A

FG CARON MONOXD HYDROCARON AND NZNMSSONS VRSS HORCAL AR SHOWNG FALR

MODS N LAORAORY FAM SS [2J

wih he CO miimm he pimm xyge ragecd be adsed si he her cmpds f ieres 4

The abve refereced labray sdies were carried iqid ad gases fes r hazards wases.The qesi is d hese priciples appy micipaslid wase? The aswer ms cme frm examiaif es daa frm acal wase cmbsi sysems

Range of PCDD and PCDF Emssons fom Varous

Plants

The al plychriaed dibez--dixis (PCDD)ad plychlriaed dibez fras (PCD) measredi sac gases f a mber f micipal wase cmbsrs are ised i Tabe The PCDD daa ragesfrm 9 pg 3 g r ver 6 1.

Addiia daa pis are pled i ig. 4 he daafrm Hami Oari refse-derived fel (RD)pla (SWARU) pls alg wih daa frm he 983ess f he Hamp V A mass-big pa [4The 982 ad 1984 daa frm Hamp rghy c

icide fllwig a diere rai bewee PCDD adPCD [5 16 ace emperares a may f hedaa pis shw he redci i dixis ad frasas emperares icrease. Emissis frm ChicagNhwes 17 Zrich (Swizerad) ad Sapelfed(Hambrg Germay) 1 are clse he zer axesf hese liear scales T dispay a wide rage f daaa lgarihmic scale sch as sed i ig. 5, is sef

Ms f he PCDD/PCD daa lies wihi apair f ies ragig frm PCD=PCDD PCD lXPCDD Pis represeig ess f e

35

diere icierars esed i Erpe msy i Ialy( shw) ie alg he lie PCDPCDD [ 18

Tw saved-air w chamber mdlar icierars(Price Edward Islad ad Rya bilee Hspiabh Csma desigs) have bee esed fr dixisad have simiar perfmace evelpes; he PE emissis cicides wih he Zich daa as ca be seei Table 2 7 9

igre 5 icdes daa 12 ess f he Des Carrieres icierar i Mreal 20. The daa baiedi Nvember fals a disicly diere red liefrm hse frm March prbaby de he seasaldierece i misre ce. r sme reas hePCD/PCDD rai is mch higher whe refse is dry.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OF PCDD AND PCDF

EMISSIONS

While we ca se hereica piciples i a aemp predic wha happes i cmbsi i is y esdaa baied frm refse cmbsi i fl-scae sys

ems which gives s idicais f wha acaly happes ad especiay wha happes whe vaisparameers are chaged

Early reprs f dixi ad fra emissi daa revealed a wide variai bewee plas ad geerallya mch arrwer variai wihi daa frm each spec pa. Obvisy sme plas held he vaiaiwihi a igher bad ad sme pas exhibied mchwer emissi levels ha hers. This was re fdixi daa baied frm y ash aaysis as wel asaayses f sac emissis 2


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TABLE 1 POLYCHLORINATED DIOXINS AND FURANSEMITED BY VARIOUS PLANTS

PlantLoca ion

Typ!'ul

Hpon, VA MSW

amon NT Y

coa, C MSW

hcago IL MSW

any NY HD!

Zrc SW MSW

I T MW

Saple MSW(amg)

WPA dRDF

Montr, Q MW

peDDng/m3

Max. 130Mn. b7

Max 1,70Ml 13

Mn 15Max 297

Mn 3Max bl

Avg. 3

Avg 13

Mn b2Max 23

Max. 40Mn 2

Max bMn b

March 74 3

CD! OLng/m3 COD'S

24 37,3 3b7

, 74 53

41 b3bbb 9b3

433 4b49 451

9 22

95 15'{

1b 279

12 b

9 11

24

2 32

.4 219 3

.Corrctd "o unpd congns y npoa.

Fy Ash Parameric Tesing

In a hghl sgnan es of a waerwall nneraorn Frane samples of olleed ash (from he oulehopper of he prepaor) were olleed durngperods of me whle opeang ondons were mananed as onsan as possble a a number of operangondons [22. A rng raes rangng from mnmum

o maxmum he overre ar was adjused o mananseveral de oxgen onenraons as measured nhe boler oule Fl ash samples were aen from heprepaor hopper durng eah run and analses forPCDD/PCDF The doxn onenraons of asholleed were deermned for eah operang ondon

Fgure 6 shows he oal PCDD onenraon nhe ash samples ploed as a hreedmensonalshee revealng he somewha omplex relaonshpbeween ash PCDD boler oupu and oxgen measured a he boler oule I s lear ha redung he

oxgen from 14% o 12% resuled n a drama dropn doxn levels Also nreasng boler load redueddoxns

Of parular neres are he parabol-shaped vallewhh progresses wh redued oxgen and nreasedseam oupu; he enral pea; and o he rgh aonnuous reduon o low levels of PCDD Thsperformane haraers ma be he resul of mananng a onsan ar suppl o he grae whh s noan unusual operang prae The opmum on

136

14

12

_,10 00_; . Italy

. / "

135 / ";1 rb ";1 /" //; : i 240/ ", .340 i ! I i / "

_, 1456 / 200 6 ;' . l/ "

/ "! . / ,

"

500;F1400i /0Holand'4

r/34O ./'

./

Nbro Denmark (3rd es)

2

. Chicago

o 2

ng/nM

4 6

TOAL PCDD n3

0000

8 0

FIG. 4 STACK EMISSIONS OF PCDD PLOTED VERSUSPCDF FOR VARIOUS PLANTS AND OPERATING

CONDITIONS AND FURNACE TEMPERATURES: LINEAR

PLOT

dons appear o be a loads far above hose onsderedob normal operaon

Mulvarae ess suh as hese mae possble odagnose he operaon of he plan o nd ause andee relaonshps whh an be used o mprove operaon The queson whh mus be ased here show ould he operaors or he onrol ssem of hsplan now how o adjus he onrols so ha PCDDemssons would be ep a a mnmum sang awafrom rouble areas? Oxgen alone would no have beensuen For eah load here mgh be a derenonrol seng

Comprehensive Diaosic Tes of Combusion

Parameers

The rs se of omprehensve refuse ombusondaa nludng dealed gas ow analss emperaureproles and sa gas omposon daa as well asrefuse analss and analss of ah and sa gaswas obaned a he SW ARU plan n Hamlon Onaro [6] Ths plan bus oarseshredded magne-


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:8zzzL

TOTAL DIOXNS - NANOGRAMS/CUBIC MEER

Hampton

Hamion,

$Qq,Chicago Northwes _

QSapefeld Hambug Pince Edward Isand bany (RDF)

Q

q

PC oal ioxins

PCOGRAMS/CBIC MEER

FIG LOGARITMIC PLOT OF STACK EMISSION OF PCDD VERSUS PCDF FOR VARIOUS PLANTS ANDOPERATING CONDITIONS

::(

caly eparaed refuederved fue (RDF) Tee ewere performed n a marx, incudng four run under

"norma operang condon (a praciced pror oe eng program) and oer run weren overrear condion were deberaey e o condon faroude of normal operaon Te daa from ePCDD/PCDF dagnoic e own n Table 2.

approxmae deniion of e operaing curve of plan, ence are gy ignican Te oer weve

run al bu one a ful load, ow performance reung from opening variou e of overre ar damper Run 1 1 and 17 w e upper and lower backdamper alf open ad e lowe CO and PCDD andPCDF emon a ful load.

Te four run performed under wa were condered o be normal condion (no overre ar), repreenwo repcae e eac coning of a run a emnmum pracca load [9, 3 and a normal oad 12 24 Tee e condion repreen e ful rangeof pracca operaion of e pan, and provde an

137

Furnace Temperature Versus Dxn and CO

Emssns

Te lower fuace emperaure and correpondngPCDD emon of e 9 and 3, and 2 and 24


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TABL 2 DIAGNOSTIC TSTS OF AMILTON,ONTARIO RDF-FIRD BOILR

RN HOIL OVFE TEMP . "t CO UG/M3Da


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E V FURE EERURE (F)

iIaaIzo

g

10

5

05

FURNCE TMPRR DGRS

IG 7 PCDD EISSIONS RO DIERENT TESTS ATVARIOUS PANTS VERSUS URNACE TEPERATURE

O g 7, daa rom or o the ve 93 Hampors le o a strog red e dcag, wh he194 daa, a mmm po a abo Thstemperare was measred he pper par o heace al cases, ad may be several hdred degrees ess ha he ame emperatre

Daosc Tess o TwoChamber SarvedAr

Combusor

Uder he Naoa Iceraor Tesg ad Evalao Program (NITEP) o Evromet Caada,comprehesve tesg o a Cosma-desged ceraor was carred o a Prce Edward Isad 7.The averaged TCDD daa rom hese ess (r rpcate) s ploed agas the accraey measredsecodary chamber emperare g. 7 The TCDdaa (o show or cary) shows he same red. Theor tess were r rplcae at the owes ad hghest practca temperares ad two orma temperarers wh dere oadg me cyces

140

ABON MONOXID AND OXYGNIN MISSIONS OM I STAK TSTS

\

\ 2 ml

I

I\

\

! ; \ I! ; Albny & m

15()

IG CARBON ONOXIDE EISSIONS VERSUSEXCESS OXYGEN, RO TESTS O REUSE

COBUSTION IN VARIOUS PANTS

Correlaon o PCDD Emssons Wh Furnace

Temeraure

The PE data shows a reatvey at red wh emperare, as compared wh he Hampo ad Hamlo daa, dcag tha emperatre s o hemg actor dox emssos. The PCDD emssos were oly slghy hgher a 14 tha heoma , ad doble those a he maxmm o19

or comparso, daa pos repored by Beeat,based o mmm rather ha average ace emperatre repored drg samplg, are show g7 The red e he hgh temperare rage hashe same reverse correlao as he 193 Hampo daa.The oher Beea pos show a >araboc shapesomewha agreeme wh wo pos rom ess othe Tsshma, apa pa 24, 25

I s remarkabe o ote he degree o agreemebewee ses o daa rom deret plats bg RD


13/16

and aw MSW n aveng gae and ecipocangsokes wh saved-a wo-chambe and single funace excess ai sysems A en-o-one dieence in emissons s seen n Fg 7 ndcang consdeabe oomfo opimzaon and impovemen since i includesMSW RDF and pans n apan Iay anada and

he US The epoed Des aiee doxn emissions shown

n Fg 5 ae exemely ow The funace empeauewas epoed o be 3501450F (732790) dunghose ess: hese empeaues wee measued beyondhe pimay fuace and do no eec ame empeaue I mus be emphasized ha fuace empeauesae measued n dieen paces n vaious plans andcanno eadiy be compaed wh daa fom ohepans Placemen of undee and ovee ai aso hasa beang on fuace empeaues and he eaonshp o ame empeaue

Correlaton of PCDD and CO Essons

PDD daa fom he Hamon ess he 984 essaHampon and he PE ess ae ploed vesus cabon monoxide n Fig 9 on ogahmic coodinaes inode o encompass he wide ange of daa hicagoand Sapefed PDD leves ae shown agans heepoed ange of O eadings

The aveaged O eadings of he PE ess shownn Fg 9 anged fom 33 o 67 ppm dung hese ess

Snce he pons ae so close ogehe no coeaonend s discenable lose scuiny of he daa showsa coeaon wih efuse mosue

The denion of combuson ecency (o cabondesucion ecency) is a smple funcion of O andO hence can be maked aong he scale wh ONoe ha he O measuemens a PE and fom ohepans wih simiay low O emssions epesen abou995% combusion ecency Snce doxns and fuannpu measuemens have no meanng he desucion ecency canno be measued

Carbon onode Essons Fro Cobuston

I shoud no be supising ha he paaboc cuveof O vesus oxygen whch s found wh coal andohe fossil fue combusion is also found in efusebuning Howeve wih coal minimum ai is used oachieve maximum ecency wheeas adonaly efuse was buned wih excessive a n ode o poecefacoy fom sagging condons Today he endin efuse buning is owad minimum ai since hisinceases plan eciency and powe poducion

14

Fgue 8 shows O daa fom seveal ess of efusecombusos ploed agans he oxygen concenaonin he boie oue gases The Hamlon daa shows acea educon n O as oxygen is educed owad0% The Albany [26 Hampon and hcago daashow asympoic appoaches o zeo O as oxygen

goes below 8%I is mpoan o ecognze ha he oxygen mea

sued in he sack does no necessaily indicae whahas happened n vaious sages of he combuson pocess

abon monoxide can be poduced by wo basicmehods: ame quenchng and oxygen savng Whenovee ai is njeced ino ames in excessive quanies can quench he ame and poduce O Evenwhen sucen oal a has been injeced by he imehe ame has bued ou i may also happen ha nsome ocaions he combusion on o above he gae

was subjeced o ehe excessive o decen ai andha O was poduced eihe way If he gases ae nopopey mixed hey can escape he fuace wihoubeing popely bued o eaced Thus we nd doxnsand fuans and ohe hydocabons (H) aong wihO n he emissons Ovee ai may be added beyondhe ame zone o cool he gases wihou nuencinghe combusion

The Iportance of Stabe Control of Cobuston

The sabiy of conol s an impoan faco n

minimizing emissions due o ncomplee combusonMnimum emssons ae acheved as long as he oxygenconcenaion s held wihin he opmum ange buise apidly on ehe side of hs ange Fgue 0 showsa sip cha ecodng funace empeaue oxygenand cabon monoxde The sudden dop n oxygen canbe seen o poduce a song spike in O whch falso when he oxygen is back ino ange This MRused funace empeaue o conol he feed eavinghe a xed This pacice was changed o oxygenconol wh a maked mpovemen in pefomance

SUARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Vaious mehods have been used o pesen and analyze emisson daa fom combusion of efuse n emsof opeaing paames such as feed ae funace empeaue and a disibuon on oxygen cabon monoxde and ace oxic compounds such as doxins andfuans measued in he gaseous combusion poducs

The wde ange of emissons of doxins and fuansepoed fo vaious ypes of efuse combusion sysemscan be paialy explained by he funace empeaues


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Wors

0000Hampton (Massburn) ;eo0:./

1984 Tess " o ; Hmilto (RDF)@ / 19

/1 5

1 /@ 7000

NG/M3

00

Best

/+ - - - - - + lba NY

iia Hia

iFuans _(PCDF) ,

- PEl (Consuma)985

Doxnse--

--- agSafld ++

COCE + CO

OFA = Ovefie A

0.259999

COMBUSTION EFFI CI ENCY , PERCE

999 990

0

0 0 00 000 0000

PARTS PER MILON OF CARBON MONOXDE

FG LOGARTM PLOT OF PDD VERSUS ARBON MONOXDE DE AND OMBUSTON EFFENY FROMVAROUS TESTS

bu a dsbuo ad ohe facos ae aso mpoa. Fuace empeaues ca be cacuaed fom akowedge of efuse composo, especay mosue,ad excess a 3 28.

Thee appeas o be a cosse eaoshp bewee cabo mooxde ad dox emssos. Somees daa shows ha a dsbuo ad mosue cachage hs eaoshp.

Excess oxyge s eaed o emssos of CO eheoo e o oo much combuso a causes a cease CO; hee s a med age of oxyge a whchmmum CO s acheved.

The CO emssos fom efuse combuso have a

paaboc eaoshp wh excess oxyge due o fauemodes of oo e, oo much o mspaced combusoa, sma o hose obseved ame combuso ofqud ad gaseous hydocabos ad coas.

Tess of MCs dug whch paamees ae debeaey maaed ad sysemacay vaed eveahe eaoshps bewee empeaue, excess oxyge

142

ad mosue o emssos of CO ad ace ogacssuch as doxs ad fuas.

Iceasg fuace empeaues beyod a ceapo has o bee foud o educe dox emssosA some po oxyge coceao ad ohe facosappea o become moe mpoa.

A supped o adjus fuace empeaue shoudo b apped such a way ha ca quech heame o ohewse aes he compeo of combuso.

Chages efuse mosue coe ed o shf heopmum excess oxyge coceao. CO eadgsmay be usefu as a dcao of he eed fo hs shf.

Smaesae oed bewee efuse combusos ofdee ypes dee coues, ye majo deeces emssos ae aso appae, dcag deeces he eecveess of a dsbuo, fuaceshape, ad combuso coos. Thee s evdeycosdeabe oom fo mpoveme ad opmzaoof hese facos.


15/16

8 ; . ,

/ . ' " Fuc tt

Cw

,. .\

'/

y

# 1 V ' 1 v 1 1

i\ 1 v " 1 l " O concnton" 1 \

8

1

D

CO concton

pp

FG 0 STP HAT DNG F FUNA TMPATU XYGN NNTATN AND ABNMNXD NNTATNS WH FUNA TMPATU NTLLNG (SYSAV MALM) [2]

he level of dxn and fran essons fro a largegro of nal wase obsors has been eval

aed for healh rsk and fond o be a or belowhresholds of one

Irovng nal wase obsor desgn oeraon and onrol an ake ossble o oban andanan o obson ondons and nze essons of rae ox organ oonds shas doxns and frans

Led es daa ndaes ha for a gven obson syse ongraon and oerang ode adre relaonsh exss beween CO and PCDD andPCDF essons If hs relaonsh an be deonsraed CO easreens an be sed as ndaors

of o obson eeny and ndoxn essons

Chars roded by onnos onorng of frnae eerare exess oxygen and CO show haCO s a sensve ndaor of se ondons andha here s a range of exess oxygen whn whhn CO an be aheved and ananed

Carbon onoxde easreens aear o be seflas an ndaor of he ondons whh rode doxns. By sng CO onors for ozaon of desgnand oeraon as well as for onnos onorng of

143

refse obson syses shold be ossble oassre goveen agenes and he general bl ha

onssn and hgh obson eeny and n essons of rae ox oonds for bengaheved.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENS

he ahor wshes o aknowledge asssane re

eved n obanng he daa and referene aeralsnlded n hs aer as well as sor and enorageen fro Carolne onhe . C. Lee ArPlley C. C Lee ony Laa Clnon e ohn

rog ak Laber Maore Clarke Abe Fnkelsen Helen Hasselrs Dave Sssan Shva GargBarry Cooner (who rased any of he sses hahad o be deal wh) and any ohers.

REFERENCES

[1] Koheim C, Hasselriis, F eiss N, Fishbei A adLevi S. "Evalatio of the isk of Dioxis ad Fras from thePropos Brkly Navy Yard esorce ecovery Faciity Brkly New York: Koheim ad Ketcham March 1985


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[2] Hasseliis, F "Relationship Between Municipal RefuseCombustion Conditions and Trace Organic Emissions 78th AnnualMeeting of APCA, Detroit, June 1985

[3 ] Hseliis, F "Thnical Guidance in Regard to MunicipalWaste Incineration New York State DEC, Albany, 1985.

[4] Daniels, S. L , Johnson R. A , and Wilson, . D "Signicance of Major Gaseous Species in Combustion and Destruction ofHazardous-Waste Constituents AIChE Annua Meeting, Chicago,I , Nov. 198 5.

[5] Shaub, W "Technical Issues Conceed with PCDD and

PCDF Formation and Destruction in MSW-red Incinerators.NBSIR 84-2975 Gaithesburg, Maryland: U.S Dept of Commerce,NBS, Novemr 1984

[6] Environ, Ltd "Rert on Combustion Tting Programat the SWARU Pant, Hamiton-Wentwoth ARB43ETRD Ontario Ministy of the Envronment, Air Resources Branch, January1984

[7] "Optimization and Testing of Prince Edward Island Incinerator. NITEP, Environment Canada, 1985.

[8 Vogg, H , and Stieglitz, L. "Thermal Behavior of PCD D/PCDF in Fly Ash from Municipa Incinerators. Submitted forpublication in Chemosphere, 1985

[9] Lee, K. C., et "Revised Mode for th e Prediction of theTime Temperature Reqirements for Thermal Destruction of DiluteOrganic Vapors and Its Usage for Predicting Compound Destructability APCA, New Orleans, June 1982.

[1 0 Duvall, D S , and Ruy, W S "Laboratory Evaluationof High Temperature Destruction of Poychloinat Biphenyls andRelated Compounds Cincinnati, Ohio University of Dayton Research Institute, USEPA, MERL, December 1977.

[ 1 1] Pollack, H, "Improved Relationship Betwn Operationof a Municipal Incinerator and Dioxin Emissions Thnische Mitteilungen, ISSN 4439, May 1, 1985, p. 249

(1 2) Seeker, W R, Kramlich, J C , et al "Laboratory-scaleFlame Mode Study of Hazardous Waste Incineration. Presentedat Nineth Annual Research Symposium, Solids and HazardousWaste Division, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 983

1 3] Staley, L. J. "Interim Report on PIC Minimization in aResearch Combustor EPA//2-85/082, ORD/USEPA, Cincinatti, Ohio, 1982

[1 4] Haile, C L , Blair and Stanley "Emissions of PCDD andPCDF from a Resource Rovery Municipa Incinerator USEPA/RTP, 1983

1 5] Haile, Blair, Lucas and Walker. "Assessment of Emissionsof Sic Comunds from a Resource Recovery Municipal RefuseIncinerator Washington, DC: USEPA, Oce of Pesticides andToxic Substances, May 1984

[ 6 Nunn, A. B, et "Emissions of PCDD and PCDF froma Resource Recovery Municipal Incinerator Env. Sci. Res. Lab.,ORD, USEPA, RTP, 1983

1 7] Haile, C. L, Stanley, Lucas, Melroy, Nulton, and Yauger"Pilot Study of Information of Specic Compounds from Combus

1

tion Sources. EPA5/5-83- Washington, D.C USEPA, Ofce of Pticides and Toxic Substances, June, 1983

[1 8] Kidd, Johanna "Emissions from Municipal Incinerators.Prepar for Urban Activiti Division, Industria Programs Branch,Environment Canada

[19] Bumbaco, M. J. "Report on a Stack Sampling Programto Measure the Emissions of Selected Trace Organic Compounds,Particulates, Heay Metals and HC from the Royal ubilee Hospitalincinerator, Victoria, BC Environmental Protection Programs Directorate, Ottawa, Ont, April 1983

[20] Boisoly, J. "Measurement of Emissions of PCDD andPCDF from Des Carrieres Incinerator in Montreal Report EPS5 / UP/ RQ/ - , Air Polution Division, Environment Canada, Decemr 1984

[21] Hasselriis, F. "Variability of Municipal Solid Waste andEmissions from Its Combustion ASME-SWPD Conference, Orando, Florida, June 1984.

[22] Gonnord, M F "Measurements of Dioxins in Waste Incineration Plants. ecycling nteational, Berlin, 1984, p. 53 Alsocommunication with F. W Karasek, Univ of Waterloo, Ontario,Canada.

[23] Commoner, B., et "The Origins and Methods of Controling Polychlorinated Dibenzo--Dioxin and Dibenzofuran Emissions from MSW Incinerators 78th Annual Meeting, APCA,Detroit, Michigan 985.

[24] Benfenati, E Chemosphere 12, no 9, 983: 1 15 11 157[25] Niessen, W R "Pruction of PCD D and PCDF from

Resource Recovery Faciities. In Pceedings ofthe ational WastePcessing Conference New York The Amercan Siety of Mechanical Engineers, 1984

[26] NYS DEC. "Repot on Sheidan Avenue RDF Pant.Albany, New York Bureau of Air Toxics, Division of Air Resources,NYSDEC, 1985.

[27] Bergstrom, J , and Lundqvist, Joan "Operational Studiat the SYSAV Energy from Waste Plant, Malmo, Sweden SwedishEPA SNV PM 1 807, une 1983

[28] Hasseriis, F "Refuse-derived Fuel Processing Boston:Butterworths, 1985

Key Wo: Carbo Mooxide; Combsio;Dioxis; Emissios; ras; Icieraors; Moisre; Micia Soid Wase (MSW); MiciaWase Combsors (MWC); Oxge; PCDD;PCD; Trace Orgaics

Documents

1986 National Waste Processing Conference 14