1973 - Ludwig, Persinger & Ossenkopp - Archives Fur Meteorologie, Geophysiks Und Bioklimatologie - Physiological Effects of Electromagneti

7/30/2019 1973 - Ludwig, Persinger & Ossenkopp - Archives Fur Meteorologie, Geophysiks Und Bioklimatologie - Physiologica

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Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl., Ser. B, 21, 110--116 (1973)@ by Springer-Verlag 1973

551.586P h y s i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c F i e l d s i n t h eE L F R e g i o nII. A Review1W . Lu dw ig, M . A. Persinger, and K .-P. OssenkoppReceived August 28, 1972

S u m m a r yRecent investigations on physiological effects of pre- and neo-natai exposureto an ELF rotating magnetic field on rats show that considerable changes inthe behavior and in thyroid and testicle weights are to be found. The possiblereaction mechanism is discussed in detail, but there is no final concept.The present experiments, especially those concerned with the conditionedresponses of rats that had been exposed during various phases of pre- and neo-natal development, characterize the general findings to date and problems to besolved. A possible influence of ELF fields on the growth of the nervous systemsuggests interesting consequences in the development of the organism far fromthe surface of the earth.

ZusammenfassungPhysiologische Wirkung elektromagnetischer W ellen bei t iefen Frequenzen.Historischer Uberblick und gegenw~irtiger Stand der Forschung. Teil II1Die neuesten Forschungen fiber den pr~i- und perinatalen Einflut~ yon ELF-Wellen anf Ratten bzw. Rattenembrios zeigen, daf~ eine erhebliche Anderungdes Verhaltens und eine starke Ver~inderung des Driisengewichtes, insbesonderedes der Schilddrfise, die Folge sind. Denkbare Wirkungsmechanismen der ELF-Wellen werden ausf/ihrlich diskutiert, ohne dat~ endgiiltige Vorstellungen gewon-hen werden k6nnen.Die noch laufenden Experimente, insbesondere Untersuchungen bedingter Re-flexe yon Ratten, die w/ihrend verschiedener Phasen der Embryonalentwicklungausgesetzt waren, sollen noch offenstehende Fragen kl~iren. Ein m6glicher Ein-flut~ der ELF-Wellen auf das Nervenwachstum wiirde weitreichende Konsequen-zen auf die Entwicklung yon Organismen fern yon der Erdoberfl~iche haben.

By M. A. Persinger and K.-P. Ossenkopp.


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w. Ludwig e t a l . : PhysiologicaIEffects of ElectromagneticFie lds . II. 111O n e i n t e r e s t i n g a r e a o f E L F r e s e a r c h t h a t h a s o n l y r e c e n t l y b e e ni n v e s t ig a t e d is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p h y s i o l o g ic a l a n d b e h a v i o r a l c o n -s e q u e n c e s o f p r e n a t a l e x p o s u r e t o t h e s e f i e l d s . T h e r e i s n o d o u b tth a t t h e d e v e lo p in g o rg a n i s m i s v e ry s u c e p t ib l e t o s u c h e n v i ro n -m e n t a l f a c t o r s a s i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , h o r m o n e i n j e c t i o n s , o r n u t r i -t i o n a l d e f i c i t s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t o h a v e l o n g l a s t i n ge f f e c t s o n t h e b io c h e mis t ry , c y to - a r c h i t e c tu r e , p h y s io lo g y a n d b e -h a v io r . I n t h e CNS ( c e n t r a l n e rv o u s s y s t e m) a lo n e , d u r in g t h ed e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e f e t u s t h e r e a r e m a n y p r o c e s s e s w h i c h m i g h t b ei n f l u e n c e d b y E L F o r V L F e x p o s u r e . C e l l s m i g r a t e f r o m t h e i r p r o -l i fe r a t i v e m a t r i c e s , a x o n s g ro w b y p ro c e s s e s (w h ic h a r e s ti ll u n -c lea r ) to pa r t icu la r ce l l nuc le i , and chemica l sys tems (e . g . , ca techo la -min e s , t r y p to p h a n s ) a s s o c i a t e d w i th l a t e r a d u l t b e h a v io r a l c h a n g e sa r e b e i n g s y n t h e s i z e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . F r o m t h e e q u a t i o n sd e v e lo p e d in p r e v io u s p a p e r s [ 13 ], f o r e x a m p le , ELF a n d V LF wa v eb a n d s c o u l d h a v e t h e c a p a c i t y t o a f f e c t a x o p l a s m i c t r a n s p o r t b ym o d i f y in g s u ch p ro c e s s e s a s a x o n a l p e r i st a ls is , a x i a l g r a d i e n t s o fo x y g e n p e r m e a b i l i t y , o r m i c r o t u b l e c y t o p l a s m i c s t r e a m i n g . T h ep re v io u s r e a c t i o n i s t r i g g e re d b y c a l c iu m io n s [1 2 ] , wh ic h a c c o rd in gto Lu d wig ' s e q u a t io n s c a n b e a l t e r e d b y ELF a b s o rp t io n . Lo g ic a l l y ,f e r r i c a n d o x y g e n s y s t e m s a r e a l s o c a n d i d a t e s f o r E L F p r e n a t a leffec ts .P e r s i n g e r , O s s e n k o p p a n d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a tp r e n a t a l e x p o s u r e t o a 0 . 5 H z , 0 . 5 - - 3 0 g a u ss ( 1 0 - 4 V / m ) r o t a t i n gm a g n e t i c f i e ld (RM F ) c a n r e s u l t in a v a r i e ty o f b e h a v io r a l a n dp h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s . R a t s t h a t h a d b e e n e x p o s e d c o n t i n u o u s l yd u r i n g t h e i r p r e n a t a l d e v e l o p m e n t t o t h i s E L F f i e l d , b u t r e m o v e d a tb i r th , s h o w e d l ess a m b u l a t o r y b e h a v i o r b u t g r e a t e r d e f e c a t i o n i n a no p e n f i e ld t e s t [ 1 4 , 1 6 ] . I n a f r e e -o p e ra n t a v o id a n c e s i t u a t i o n , wh e reth e a n ima l c o u ld p o s tp o n e a n e l e c t r i c s h o c k b y p r e s s in g a l e v e r , t h eEL F -R M F -e x p o s e d r a t s s h o w e d s ig n i f ic a n t ly le ss b a r p r e s sin g , b u tr e c e iv e d s im i l a r n u m b e r s o f s h o c k s r e la t i v e t o c o n t ro l a n im a l s [1 8].S u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e s e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e ELF -e x p o s e d r a t sw e r e a t t e n u a t i n g t h e i r b e h a v i o r o r " f r e e z i n g " i n t h e p r e s e n c e o fa v e r s iv e s t imu l i , P e r s in g e r a n d P e a r [ 1 9 ] t e s t e d ELF -e x p o s e d a n dc o n t ro l r a t s i n a c o n d i t i o n e d s u p p re s s io n t a s k , a s i t u a t i o n i n wh ic ha n y " f r e e z i n g " o f o n g o i n g b e h a v i o r w o u l d b e a m p l i f i e d . I n t h i st a s k t h e r a t s we re t r a in e d t o p r e s s a l e v e r a t a r e g u l a r r a t e f o r f o o dr e i n f o r c e m e n t . T h e d e l iv e r y o f t h e f o o d w a s c o n t i n g e n t u p o n a p r o -g r a mme d v a r i a b l e i n t e rv a l s c h e d u le [2 ] . On c e t h i s wa s e s t a b l i s h e d ,t h e h o u s e l i g h t i n t h e o p e r a n t t e s t c h a m b e r w a s t u r n e d o f f f o r f o u rm i n u t e s t w i c e p e r t e s t s e s s i o n . T h e f o u r m i n u t e p e r i o d o f d a r k n e s s


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112 w . Ludw ig et al.wa s c a l l e d t h e CS ( c o n d i t i o n e d s t imu lu s ) . W h e n th e a n ima l s h a dh a b i t u a t e d t o t h i s c h a n g e o f s t i m u l i a n d h a d r e s u m e d r e g u l a r r e -s p o n d in g th ro u g h th e s e s s io n , a m i ld 0 . 5 s e c o n d s h o c k wa s d e l i v e r e da t t h e e n d o f t h e C S p e r i o d s . T h e e x p e r i m e n t e r s p r e d i c t e d t h a t i ft h e d a t a w e r e c o n s i s t e n t , t h e E L F - R M F - e x p o s e d r a t s s h o u l d s h o wm o r e d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e i r o n g o i n g r e s p o n s e r a t e s t h a n c o n t r o l sd u r i n g t h e C S . I n t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t s , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t d u r i n g t h ef i rs t f e w p a i r i n g s o f CS wi th e l e c tr i c s h o c k , t h e e x p e r im e n ta l a n im a l sd i d s h o w s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e s u p p r e s s i o n o f r e s p o n s e r a t e d u r i n g t h eCS p e r io d s . Co n s e q u e n t p a i r i n g s a t t h is s h o c k in t e n s i t y re s u l t e d i ns imi l a r s u p p re s s io n r a t e s i n t h e c o n t ro l g ro u p s . P e r s in g e r a n d P e a rc o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e d a t a i m p l i e d a n i n c r e a s e i n a u t o n o m i c r e a c t i v i t yto n o v e l o r a v e r s iv e s t imu l i , i n c lu d in g t h e a n t i c ip a t i o n o f a v e r s iv es t i m u l i , b y t h e E L F - R M F - e x p o s e d a n i m a l s . S u c h b e h a v i o r h a s b e e nt e r m e d a s i n c r e a s e d " f e a r f u l n e s s " , " e m o t i o n a l i t y " o r " a n x i e t y " .S in c e s im i l a r b e h a v io r a l p a t t e rn s h a v e b e e n s h o wn to b e a s s o c i a t e dw i th h y p o th y ro id - l i k e c o n d i t i o n s [3 , 4 , 5 ]. O s s e n k o p p , Ko l t e k , a n dP e r s in g e r [ 1 5 ] e x a m i n e d t h e t h y r o i d t is s ue o f R M F - e x p o s e d a n dc o n t ro l r a t s . Th e y fo u n d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n r e l a t i v e t h y ro idwe ig h t i n t h e e x p e r ime n ta l a n ima l s , r e l a t i v e t o c o n t ro l s . I n a d d i t i o n ,t h e RM F -e x p o s e d r a t s a l s o s h o we d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n r e l a t i v et e s t i c l e we ig h t s . No s ig n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s we re n o t e d i n b lo o d s u g a ro r c i rcu la t ing eos ino ph i l cou n t leve ls . Os sen ko pp [14], sugges t ingth a t s u c h c h a n g e s mig h t b e r e s id u a l e f f e c t s o f a n e a r l i e r h y p o th y ro ids t a t e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r e n a t a l R M F e x p o s u r e , r e c o r d e d t h e e y eo p e n in g , t e e th e ru p t io n , a n d s t a r t l e r e f l e x d e v e lo p me n t i n r a t p u p sf r o m R M F a n d c o n t r o l l i t t e r s . H e f o u n d n o c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e n g r o u p s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s t a r t l e r e f l e x d e v e l o p m e n t , b u ts i g n if i ca n t r e t a r d a t i o n o f t e e th e r u p t i o n a n d e y e o p e n i n g i n t h eR M F - e x p o s e d p u p s . T h e l a t e r t w o p r o p e r t i e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o fr e l a t i v e h y p o th y ro id a n ima l s . I f t h e s e e f f e c t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t , t h e nd e f in i t e c h a n g e s i n t h e CNS a s we l l a s o th e r p a r t s o f t h e b o d y mig h th a v e o c c u r r e d a ls o. I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t t h y r o i d e c t o m y a t b i r thr e su l ts i n h y p o t h y r o i d - i n d u c e d d is r u p t i o n o f g r a n u l e c e ll m i g r a t i o na n d P u rk in j e c e l l d e n d r i t i c a rb o r i z a t i o n i n t h e c e r e b e l lu m [1 0 ] a b b e r -r a n t c y to a r c h i t e c tu r e i n s o m e c e r e b ra l c o r ti c a l l a y e r s, a n d a l t e r a t i o n sin cho l ines te rase [6 ] and o the r chemica l sys tems [10] .O n e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e h y p o t h y r o i d - l i k e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a d u l tr a t s t h a t h a v e b e e n e x p o s e d p r e n a t a l l y t o t he E L F - R M F m a y bef o u n d i n t h e r e s u l t s o f a d u l t e x p o s u re t o t h e s e f i e ld s . P e r s in g e r ,G l a v i n a n d O s s e n k o p p [ 2 0 ] r e p o r t e d t h a t a d u l t e x p o s u r e t o t h e0 .5 H z 0 . 5 - -3 g a u s s o r 3 - -3 0 g a u s s f ie ld wa s a s s o c i a t e d w i th d e -


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Physiological Effects of Electrom agneticFields in the ELF Re gion . II. 113creased t h y r o i d w e i g h t s a n d b e h a v i o r s m o r e c h a r a c te r is t ic o f r el a ti v ehyperthyroidism. I f, i n t h e p r e g n a n t f e m a l e R M F e x p o s u r e p r o d u c e da n i n c r e a s e i n t h y r o i d c h e m i c a l s w h i c h a l t e r e d t h e f e t a l e n v i r o n -m e n t , t h e n a t b i r t h w h e n t h e n e o n a t e i s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e f i e l d a n dmo th e r ' s c h e mic a l s y s t e ms , a n e t h y p o th y ro id l e v e l ( r e l a t i v e t o c o n -t ro l s ) ma y h a v e d e v e lo p e d . Th e s p e c i f i c p h y s io lo g i c a l me c h a n i s m b yw h i c h t h i s o c c u r s i s u n c l e a r . I n b o t h p r e n a t a l a n d a d u l t e x p o s u r es i t u a t i o n s , t h e t h y ro id i s a f f e c t e d . Ho we v e r t h i s d o e s n o t o b v ia t et h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f e n d o c r i n e - f e e d b a c k s y st e m s , e sp e c ia l ly t h e h y p o -t h a l a m i c - h y p o p h y s i s s y s t e m . A l t h o u g h t h e f o l l i c u l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o no f c o l l o i d i n t h e t h y r o i d m a y f i t t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r V L F , i f n o t E L Fa b s o r p t i o n , L u d w i g [ 1 3 ] h a s c a l c u l a t e d th a t t hi s e f f e ct s h o u l d b es e c o n d a r y . T h e m a j o r e f f e c t , a c c o r d i n g t o h i s e q u a t i o n s s h o u l do c c u r w i t h i n t h e m o r e d e n s e l y v a s c u l a ri z e d a n d n e u r o n a l l y p a c k e dp i t u i t a r y o r a d j a c e n t h y p o t h a l a m i c n u c l e i . I n f a c t , t h e b e h a v i o r a la n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s n o t e d i n a d u l t r a t s e x p o s e d t o t h e E L Ff ie l d w h i c h w e r e a s c r i b e d t o p o s s ib l e t h y r o i d c h a n g e [ 2 0 ] h a v e b e e ns h o w n t o o c c u r f o l l o w i n g s t i m u l a t i o n o r l e s i o n i n g o f t h e h y p o t h a -l a m i c - p i t u i t a r y c o m p l e x [ 7 ] . C o n c e i v a b l y , e x p o s u r e o f t h e p r e g n a n tf e m a l e t o t h e E M F - R M F c o u l d re s ul t in p i tu i t a ry a n d c o n s e q u e n tt h y r o i d a l c h a n g e s, w h i c h c o u l d b e c o m m u n i c a t e d to t h e f e tu s a f t e rp r e n a t a l d a y 1 9 [1 , 1 1] . D i r e c t e f f e ct s o n t h e f e t a l h y p o th a l a m ic -p i t u i t a r y s y s t e m a l s o s e e m s p o s s i b l e , a l t h o u g h t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o nr o u t e s ( m e d i a n e m i n e n c e ) b e t w e e n t h e h y p o t h a l a m u s a n d p i t u i t a r yd o n o t m a t u r e i n t h e r a t u n t i l s o m e d a y s a f t e r b i r t h ( w h e n t h ea n i m a l s h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t h e f i e l d ) .O n e f i n a l p o i n t c o n c e r n i n g p r e n a t a l e x p o s u r e t o E L F f ie ld s m a yb e o f i m p o r t a n c e . I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d f r o m t h e a r e a o f r a d i o -b i o l o g y ( i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n ) t h a t t h e t i m e o f p r e n a t a l e x p o s u r e t oth e i o n i z in g s o u rc e r e s u l t s i n d i f f e r e n t CNS a n d p e r ip h e ra l e f f e c t s ,d e p e n d i n g o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t c o n d i t i o n o f t h e t i s s u e - c h e m i c a ls y s t e ms a f f e c t e d . S imi l a r ly , e x p o s u re t o ELF -RM F c o n d i t i o n s o nf e t a l d a y s 1 3 - - 1 6 a n d p o s t - n a t a l d a y s 1 - - 4 r e s u l t e d i n d i f f e r e n tb e h a v io r s . I n a n u n p u b l i s h e d d o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n [1 7 ] , P e r s in g e rt e s t e d r a t s o n a d e l a y e d c o n d i t i o n e d a p p r o a c h t a s k . Th i s t e s t i n gs i tua t ion , d eve lop ed by M . F . H a lasz [8 ] u ti l izes the s tep , im pulse ,a n d r a m p s ig n a l p r o c e d u r e s o f s c h e d u le c h a ng e . A p p l i c a t i o n s o f s u c hc h a n g e s in r e i n f o r c e m e n t s ch e d u le s a r e a s s o c ia t e d w i t h transient re -s p o n se s w h i c h c a n d i f f e r e n ti a t e p o p u l a t i o n s o f a n i m a l s t h a t a r e n o td i s c r im in a b le b y mo re s t a t i c s c h e d u le p ro c e d u re s [ 9 ] . Es s e n t i a l l y , i nt h i s p r o c e d u r e r a t s w e r e t r a i n e d t o p r e s s a b a r f o r w a t e r r e w a r d i nt h e p r e s e n c e o f a t o n e a n d n o t t o p r e ss t h e b a r d u r i n g t h e a b s e n c e o fArch. Met. Geoph. BiokL B. Bd. 21, H. 1 8


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114 W. Lud wig e t a t .t h e t o n e . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e ra ts e x p o s e d t o t h e R M F o n p r e n a t a ld a y s 1 3 - - 1 6 s h o w e d m o r e r e s p o n d i n g d u r i n g t h e n o - t o n e p e r i o dt h a n c o n t r o l r a ts o r R M F - n e o n a t a l l y e x p o s e d r a ts . A w e e k la te r, h a l fw a y t h ro u g h t h e s e s si o n , a 1 0 s e c o n d d e l a y w a s i n s t i tu t e d i n as t e p - l i k e m a n n e r s o t h a t w a t e r r e w a r d n o w w a s d e l a y e d f o r 1 0s e c o n d s a f t e r t h e o n s e t o f t h e t o n e . T h e p r e n a t a l l y e x p o s e d R M Fra t s d i d n o t d i f f e r f ro m t h e i r c o n t ro l s w i t h r e sp e c t t o r e sp o n se se m i t t e d d u r in g t h e d e la y p e ri o d . H o w e v e r t h e ra t s t h a t h a d b e e ne x p o s e d t o t h e E L F - R M F d u r i n g t h e i r f i r s t t h r e e p o s t - n a t a l d a y s ,s h o w e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r r e s p o n s e n u m b e r s d u r i n g t h e d e l a yp e r i o d t h a n c o n t ro l s o r th e p re n a t a l a n i m a l s. T h i s e f f e c t w a s t ra n -s i e n t a n d a t t e n u a t e d o n t h e c o n se q u e n t s e s s i o n . S u c h d e c re m e n t s i ni n h ib i ti o n o f r e s p o n d i n g d u r i n g t h e n o - t o n e ( n o r e w a r d ) p e r i o d sh a s b e e n a s so c i a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n fo r e b ra i n , i n c l u d i n g t h a l a m i ca n d h y p o t h a l a m i c t r a c t c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e c o r t e x , w h i c h w e r e m a x i -m a l l y d e v e l o p i n g d u r i n g p r e n a t a l d a y s 1 3 - - 1 6 . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,s u c h b e h a v i o r f o l l o w i n g t h e i n p u t o f a s t e p - d e l a y h a s b e e n s h o w nt o b e m o re c h a ra c t e r i s ti c o f c h an g e s i n th e c e re b e l l u m , c e r t a in p a r t so f w h i c h ( ve rm i ) w e r e m a x i m a l l y d e v e l o p i n g d u r in g n e o n a t a l d a y s1- -4 . In s tud ies tha t a re s t i l l i n p rogress , t he co r t i ces o f ce rebe l lumsi n r a t s t h a t w e r e e x p o s e d n e o n a t a l l y t o t h e R M F d o n o t d i f f e rs ign i f i can t ly in t e rms o f ce l l l aye r ing o r fo rmat ion a t t he g ross l eve lf ro m c o n t ro l a n i m a l s . H o w e v e r , s in c e t h e t h y ro i d i s i m p l i c a t e d i nt h e e f fe c t , t h e m a j o r c h a n g e s sh o u l d b e w i t h d e n d r i t i c a rb o r i z a t i o no f t h e P u rk i n j e c e l l s , w h i c h h a v e n o t b e e n s t a i n e d t o d a t e . O n t h eo t h e r h a n d , it w o u l d b e p r e d i c t e d t h a t th e d a y 1 3 - - 1 6 p r e n a t a la n i m a l s s h o u l d s h o w m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s i n t h e f o r e b r a i n , p a r -t i c u l a r l y i n t h e h y p o t h a l a m i c -p i t u i t a ry s t ru c t u re s .W i t h r e sp e c t t o t h e e ff e c ts o f n a t u ra l ELF a n d V LF fr e q u e n c i e s u p o nt h e d e v e l o p i n g n e rv o u s sy s t e m a n d e n d o c r i n e -b l o o d sy s t e m s , l i t t l e i sk n o w n . N o d o u b t t h e p r e g n a n t f e m a l e i n n a t u r e i s n o t c o n s t a n t l ye x p o se d t o h i g h l e v e l s o f ELF f i e l d s a n d i t i s n o t k n o w n t o d a t ee x a c t l y h o w l o n g e x p o s u r e m u s t t a k e p l a c e o r a t w h a t t i m e o f fe t ald e v e l o p m e n t b e fo re a n e f f e c t is n o t i c e a b l e e it h e r in c o n s e q u e n tb e h a v i o r o r p h y s i o l o g y . T h e a b o v e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t e x p o s u r et o ELF f i e ld s b e fo re b i r t h c a n h a v e d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s t h a n a f t e r b i r th ,w h e n t h e n e o n a t a l e l e c t r i c a l a n d e n d o c r i n e sy s t e m s a r e b e g i n n i n gt o fu n c t i o n b y t h e m se l v e s a n d m a y b e e sp e c i a l l y su c e p t i b l e t o o u t -s i d e s t im u l i . I t s e e m s p la u s i b l e f ro m b o t h t h e o re t i c a l a n d e m p i r i c a ld a t a t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o rs c o u l d a c c o u n t f o r s o m e o f t h e" n o r m a l p e c u l i a ri ti e s " o f C N S c y t o a rc h i te c t u re . M a n y e x p e r i m e n t sh a v e s h o w n t h a t c e l l s w i t h t h e s a m e g e n o t y p e o f t e n s h o w d i f f e r e n t


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Ph ys io lo gica l Ef fec ts of Elec t rom agn et ic Fie lds in the ELF Reg ion. I I . 115p h e n o t y p e s . F o r e x a m p l e , V a n d e r L o o s [2 1] n o t e d t h a t 1 5 - - 2 0 ~o f t h e p y r a m i d a l c e l l s i n t h e m a c a q u e ( a n d o t h e r s p e c i e s ) w e r e i m -p r o p e r l y o r i e n t e d o r i n v e r t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e i r c y t o lo g i c a l p e e rs .In t e g ra t in g th e se d a t a w i th o th e r s tu d i e s , J a c o b so n [1 2 ] i n d i c a t e sth a t t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f d e n d r i t e s i s l a rg e ly i n t r i n s i c a l ly d e t e rmin e df o r e a c h c l a s s o f n e u r o n s , b u t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e a x o n a l g r o w t hi s m o r e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s . P e r h a p s o n e s o u r c eo f t h e se c h a n g e s i s i n t h e ma g n e t i c - e l e c t r i c a l e n v i ro n me n t . T h esu c c e s s o f t h e s tu d i e s t o d a t e sh o w th a t t h e i n v e s t ig a t io n o f E L Fa n d V L F o f f e r s m a n y n e w o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f u t u r e w o r k w h i c hm o s t c e r t a in ly w i l l p ro v id e i n t e r e s t i n g in s ig h t i n to t h e r e l a t i o n sh ipb e t w e e n c o s m o s a n d m a n .References

1 . Ca r pe n t e r , E . : D ev e l opm en t o f the Fe t a l Ra t Th yr o i d w i t h Sp ec i a l Re f e r encet o U p t a k e o f R a d i o a c t i v e Io d i n e . J . e x p . Z o o l . 142, 2 4 7 - - 2 5 7 (1959).2 . Fe r s t e r , C .B . , and B . F . Sk i nne r : Schedule s o f Re i n f o r cem en t . A p p l e t on -C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , N . Y . , 1967.3 . Feue r , G . , and P . L . Br oa dhur s t . Th yr o i d Fu nc t i on i n R a t s Se l ec ti ve ly Br edf o r E m o t i o n a l E l i m i n a t i o n . I . D i f f e r e n c e s i n T h y r o i d H o r m o n e s . J . E n d o c r i n .24 , 127- -136 (1962) .4 . Feue r , G . , and P . L . Br oa dhu r s t : T hy r o i d Fun c t i on i n Ra t s Se l ec ti ve ly Br edf o r E m o t i ona l E l i m i na t i on . I I . D i f f e rences in T hy r o i d A c t i v i ty . J . Endo c r i n .24 , 253- -262 (1962) .5 . Feue r , G . , an d P . L . Br oa dhu r s t : Th yr o i d Fun c t i on i n Ra t s Se l ec ti ve ly Br edf o r Em ot i ona l E l i m i na t i on . I I I. Beh av i o r a l and Phys i o l og i ca l Chang es a f t e rT r e a t m e n t w i t h D r u g s A c t in g o n t h e T h y r o i d . J . E n d o c r i n 24, 385--396(1962).6 . G ee l , S . E . , and P . S . T i m i r a s : I n f l uence o f N eon a t a l H y po t hy r o i d i sm andof Th yr o x i n e on t he A ce t y l cho l i nes te r a se and Ch o l i nes t e r a se A c t i v i ti e s i n t heD e v e l o p i n g N e r v o u s S y s t e m o f t h e R a t . J . E n d o c r i n . 80, 1069- -1074 (1967) .7 . G r os sm ann , S . P .: P hys i o l og i ca l Psycho l ogy . John W i l ey & Sons , N .Y . , 1967.8 . H a l a s z , M . F . : A B e h a v i o r a l E v o k e d R e s p o n s e : P r o b i n g t h e S t a b i li t y o fD e l a y e d C o n d i t i o n e d A p p r o a c h w i t h I m p u l s e - L i k e C h a n g e s o f R e i n f o r c e m e n tSchedule . C an ad ian J . Psych. 22, 229 - -243 (1968).9 . H a l a sz , M. F . , K . R . H ughes , D . R . H um pher ys , and M. A . Pe r s i nge r : Rad i o -g e n i c C e r e b e l l a r M a l f o r m a t i o n : E l i c it a ti o n o f B e h a v i o r a l T r a n s i e n t s t o U n -m a s k C o m p e n s a t e d D e f i c i t s o f O p e r a n t L e a r n i n g i n R a t s . A m e r i c a n Z o o t .

10, 23 (1970).1 0. H a m b u r g h , M . : T h e R o l e o f T h y r o i d a n d G r o w t h H o r m o n e s i n N e u r o -genes is . I n : C ur r en t Top i c s i n D eve l opm en t a l B i o l ogy , p . 109- - 148 . N e wY o r k : A c a d e m i c P r es s , 1969.1 1. H o m m e s , F . A . , C . W . W i l m i n k , a n d A . R i c h te r s: T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f T h y -r o i d Func t i on i n t he Ra t . B i o . N eona t . 14, 69- -73 (1969) .

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116 W. Ludw ig et al .: Physiological Effects of E lectrom agn etic Fields. I I.12. J acobson , M. : Deve lopmenta l Neurobio logy . New York : Hol t , R inehar t& Winston, 1970.13. Ludwig, H .W .: Der Einfluf~ yo n elektromagnetischen Tiefsffrequenz-Wech-selfeldern a uf h6he re Organismen. Biomed. Tec hnik 1 6 , 67--72 (1971) .14. Ossenk opp, K.-P .: Ma turat io n and Ope n Field Behavior in Rats E xpose dPrenatally to a Low Intensity ELF Rotating Magnetic Field. Psychol. Reports

3 0 , 371--374 ( i972) .15. Ossenkopp, K.-P , , W.T. Koltek, and M .A . Pers inger: Prenata l Exp osure toan Extremely Low Freq uency -Low Intens i ty Ro tat ing M agne t ic Field andIncrease in Thyroid and Testicle Wight in Rats. Develop. Psychobiol. S,275--285 (1972) .16. Persinger , M.A.: Open-Field Behavior in Rats Exposed Prenatally to a Low

Intens i ty-Low Frequency Rotat ing Magnet ic F ie ld. Develop. Psychobiol . 2 ,168--171 (1969) .17. Persinger, M. A.: Pre- an d N eo- nat al Ex pos ure to 1019 and 0.5 H z Electro-magnet ic F ie lds and Delayed Condit ioned Approach Behavior ! Unpublisheddo ctora l dissertation. University of M ani tob a, Winn ipeg , 1971.18. Persinger, M .A ., and W. S. Foster : ELF R otat ing M agn etic Fields. Arch.Met. Geoph. Biokl. , B, 1 8 , 3 6 3 - - 3 6 9 (1970).19. Persinger, M . A., and J. J . Pear: Prenatal Ex posu re t o an ELF R otati ngM agn etic Field and Subsequent Increase in Co nd itiona l Suppression. DevelOp.Psychobiol. 5 , 269--274 (1972) .20. Pers inger, M.A . , G.B . Glavin, and K.-P . Ossen kopp : Physiological Chan gesin A dult Rats Ex posed to an ELF Ro tat ing M agnet ic F ield. Inter. J . Bio-meteor . 16 , 163--172 (1972) .21. Van der Loos , H. : The Improper ly Or iented Pyramidal Cel l in the CerebralCortex and I ts Possible Bearing on Problems of Growth and Ceil Orien-ta tion . Bu l l . John Hopkins Hosp . 117, 228--250 (1965) .

A uth ors ' addresses: D r. W olfg an g Ludwig, Elektromedizin, D-2000 No rde rsted t 3,Posffach 13 49 , Federal Rep ublic of Ge rm any ; Prof . Dr. Michael A. Persinger,Envi ronmenta l Psychophys io logy Labora tory , Depar tm ent o f Psychology, Lauren-t ian Univers i ty , Sudbury, Ontar io, Canada; Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp, Depar tmentof Educa t ion , Univers ity o f Mani toba , Winnipeg , Mani toba , Canada .

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1973 - Ludwig, Persinger & Ossenkopp - Archives Fur Meteorologie, Geophysiks Und Bioklimatologie - Physiological Effects of Electromagneti