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Truman/Ike
Truman-”To Secure These Rights” report on rights of blacks Get equality in Armed Forces thru executive
order Desegregate federal civil service (gov’t jobs)
Continue with plan to gain equality
Ike not interest in civil rights/equality “social harmony not social justice” 1950-Sweatt v. Painter
Separate but equal professional schools not equal Need to integrate IKE-no action
Jim crow lawsKeep blacks withoutPolitical & economicPower!
Emmitt Till 1955
Chicago teenager visiting his relatives in Mississippi
Lynched—brutally killed because he talked to a white woman White men tried but not convicted
Case reopened in 2003 Charges filed, but not enough evidence
Brown v. Board of Ed. Topeka, KS1954
Supreme Court more liberal
Run by Justice Warren
Congress won’t legislate integration so SC has to “judicial activism”
Brown v. Board of Educ.
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal is ok
Brown decision “separate but equal is inherently
unequal”==segregation is unconstutional Must desegregate with all due speed!
By 1964—only 2% of blacks were integrated Hard fought fight to integrate
Little Rock School Crisis 1957
Key Players:Gov. Orval Faubus-no integration-brings Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration
Little Rock 99 students selected to attend Little Rock HS in the fall of 1957
Ike-doesn’t like integrationBut doesn’t like Fed. Gov’t to be ignored
Ike’s Response
Sends troops to protect the Little Rock 9
Faubus’ actions-Direct challenge to federal authority
Results:Brutal treatmentSome last the yearSome graduate
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Ike-”the mildest civil rights bill possible” Commission to investigate violations of
Civil rights Fed gov’t to protect voting rights
Doesn’t happen
20% of eligible black voters registered to vote Less than 5% registered in Mississippi & Alabama
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1957
Leader-Martin Luther King jr. Mobilize power of black churches on
behalf of black rights Strengthen community & the ability to
fight back Peaceful protests—not violence
Montgomery Bus Boycotts 1955
Key players:Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King Jr.Help publicize boycott & help keep the calm
Reasons for boycott:Blacks must sit in the back of the busBlacks must give up their seat to a white person
Results of Boycott
Lasts almost one year
Bus company almost goes bankrupt
City leaders refuse to negotiate
Finally-start integration