World War II1931-1945

Causes of WWII

WWIInstabili

ty in Europe

Rise of Dictator

sWWII

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

At the end of WWI- Germany was forced to agree to a harsh peace treaty.

Treaty was decided by the “Big Four” (victorious countries at end of WWI).

1. Germany’s army was reduced (no troops west of Rhine River)

2. Germany had to accept blame for starting the war

3. Germany forced to pay $33 Billion in war reparations to the Allies (victorious nations).

Poland & Czecholoslavakia were given land containing German speaking people.

Rhineland established as DMZ

Rise of Dictators Benito Mussolini

Italy Fascist –

aggressive nationalism; nation is more important than individual

Anti-Communist

Black shirts Il Duce – The

leader

Vladimir Lenin Russia Bolshevik

Party Communist United Soviet

Socialist Republic (USSR)

Died 1924 replaced by Joseph Stalin

Adolf Hitler Germany Nazi Party Anti-

Communist Mein

Kampf – German Unification

Fuhrer – the leader

1923-Beer Hall Putch

Adolph Hitler

After release from prison, Hitler changed his tactics= focused on getting Nazis elected to the Reichstag (German Parliament).

When the Great Depression hit- many German people began voting for radical parties (Nazis)

By 1932- the Nazis were the largest party in the Reichstag

1933- German President named Hitler Chancellor (Prime Minister)

Hitler called for new elections= Reichstag voted to give Hitler dictatorial powers

1934- Hitler became president= “Fuhrer”- leader

Japan – Rise of Militaristic power Economic trouble

(Depression) hit Japan; had to import nearly all resources needed to produce goods.

Japanese military officers blamed corrupt politicians

1931- Japan invaded Manchuria (Japanese Prime Minister was assassinated)

The military took over the government of Japan from that point= Prime minister Tojo

Emperor Hirohito

Goal = territorial expansion

American Neutrality

1. Tradition of Isolationism

“It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign world”

- Farewell Speech – GW

- - Avoid international commitments that would drag US into war

American Neutrality

2. Horrors of WWI

Europe always entangled in wars

American Neutrality

3. Nye Committee Investigation into reason

why US entered WWI Blamed weapons

business Contributed to isolationist

attitude of Americans Neutrality Act of 1935

▪ Illegal to sell arms to any country at war

** all neutrality acts allow president to decide which countries are at war!!

INTERNATIONALISM

Idea by FDR Trade between

nations creates prosperity and prevents war

US should be at the helm of trade & preservation of peace

However – most Americans were isolationists

Japan invades Manchuria

1931- Japan invaded Manchuria (territory claimed by China)

FDR sold weapons to China

Claimed that the Neutrality Act of 1935 does not apply because China & Japan never declared war

Hitler militarizes Germany

1935- Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty by announcing the construction of a new air force & new draft.

European leaders tried to negotiate with Hitler

War Begins

Austrian Anschluss - 1938 Unification of Austria & Germany

Sudetenland – 1937 Hitler wanted to annex part of Czechoslovakia that

contained German speaking people Czechoslovakian government resisted

France promised to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia & USSR promised aid; Britain promised to defend France

* The Munich Conference (1938) Leaders of Britain, France, Italy, &

Germany met in Munich to discuss Czechoslovakia

Europe’s leaders gave in to Hitler’s demands for Sudetenland= told Czechoslovakia that if it wanted to defend itself it could do so alone

Appeasement- giving in to demands British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain-

“We have achieved peace in our time”. March 1939- Germany invaded all of

Czechoslovakia

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact USSR & Germany

Agreement Agreement to not fight or

attack each other Hitler- avoid war with Soviet

Union Stalin protection through

encouraging war between capitalist nations

A shock because Hitler & Germany Anti-Communist & Stalin hated Nazism

Freed Hitler to attack Poland without repercussions from USSR

Germany invades Poland

Oct 1939- Hitler demanded Danzig-Part of Poland

March 31, 1939- Germany Invaded Poland

“Blitzkrieg”-Lightning war German offensive using

large numbers of tanks to rapidly surround an enemy

**France & Britain declare war on Germany September 3, 1939

France Falls Sept. 1940- Japan,

Italy, & Germany form a formal alliance=* Axis Powers

Maginot Line Defensive fortifications

built by the French on the German border

Miracle of Dunkirk On the English Channel Evacuation Route of

338,000 men June 22, 1940, France

surrenders

19

GERMAN TROOPS ENTER PARIS

Great Britain Winston Churchill

British prime minister Peace not an option

Luftwaffe German air force

The Battle of Britain 1939 – 1941 Battles between Luftwaffe

& British Royal Air Force (RAF)

British RAF successfully prevented a German ground invasion of Britain.

Radar New technology to detect

Luftwaffe before bombings

Battle of Britain

US Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1937- arms embargo to nations

at war Allow warring nations to

pay cash for non-military supplies & carry it home on their own ships.

1937- FDR’ s Quarantine Speech-

“When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease”.

Neutrality Act of 1939 Warring nations could buy

weapons from the US on cash & carry basis

“Cash & Carry” for war materials

*Destroyers for Bases Deal (1940) Spring 1940- FDR allowed the transfer of old US

destroyers to Britain in exchange for right to build US bases in British controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, & Caribbean islands.

July 1940- most Americans favored some aid to Allies

America First Committee- isolationist group (Charles Lindberg- member)

Committee to Defend America – increase US aid but stay out of the war

Fight for Freedom Committee- end US neutrality take strong action against Germany

24

3RD TERM PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO

ROOSEVELT

Four Freedoms Speech

FDR speech to CongressLists 4 freedoms the US & Britain

stand for Freedom of Speech Freedom of Worship Freedom from Want Freedom from Fear

US Gears Up For War * Lend Lease Act (Dec. 1940) Britain was out of money

US would be able to lend or lease arms to any country considered vital to the defense of the US

* June 1941- Germany invaded USSR= U.S.S.R. joined the Allies

Hemispheric Defense Zone Roosevelt declare the entire western half of the

Atlantic a part of the Western Hemisphere & therefore neutral

The Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941) Agreement between Roosevelt & Churchill allowing for

post-war world democracy with non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas

Pearl Harbor

US embargoes Japan (1937) To discourage attacks on British possessions

Roosevelt began sending aid to China Japan threatened British colonies in Pacific Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets Roosevelt sends General MacArthur to

build up US forces in the Pacific Arms Race while negotiating **December 7, 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

“A Day that will live in Infamy”

December 8, 1941 – Roosevelt asks Congress to declare war

December 11 – Germany & Italy declare war on US

29

The Holocaust

Chapter 20 Section 3

Nazi Persecution of Jews

Hebrew word for Holocaust= “Shoah”

Nazis Killed nearly 6 million European Jews killed

Other groups targeted: disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavic people

Hitler did not invent prejudice towards Jews-he played upon prejudices that had existed in Europe for centuries.

Nazi Persecution of the Jews

1935- *Nuremberg Laws- took German citizenship away from Jewish Germans.

Other laws- forbade Jews from certain professions or public office

Jewish people had to adopt Jewish sounding names

Passports were marked with a red J.

1936- half of Germany’s Jews were jobless

1938- banned from practicing law or medicine

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) Nov. 7,1938- a young

Jewish refugee shot & killed a German diplomat in Paris.

Nov. 9, 1938- Hitler ordered staged attacks on Jews & Jewish businesses & synagogues (Kristallnacht)

90 Jews dead, hundreds injured, 7500 businesses destroyed, 180 synagogues burned

Kristallnacht- “night of broken glass”

Jewish Refugees try to escape 1933—1939- 350,000 Jews escaped Nazi

controlled areas Albert Einstein came to the US Otto Frank (resettled in Amsterdam ) (Anne

Frank)Factors that limited Jewish escape: 1. Nazis forbade Jews to take more than $4 out of

Germany2. US law did not allow immigrants in who might

need government assistance3. High US unemployment4. Anti-Semitic attitudes

The St. Louis Incident- May 1939 SS St. Louis holding 930 Jewish refugees were prevented from docking in Cuba & the US= TURNED BACK TO Europe & passengers most likely died in the Holocaust.

The Final Solution Jan 20, 1942- Nazi leaders met

at *Wannsee Conference to determine solution to the ‘Jewish question”.

Made plans to round up Jews in Nazi controlled Europe & send them to detention centers.

Two types of centers: Concentration Camps (Work

camps)- Buchenwald largest work camp- 200,000

prisoners Extermination Camps

(Auschwitz) Est. 1.3 million killed there

African Americans At WarChapter 21 section 1Executive Order 8802

No discrimination in the defenseWorkplaces or government positions

**Double V Campaign African Americans should join the military in

order to achieve a double victory – over Hitler’s racism & racism at home

Tuskegee Airmen African American fighter pilots Played an important role in Italy campaign

Chapter 21 Sec. 1

Americans Sacrifice

Office of Price Administration (OPA)- regulated the lives if US civilians; froze wages, rents, and rationed meat, sugar, gas, rubber.

Blue Points/ Red Points- rationing program run by OPA; coupons allowed US families to buy quantities of rationed goods.

Victory gardens- grown by civilians to conserve food items.

Paying for the war1. Bonds- government promoted buying of war

bonds (series EE Bonds)2. US raised income taxes ** US industries did booming business= the war

ended the Depression in US1944- Unemployment practically gone

Workers at War Cost Plus Contracts- used to encourage businesses

to make war material; Gov’t promised cost of production plus % profit.

War Production Board Set priorities & production goals to control distribution

of supplies Fair Employment Commission

Created to enforce Executive Order 8802 *Bracero Program

200,000 Mexicans to work in the US on farms & maintaining railroads for the war effort

Became basis of migrant workers in US**Sunbelt – Southern cities began to lead manufacturing

The Great Migration African Americans continued to move into cities to

fulfill jobs

American Industry Gets the Job Done

By Summer of 1942- almost all major industries had converted to war production

US auto industry played an important role (1/3 of all war materials produced)

Built rifles, planes, jeeps, tanks etc. Henry Ford- built B-24 Liberator (Detroit) Henry Kaiser (Liberty Ships)- welded

instead of riveted= strength.** US industrial output ALONE by 1944 was

twice that of the AXIS POWERS.

Building an Army

1940- Selective Service & Training Act – 1st peacetime draft in US History.

Life in the Military Recruits go through 8 week basic training Military was segregated African-American units led by white officers Early on-blacks assigned to non-combat duties* US troops had little war experience- suffered

fewer casualties than any other country

Women At War

Women’s Army Corp Nation’s first women

officers

*Rosie the Riveter Symbolized working

women during the war Women working in place

of boys serving overseas

Became national icon in changing views of women in the workplace

Race in America

Detroit Race Riots Violence that left 25 African Americans & 9

whites deadZoot Suit Riots

Racism against Mexican Americans

Japanese American Relocation Americans suspicious of Japanese Pressured FDR to place all Japanese decent

into internment camps

45

JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

THE DOTS REPRESENT THE LOCATION OF THE CAMPS

Japanese - Americans

**Korematsu v US Argued over internment

camps & civil liberties Ruled constitutional

because of military urgency

442nd Regimental Combat Team All Japanese-American

battalion most decorated in WWII

Japanese American Citizens League Aided Japanese Americans

who had lost property during the relocation

47

The Navajo Code Talkers helped maintain security by transmitting orders in a Navajo code that the Japanese were unable to break in the Pacific

The Philippines Fall

Two major battle fronts during the war: 1. Pacific 2. Europe *Admiral Nimitz

In charge of the Pacific Navy Fleet for US General Douglas MacArthur

In charge of American forces in the Philippines Decided to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula/ ordered

to leave & escape to Australia ( “ I shall return” ) *Bataan Death March

78,000 American soldiers & Filipino soldiers captured

Captured & forced to march to prison camps 65 miles away

Thousands die

Bataan Death March

“They’d halt us in front of these big artesian wells. . . So we could see the water and they wouldn’t let us have any. Anyone who would break for water would be shot or bayoneted. Then they were left there. Finally, it got so bad further along the road that you never got away from the stench of death. There were bodies laying all along the road in various degrees of decomposition – swollen, burst open, maggots crawling by the thousands.”

50

Luzon

The Doolittle Raid – April 18, 1942

Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle Command of the 1st bombing

mission to Tokyo B-25 Bombers

Able to make it all the way to Tokyo if they took off from aircraft carriers

Many bombers did not make it to China on the fuel they had

71 of 80 crew members survived

*** Was an instant morale booster for the US Forced JAPAN to realize they had to

destroy US fleet in Pacific

The Early Pacific Battles

Japanese Goal 1. Capture New Guinea & invade Australia to cut

US Pacific supply lines2. Attack Midway Island, lure US navy in, kill it

Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942) Japanese sank USS Lexington &

damaged the Yorktown US attacks forced Japan to call off

invasion of New Guinea & Australia*Significance- US supply lines in Pacific

stay open

Battle of Midway

THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR WITH JAPAN

June 4-7, 1942

*Midway Island Decoded that Japanese were to attack The last American held island in the Pacific An ambush was created US air force destroyed the majority of the Japanese

fleet of ships (4 large carriers) **Ended the Japanese offensive attacks in the Pacific

54

U.S. CARRIER DIVE BOMBERS PREPARE TO STRIKE JAPANESE CARRIERS AT MIDWAY

Island Hopping *Strategy in the Pacific

developed by Admiral Chester Nimitz

By pass Japanese Pacific strongholds, take weaker islands—then isolate island strongholds with Arial bombardment & attacks

Advancing closer to Japan

Mariana Islands B-29 Super

fortresses used once this island was captured

Bombings on Japan occurred from these islands

56

MidwayMarianas

African Campaign

Chapter 21.2b Invasion of North Africa : Morocco & Algeria

“Operation Torch”- planned by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower North African countries controlled by German empire Invaded by Americans first

General George Patton Leader of American forces Seized Casablanca – May 1943 (Allies took control of

North Africa Casablanca Conference-

Roosevelt & Churchill agree to increase bombing of Germany & invade Sicily

58

NORTH AFRICA, SICILY AND ITALY

*Battle of the Atlantic Warfare against

German Submarines in the Atlantic in US waters

By August 1942- 360 US cargo ships had been sunk

US government had to ration gas & fuel oil (1st long distance pipeline built)

US Strategy:1. Convoy system- cargo

ships travel in groups escorted by navy warships.

2. US airplanes & ships used radar, sonar to attack subs

3. Allied planes bombed German sub factories

Stalingrad *TURNING POINT OF THE WAR IN

EUROPE Spring 1942 Hitler attacked USSR –for oil

resources & cut Soviet supply lines.

Stalin orders troops to fight without retreat

Germans become trapped **Put the Germans on the

defensive rather than the offensive because of the amount of troops they lost

Total casualties = between 1 & 2 million

Stalin –urged the Allies to open a new front against Germany in Europe

*The Invasion of Sicily

Chapter 21 sec. 4

July 1943 Planned by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Amphibian invasion by British & US forces Germans retreat from Sicily to Italy Aug. 1943 Mussolini arrested—then rescued by German

forces Allies invaded Italy & broke German lines at Anzio

& Casino (after 5 months of bloody fighting). 300,000 casualties ** Allied victories (Sicily & Italy)

The Tehran Conference 1943

Stalin, Churchill & FDR * The Tehran

Conference Agreed allies would

LIBERATE France while USSR attacked Germany

Agreed to break up Germany after the war so it would never threaten peace again

Stalin promised aid to US in defeating Japan

Agreed to create an international organization to keep peace after the war

Operation Overlord *Code name for the

planned invasion of France (Overlord)

General Dwight D. Eisenhower planned it.

Allies made Germans think invasion of France would occur at Calais- not actual place.

7,000 ships crossed the English Chanel

*D-Day Date for invasion of

Normandy, France *June 6, 1944

D-Day Utah Beach

First beach successfully captured

Omaha Beach Heavy German fire 2500 Americans were

killed or wounded on this beach alone

Invasion was an overall success

*Significance- Allies liberated France August 1944

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

66

PHOTO TAKEN AS AMERICAN SOLDIERS ADVANCE ONTO FRENCH BEACH UNDER GERMAN FIRE.

67

U.S. TROOPS MARCH IN A VICTORY PARADE AFTER THE LIBERATION OF PARIS IN LATE AUGUST 1944

Harry Truman1945 - 1953

BATTLE OF THE BULGE

*Hitler’s last gasp Dec. 1944-

Hitler’s last attack on American lines Took Americans off guard creating a bulge in the line US troops captured key Town of Bastogne General Patton made it up with his troops from Italy Allies pushed in to Germany from the west April 1945- Soviet troops outside of Berlin April 30- Hitler committed suicide in a bunker *V-E DAY – May 7, 1945 US troops advanced through Germany- found

concentration camps.

70

THE GERMANS LAUNCHED A SURPRISE ATTACK THROUGH THE ARDENNES FOREST THAT CAUGHT THE U.S. ARMY UNPREPARED. THE FIGHTING LASTED FROM DECEMBER 16TH TO FEBRUARY 9TH 1945.

71

THE END APPROACHES FOR NAZI GERMANY AND HITLER AS THE U.S., BRITAIN AND CANADA ATTACK FROM THE WEST WHILE THE RUSSIANS MASSIVELY ATTACK FROM THE EAST

V-E Day May 7, 1945 Germany

surrenders unconditionally

‘Victory in Europe’ Warning there is still

Japan to defeat

Iwo Jima US had been bombing

Japan from the Marianas islands—still too far away.

Island of interest because of its refueling point & PROXIMITY to Japan

Rocky terrain with caves where Japanese military hid

February 16, 1945 60,000 Marines try to

take the island 6,800 Marines killed Successful

The Fire Bombing of Tokyo

While airfields were being prepared on Iwo Jima, US Gen. Curtis LaMay was still attacking Japan from the Marianas islands

New strategy- use of napalm (jellied gasoline) bombs to help them hit targets more successfully.

March 9,1945- Fires from the bombs killed 80,000 people

250,000 buildings destroyed

OKINAWA US military planned for a

possible invasion of Japan US needed an island still

closer to Japan for supplies.

Island very close to Japan 68,000 Americans died Kamikaze suicide planes

killed many naval men Japanese began to talk of

surrender but on condition the emperor stays in power

US wanted unconditional surrender

76

MAP SHOWING INVASIONS OF IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA

OKINAWA

IWO JIMA

The Manhattan Project

American program to build an Atomic Bomb

Robert J. Oppenheimer Led the team at a

secret lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico

July 16, 1945 – 1st test detonation of a bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico

Debate over dropping the bomb

Opposed Admiral Leahy

– Joint Chiefs of Staff

It will kill civilians

Believed in conventional bombs & economic sanctions to force a surrender

Support James

Byrnes – Secretary of State

Drop the bomb without any warning to shock Japan into surrender

Warning Henry

Stimson – Secretary of War

Warn Japan & allow them to keep emperor if surrender occurs

Dropping the Bomb Truman

Believed it would save American lives

Enola Gay B-29 bomber that

dropped the first bomb Hiroshima- “Little Boy”-bomb code

name Important industrial city August 6, 1945

Nagasaki Second bomb- “Fat

Man” August 9, 1945

V-J Day Japan surrenders August 15, 1945

80

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON THE CITY OF HIROSHIMA

AUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE WOUNDED

81

A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and the Japanese surrendered

AUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED

POST-WAR POLITICS *United Nations

39 nations meet & sign the charter at Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington D.C. in 1944

International Military Tribunal *Nuremburg Trials –

German leaders tried for war crimes – lasted until 1949

12 sentenced to death

Japanese War Crimes Trials – emperor was not tried

The United Nations

April 1945- 50 nations gathered in San Francisco to officially organize the UN

1. General Assembly- body given power to vote on resolutions, choose non-permanent members of Security Council, vote on a budget.

Each nation in the world has one vote1. Security Council- responsible for

international peace & security, investigate international problems, take action to keep peace, use of force.

Permanent members – Britain, US, France, China, & Soviet Union