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AMERICA AND THE WORLD
1920-1945
Danielle GarceauUnit 10; Chapters 27 & 28
OLITICAL Retreat from Progressivism The Harding Administration (1921-1923): laissez faire
government; return to “normalcy” The “Ohio Gang”: group of men loyal to Harding appointed to
powerful government positions; abused power Teapot Dome Scandal (1922): accepted bribes to lease out petroleum
reserves at Teapot Dome to large, private oil companies Bonus Bill Veto (1922): Harding claimed balancing the
budget takes precedence over the nation's debt to veterans of WW1
The Coolidge Administration (1923-1929): laissez faire and isolation from foreign conflicts; felt he was unfit to run the country
The Hoover Administration (1929-1933): isolationism; worked towards bettering the people during the Depression
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): raised tariffs on imported goods to a record high; cut American imports and exports by more than a half
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): brought faith, courage, and confidence through his terms (showed personal adversity by his polio)
DEOLOGICAL/INTELLECTUAL Urbanism v. Suburbanism
Urbanism: consumerism and modernization in cities Suburbanism: resisted annexation to the cities Materialism and Consumerism: people using money more for
pleasure rather than for need; due to technological breakthroughs (commercial travel, radio, adverstisments) (Urbanism)
Garveyism: black nationalism African-Americans should take pride in their own achievements
and to develop an awareness of their African heritage – reject white assimilation
Red Scare: fear of communism in the United States due to the growing Soviet Union and communism in the world
Led to violence and arrests of innocents – Palmer Raids Convicted and arrested (possibly killed) if suspected of
communism
RTISTIC The Harlem Renaissance: black culture of
literature and art Langston Hughes
Coming of the Jazz Age: new carefree, primarily black popular culture
Retreat from formal religion – began going out and expanding boundaries of values (Flappers)
KKK: terrorized all non-Protestants Great Migration: African-Americans moved into
cities due to lack of jobs and discrimination
ELIGION
ECHNOLOGY New home appliances to reduce servants and
women can take care of the household on their own
New military technology by the National Defense Research Committee:
Development of sonar and radar capabilities (the centimetric radar)
4-engine bombers that could last longer that German ones
Gee navigation system: helped plot exact locations – doubled bombing accuracy rate
Enigma machine: constantly changed coding systems to prevent information from being deciphered.
American Magic Operation (1941): device called “Purple” that would break Japanese coding system
Ultra project: intelligence gathering The Manhattan Project (1942-46): developed the
atomic bomb
OCIAL African-Americans gained new job opportunities and
could enlist in the army; still endured heavy discrimination (Detroit Race Riots of 1943)
Fair Employment Practices Commission created to investigate and make right labor discrimination
Native Americans assimilated to white culture Left reservations to work in factories or become “code talkers” for the military
(Navajo code) Mexican-Americans moved to work in factories where there was a labor
shortage; tensions Zoo-Suit Riots (LA 1943): white servicemen attacked Mexican-American
servicemen (grew to growing tensions) because of their unpatriotic “zoo-suits” Women gained more job opportunities Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon that represented the American
women who worked in factories during World War II Became romanticized by men at war – pinups (Betty Grable)
Teens began dropping out of school to get jobs or enroll in the military (1/3)
Increased prosperity led to more attendance at movies, dance halls, and casinos and more circulation of magazines and newspapers
UPREME COURT CASES Coronado Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers (1922):
striking unions were deemed in restraint of trade More to promote the economy than the workers’ rights
Maple Floor Association v. US (1929): Anti-union groups were ruled not to be in restraint of trade
*Government returned to pro-business
EOPLE Increase in African-Americans’ and women’s
rights activity Women began becoming more individualized
Flappers: individual and assertive women who were more scandelous than tradition (in cities); short hair, short skirts, smoked, drank, more open about sex, etc.
OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1922: The Washington Conference: goal was naval
disarmament and to settle the Asia conflict 5-Power Pact: established limits on naval battleships by
nation and power (US & GB:5, Japan:3, FR & Italy: 1.67), Japan got US and GB guarantee that they would stop fortifying their Far East territories
Loophole: no mention on small warships
1924: Dawes/Young Plan: new financial system; US loans → Germany to pay debt from WW1→ GB & France to pay debt → US
Also lowered payments and extended the amount of time they’ll have to pay back ($26.3 billion in 58.5 years)
1925: Locarno Pact: guaranteed Germany’s western boundaries as specified at Versailles 1919
1928: Clark Memorandum : US would not intervene in Latin American affairs to protect US property rights
1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact: outlawed war as an instrument of national policy – no way to enforce
1931: Hoover declares debt moratorium 1931: Japan attacks Manchuria, China and leaves the
League of nations
OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1932: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize
any territorial acquisitions gained by force Led to Japanese 1932 bombing of Shanghai
1933: FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: attempt to create cooperation with Latin America non-violently and by non-intervention
1933: US recognizes the Soviet Union In order to gain Soviet Union on their side of the war against
Japan 1934-36: Nye Committee Hearings: discovered that big
businesses tricked Wilson into entering WW1 in order to protect their international interests
1935: Hitler denounced Versailles and League of Nations; Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
1936: Germany arms Rhineland, Fascists v. Communists in Spanish Civil War
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37 Prohibited sales of arms, loans, credit, and travel to
belligerent nations Cash-and-Carry: nations not in war could trade with US but
had to pay in cash and carry the goods on their own ships
OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1937: Panay Incident: Japanese bombed USS Panay on the
Yangtze R. to test US resolve Japanese apologized, gave US money, and promised no further
attacks – US accepted due to isolationism 1938: AXIS created (Italy, Germany, Japan); Munich
Agreement (GB, France, Hitler): Hitler can take the part of Czechoslovakia he wants, but it will be the very last land taken & no more aggression
1939: Germany takes all of Czechoslovakia; Sept. 1st march into Poland – Turning Point for US, start of WW1
1939: US begins the Manhattan Project Neutrality Act of 1939: Aggressors could not send ships to
buy US munitions, but would supply other countries – made jobs
US becomes “Arsenal of Democracy” 1940: “America First” Committee created (Charles
Lindbergh): isolationism; put America first 1940: German ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightning war – enormous power)
in Belgium, Holland, and France 1940: British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to
postpone invasion plans 1st battle by German air; first major German defeat
OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1941: Lend-Lease Act: will lend to countries in need of
supplies; US would receive lease of land from countries it helped
FDR restricted trade of goods and oil to Japan Japan had to either expand or give into US demands
1941: Atlantic Conference (GB & US): to decide postwar goals; started being called the United Nations
1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the war 1942: Battle of Stalingrad begins(Russia, months without
supplies and many casualties) and El Alamein (Egypt, first appearance by US – German victory)
1942: Battle of Midway; changing point in Pacific War – US begins Guadalcanal campaign and “Island Hopping” strategy
1942: Mass murdering of Jews at Auschwitz begins 1943: German surrender at Stalingrad – first major defeat 1943: Allied victory in North Africa (Patton and Montgomery) 1943: Tehran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin): to finalize
plans to open 2nd front in Europe 1943: US victory in Guadalcanal campaign and goes on
offensive
OREIGN (TIMELINE) June 6, 1944: D Day: Allied invasion of France – liberation
of Paris 1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germans try to surprise Allies –
failed 1944: Guam and Philippines liberated, US bombs Iwo
Jima, decimates Japanese Navy at Leyte Gulf 1945: Yalta Conference: final plans to defeat Germany
and plan post-war Europe 1945: Auschwitz liberated by Soviet Troops April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945: V-E Day: German full surrender 1945: Potsdam Conference (Truman, Atlee, Stalin): plan
action on Japan and post-war Germany August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 8, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki August 14, 1945: Japanese surrenders September 2, 1945: V-J Day: Japanese makes surrender
official, end of WW2.