THE

STATESMAN,S YEAR-BOOK

1919 FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL PUBLICATION

MACMILI,AN AND eo., LIM!Tsn LO!II DON • BOA-IBA V • CALCUTTA • AIADRAS

MELBOURNE

l'HE MACl\ULLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO

DALLAS • SAN FRANCISCO

THE MACMILI.AN CO. OF CANADA LTD. TORONTO

THE

STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL ANNUAL Oll'

THE STATES OF THE WORLD

FOR THE YEAR

EDITED BY

SIR JOHN SCO'.rl' KELTIE, LL.D. FORM.BRLY I!IIIC.BB'l'ARY TO THB ROYAl~ OBOGR.lPHICAL 80CIBTY1

HONOB.A.RY C0BBBBPOND1NG MBMBBR OF THE GBOGRAPBICAL SOCIJiiTl.BB OP BCOTLAND1 P.ABJS1

PKTROGRAD1 R01f.B1 LISBON, AJIISTBRDAK1 BBUSSELS1 GENJC'f' A., :NBUCH.A.TBL1 PBILADBLPB.U1

AlfD OF THB COMJI.KBCU.L GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIIITY 01' PARIS

AND

M. EPSTEIN, M.A., PH.D. FF;LLOW 011' THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL AND 01' THE ROYAL ECOHOMIC SOCIETIES

FIFTY·SIXTH ANNUAL PUBLICATION. REVISED AFTER OFFICIAL RETURNS.

MAC.MILLAN AND CO., LIMITED,

ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON.

1919 1919

1919

Man sagt oft : Zahlen regieren die Welt. Das aber ist gewiss, Zahlen zeigen wie sie regiert wird.

GOETHE.

DOI 1 0.1007/978-0-230-27048-0

ISBN 978-0-230-27048-0 (eBook)

PREFACE The present, which is the fifty-sixth issue of the YEAR-BooK, shows

the political changes in Europe as they were at the time of going to press (May, 1919). Three new sections have been added-Czecho­slovakia, Iceland, and Poland, and the old sections have, as usual, been revised and brought up-to-date. The new Constitutions which have been either proposed or adopted have received attention, notably those of Germany and Bolshevik Russia.

Information which was available too late for insertion in the text will be found under the various countries included under " Additions and Corrections." In the introductory pages will also be found the League of Nations Covenant, a summary of the Peace Terms to Germany and Austria, and a continuation of the Diary of the War. The changes involved in the terms of Peace, and those which have been initiated or suggested as the result of the War are embodied, as far as practicable, in the map accompanying the volume. It is hoped that the various territorial changes resulting from the war will be so far advanced by the end of the year as to fnrnish the material for a new map of the world.

The revision of the British Empire sections has once again been in the hands of Mr. A. D. Webb, to whom, and to all those who have co-operated with us, we desire to express our heartfelt thanks.

STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK OFFICE, MA.OMILLAN & Co., LTD.,

ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Jnne 3, 1919.

J.S. K. M.E,

CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY TABLES.

J.-'l'HE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1917-1918. H.-WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD.

111.-GOLD PRODUCTION N THE BRITISH EMPIRE. IV.-WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM. V.-WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTIO~ OF RUBBER.

VI.-WORLD'S SUPPLY OF RAW SILK. VII.-WORLD'S SUGAR STATISTICS.

VIII.-ESTIM:ATED COTTON PRODUCTION IN NEW FIELDS OI•' THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

IX.-WORLD'S J'IWDUCTION OF COTTON. X.-FINANCE AND COMMERCE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIEH.

XI.-WORLD'S SHIPBUILDING. XII.-THE GREAT WAit, 1914-18.

(1) PRINCIPAL EVENTS 01' THE WAll.

(2) WAR EXPENDITUit!c 01•' THE DoMINIO:\S.

(3) WAR CASUALTIES.

XIII.-THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS-THE CovENANT.

BOOKS 01' REl~ERENCE ON THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

XIV.-THE TREATY OF PEACE WI'l'H GERMANY, 1919. I.-LEAGUE OF NATIONS,

II.-TnE BoUNDARIES OF GEEMANY.

III.-PoLlTICAL CHANGES IN EuRoPE.

IV.-PoLITICAT, CHANGES OUTSIDE EuROPE.

V.-MIMTARY AND NAVAL CONDITIONS.

VI.-PRISONERS OF WAR.

Vll.-PUNISHMENT OF THOSE RKSPOXSI!!LE FOJ{ W'.U~ CRIMKS.

VIIL-REPARAT!ON A:<ID RESTITUTION.

IX.-FINANCE.

X.-EcoNOliiiC CoNDITio"·'·

XL-AERIAL NAVIGA'f'[l)c-;,

XII.-POR'l'S, WATERW.H~, AYD RAII.WAYS.

XIII.--THE LABOt;P, Co;-;n:NTIIlN.

XIV.-GUARANl'EES.

XV.-MISCELLANEOUS.

XV.-THE 'rREATY OF PEACE WITI-l AUSTRIA, 1919.

XVI.-THE IMPERIAT" WAR CABINET.

viii THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

UNITED KINGDOM-New President of the Board of Trade ; Resigna­tion of Lord Emle ; Indebtedness to the United States.

INDIA-Trade, 1918.

SoUTHERN RHo:DE&IA-Minero.l out­puts, 1918.

UNION oF SoUTH AFitiCA-Finance for three yeats ; death of Minister.

EGYPT-Speoia.l High Commissioner; New :Ministry.

SUDAN-Confirmation of Sirdar and Governor-General.

CANADA-Budget for 1919-20; Dll· ta.ils of Budget Estimates ; Fuel Resources; Water Power Available; W a tor Power Developed ; Trade, 1918 ; Trade for 1918-19.

ALBERTA-Finance, 1918.

JAMAICA-Votes for Women.

NEWFOUNDLAND-New Ministry.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA-New Ministry.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA-New Pre­mier.

NEw ZEALAND -Forces raised during the War; Revenue and Expendi­ture, 1918-19.

0ZECH08LOVAKU.-Strength of the Army.

BELGIUM-Moresnet; Budget for 1919; National Debt on March 1, 1919.

BRAZIL - Prelidmt. Dr. Epita.cio Pessoa.

•BuLGARIA-Reorganization or the Cabinet.

GERMANY-The former Colonies.

ITALY-Mercantile Marine, 1918. TURKEY-Arabia: (1) The Kingdom

of Hejaz ; (2) The Emirate of Nejdand Hasa; (8} The Emirate of Jebel Shammar; { 4) The Principate of Asir; (6) The Imama.te of Yemen; (6) The British Protectorate of Aden ; (7) The Sultanate of Oman ; (8) The Sultanate of Koweit .

.&lAP.

PoLITICAL SKETCH MAP OF PARTITION OF EuROPE. TREATIES OF PARis, Ju:tu:, 1919 (PROVISIONAL).

CONTENTS

PART THE FIRST,

THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

IX

PAGE

REIGNING KING AND EMPEROR 3 I. THE UNI1'ED KINGDOM OF GREA1' BRITAIN AND IRFJLAND 5

ll. INDIA, THE DOMINIONS, COLONIES, PROTECTORATES, AND DEl'END:l!.NCIEB 94

EUROPE-ISLE OF MAN CHANNET, Isr,ANDS GIBRALTAR, MALTA

AsiA-ADEN, PERIM, SOKOTRA

&c •• BAHREIN IsLANDS BORNEO CBRITISH) 0EYLON MALDIVE ISLANDS CYPRUS HoNG KoNG INDIA AND DEPENDENCIES

BALUCHISTAN , SIKKIM . • • ANDAMAN ISLANDS • NrcoBAR IsLANDS LACCADIVE ISLANDS KEELING ISLANDS KURIA MURIA IsLANDS •

THE STRAITS SET'rLF.MENTS, Cocos or KFJEL INO IsLANns CHRISTMAS IsLAND , LABUAN • • • •

FEDERATED MALAY STATES THE M.UAY STATES NOT

1NCLUDE11 IN TRE FF.DE· 1tATION

WEIHAIWEI

AFRICA-AscENSION IsLAND BRITISH EAS1' AFRICA EAsT AFRICAN PROTEC·

TORATE • , • UGANDA PROTECTORATE ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE MAU.RITIUS • , • • NYASALAND PROTECTORATE

PAGE

87 88 95 96

98 99

101 104 109 110 113 117 159 163 163 164 164 165 165 165 170 170 170 170

174 177

178 179

179 182 184 190 192

AFRICA-ST. HELENA TRISTAN DA 0UNHA SEYCHELLES • , • SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE SouTH AFRICA-

BAsuTOLAND BECHUANALAND PROTEC·

TORATE RHODESIA

SWAZILAND , , UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA CAPE oF Goon HoPE NATAL THE TuANSVAAL • OuANGE FuEE STATE. WEST AFRIOA-

NIOERIA • GAMBIA THE GoLD CoAsT AsHANTI • • • • NoRTHERN TERRITORIES SIERRA LEONE, THE PROT~]CTORATFJ

EGYPT ANGLO·EGYPTIAN SUDAN

AMERICA-BERMUDAS • CANADA

CANADIAN PROVINCES­At,BERTA BRITISH CoLUMBIA MANITOBA • NEW BRUNSWICK NovA ScoTIA 0NTAI!IO • • , PmNcE EnwARD IsLAND QUEBEC SASKATCHEWAN •

PAGE

194 195 196 197

198

200 201 205 207 219 224 227 230

234 238 239 241 241 242 243 245 262

269 271

293 297 300 302 303 307 309 311 313

X THE STATFS\L!,~'s YEAR-BOOK, 1919

J'.\C I·~ PAOE CANADIAN PROVINCES- A UHTRAJ,ASIA ANn OcEANIA-

YUKON 315 COMMONWEALT!l OF At<~-

NORTH-,VEST TERRITORIES 31G TRAI.IA 33i

FALKLAND IsLANDS 316 NEw SouTH Vv 4.M;s 353

GuiANA, BRITISH 31S VICTORIA 364 Qlf~:ENSLANI.I 37~

HoNDURAs, Br:rriKH 3:l0 SouTH Ausnur,IA 380 NEWFOUNTlLAND ANLJ LAB· 'VF~n;c.N AusTr:AJ,IA . 385

RADOR 321 'l'ASMANIA 393 W~;sT INnrEs 326 NORTHERN 'l'ER!!ITORY i\98

BAHAMAS 326 PAPUA 401 BARBADOS 327 NEW ZEALAND 40;{ JAMAICA • 328 FIJI 418 LEEWARD IsLANDs ~31 PACIFIC ISLANDS-TRINIDAD 333 ToNG A 421 WINDWARD Isi,ANDs :335 OTHER IsLANDs 422

PART THE SECOND.

THE UNITED STATES CH' A;.IERICA.

UNITED STATES. 427 ST,\.TK'i ,\ND TERRITORIES-

STATES AND TERRITORIES- NI·;w .IJo:ltSI~Y 557

ALABAMA 481 NEW MEXICO 560 NEw YoRK STAT~<: 562

ARIZONA 483 NoRTH CAROLINA 567 ARKANSAS 486 NORTH DAKOTA • fi70 CALIFORNIA 488 OHIO 572 CoLORADO 492 OKLAHOMA. 575 CoNNECTICUT 494

OREGON 577 DELAWARE. 497 PENNSYLVANIA 580 DISTRICT o~· Cor.uMRJA 499 RHoDE IsLAND 585 FLORIDA 501 SOUTH CAROLINA 587 GEORGIA 504 SouTH DAKOTA 590 IDAHO 507 'J'ENNESI!El!l • 593 ILLINOIS 509 'I'EYAR 595 INDIANA G12 UTAH. 598 IowA. 5lf~ V J•cR\10:<1' 601 KANSAS Sl7 \' Inr:J:-;TA 603 KENTUCKY. 519 \\' ASllTN<:'fON 606 LOUISIANA. 522 W I•;ST V I RGINT A 609 MAINE 525 \VJKCONRJN . 612 MARYLAND. 527 WYOMI:-l<l 6lfi MASSACHUSETTS 531 MICHIGAN 537 OUTLYING TERRITORIES-MINNESOTA. 540 ALASKA 'l'llltRITORY 617 MISSISSIPPI • 542 HAWAII 619 MISSOURI 544 PORTO RICO 622 MoNTANA 547 AMERICAN VIRGIN IsLANDS. 624 NEBRASKA. 550 PHILIPPINE Isi,ANDS 625 NEVADA 553 GuAM. 630 NEW HAMPSHIRE 555 SAMOAN IsLANDs 631

CONTENTS

PART THE THIRD.

OTHER COUNTRIES. PAOX:

ABYSSINJA • 635 AFGHANISTAN 640 ALBANIA • • • 614 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 64.6 AUSTRIA·HUNGARY. 658

AUSTRIA • 663 CZECHOSLOVAKIA • 672 HUNGARY 677 THE SOUTHERN SLAV

STATE 686 BELGIUM 687 BELGIAN CONGO 698 BHUTAN 703 BOLIVIA 704 BRAZIL. 711 BULGARIA 723 CHILE • 731 CHINA. 740

MANCHURIA 758 TIBET 759 SIN·KIANG . 761 MONGOLIA , 761

COLOMBIA 767 COSTA RICA 774 CUBA 780 DENMARK 785

ICELAND • 797 ECUADOR 804 FRANCE 811

ANDORRA 846 COLONIES AND DEPEND·

ENCI118 846 ASIA-

FRENCH INDIA , , 849 FRENCH INDO·CHINA • 849

STATES AND PR01'ECT0Il.ATES-COCHIN·CHINA 851 ANNAM 851 CAMBODIA 852 TONXING 853 LAOS • 853 KWANG CHAU WAN 853 ,

AFRICA-ALGERIA 855 FRENCH CoNGO 861 MADAGASCAR • , • 862 MAYOTTE AND THE COMORO '\

ISLANDS 866 REUNION 868

FRANOE-AFitiCA·-SOMALI COAST • , • \VES'r AFRICA ANll 1'HE SA·

HARA SENEGAL GUINEA IvoRY CoAST DAHOMEY • , UPPER SENEGAL AND

NIGER TERRITORIES MAURITANIA TUNIS.

AMERICA-GUADELOUPE AND DEPEND·

ENCIES GUIANA MARTINIQUE ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON

AUSTRALASIA AND 0CEANIA­NEW CALEDONIA AND DE·

PENDENCIES NEW HEBRIDES , FRENCH ESTABLISHMENTS IN

0CEANIA

GERMANY FORME!l 00LONIF:S AND

DEPENDENCIES TOGO KAMERUN PROTECTORATE OF' SOUTH·

WEsT AFRICA EAST AFRICA KIAU·CHAU IN THE P ACili'IC ,

STATES OF GEUMANY-A LSACE·LORRAINE AN HALT BAD EN BAVARIA BREMEN BRUNSWICK HAMBURG HESSE. LIPPE , Lil'BECX MECKLENBURG·SCHW ERIN MECXLENBURG·STRELITZ

XI

F.AGE

868

869 871 872 872 873

874 874 876

880 881 882 882

883 884

884

886

911 912 913

914 916 917 918

924 926 926 928 932 933 933 935 936 937 938 938

Xll THE RTATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

PAGE GERMANY-STATES OF Glllt-

MANY-

OLnENBURG 939 PRUSSIA • • • 939 R&Uss, ELDER BRANCH 946 REUSS, YOUNGER BRANCH 946 SAXE-ALTENBURG • 947 SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA 947 SAXE-MF.ININGEN • • 947 SACHSEN-WEIMAR-EIBENACR 948 KINGDOM OF SAXONY • 948 SCHAU"!tiBURG-LII'l'E 951 ScnwARZBURG·RuDoLSTADT 951 SCHWARZBURG • SoNnmt-

HAUSEN 951 WALDECK 952 WuR-rTEMBERG 952

GREECE 955 GUATEMALA 967 HAITI \172 HONDURAS , !176 ITALY . . 981

SAN MARINO 1 008

FOREIGN DEPENDENCIE~-

EIUTREA • , 1008 So>LU.ILAND • 1009 TRIPOLI AND 0YRENAICA 1010 TIENTSIN (CoNCESRION OF) 1012

JAPAN . 1015 KOREA • • • 1032 FoRMOSA (TAIWAN) • 1035 PESCADORES 1036 SAKHALIN 1036 KwANTUNG • 1036

LIBERIA 1040 LIEOHTENSTEI N 1044 LUXEMBURG 1045 MEXICO 1046 MONACO 1053

INDEX

J110NTEN~~GRO

MOROCCO NEPAL. NETHERLANDS (THE)

COLONIES • DuTcH EAsT INnrEs . DUTCH "WEST INDIF.S­

SuRlNAllt: oR DuTcH GUIANA

CuRA<;Ao.

NICARAGUA NORWAY OMAN PANAMA PARAGUAY PEHSIA PEl{U PORTUGAL

P.&_OE

1055 1059 1067 1069 10B6

• 1086

. 1093 1095

• 1099 1104 1119 1121 1128 1134 1145 1155

ROME, S~~l~ OF

RUMANIA

AND CHURCH

RUSSIA DEPENDENCIES IN AsiA­

BOKRARA KRIVA

FINLAND_ POLAND

SALVADOR. SANTO DOMINGO SERBIA SIAM SPAIN

CoLoNIEs. SWEDEN . SWITZE!tLAND TURKEY URUGUAY . VENEZUELA

1169 1174 1183

1213 1214 1215 1220 1227 1230 1236 1244 1252 1268 1271 1289 1303 1323 1331

. 1341

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION xiii

INDEX TO INTRODUCTION AND ADDITIONS

AND CORRECTIONS.

ADEN, British Protectorate of, iii Alberta, Finance of, l Arabia, Emirates, Kingdoms and other

Governments in, lii Asir, Principate of, lii Austria, Treaty of Peace with (1919), xli-iii BELGIUM, Budget for 1919, li

Moresnet, townlets of, li National Debt (1919), li

Brazil, President of, li British Empire <••• also U. K.) (1917-18)

Area and population (1917-18), xvi, xviii Commerce, xvii, xix Cotton Production (1914-17), xxi!i Debt, xvi, xviii Finance, xvi, xviii Gold productiou (1907-1910), xx Railways, xvii, xix Shipping, xvii, xix

British Imperial War Cabinet (1918), xliii Bulgaria; CaLinet, O!'ganisation of (1919), ii CANADA, Budget for 1919-20, xlvii

Fuel resources, xlviii Petroleum Output, xx Trade, xlix Water Power,

Available, xlviii Developed, xlix

Commerce Brltish Empire (1917-18) xvi, xix Various Countries (1918-19), xxiv

Cotton Production British Empire (1914-17), xxiii World's (1912-17), xxiii

Czechoslovakia, Army, Strength of(J919), l DEBTS, Natienal

Belgium,li Britioh Empire, ui, xviii

EGYPT; New Ministry (1919), xlvi Special High Commissioner (1919) xlvi

FINANCE British Empire (1917-18), xvi, xviii Various Countries (1918-10), xxiv War (llelf-governing Dominions) (to 1919

xxxi GERMANY, Former Colonies, allocation of

(1919), li Treaty of Peace with (1919), xnviii-xli

Gold Production British Empire (1907-16), xx World's (1907-16), xx

HEJAZ, Kingdom of, lii INDIA, Trade (1916-18), xlvl Italy, Mercantile Marine (1918), 1 JAMAICA, Enfranchisement of Women in

(1919), l Jebel Sham mar, Emirate of, lii K OW EI1', Sultanate of, lii LEAGUE of Nations, The,

Books of Heference on, xxxvii Coveuant., The, xxxii-vi Original Members of the League, xxxvii

NEJD and Hassa, Emirate of, lii Newfoundland, New MiniHt.ry, I New Zealand, Forces raised in, during the

War,! Revenue and Expenditure (1918-19), I

OMAN, Sultanate of, lii PEACE, Treaty of, with

Austria (1919), xli-iii • Germany (1919), xxxviii-xli

Petroleum, Worln's ProducLion of (1917 and 1857-1917), XX

RHODESIA, Southern, Mineral output (1018), xlvi

Hubber, World's Production and Consump­tion of (1909-18), xxi

SELF-GOVERNING Dominions, War Finance of (to 1919), xxxi

Shipbuilding British Empire (1918), xxv World's (1909-18), xxi

Shipping, British Empire (1917-18), xvii, xix

Silk, Raw, World'• supply of(1917), xxi South AuHtralia, New Cabinet (1919), Sudan, Sirdar anrl Gov.-Generalof, appoint.

ment confirmed (1919), x1vi Sugar Statistics of the World (1915-19), xxii

Beet, Produotion ~f, in Canada, xxii Enrope, xxii, xxiii U.S.A, xxii

xiv THE HTA.TJ!S.MAN S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

TR.FlATIBS of Peace with Austria (1919), xli-lii Germany (1919), xxxviii-xli

Turkey, lii

UNION of South Africa Death of Minister (1919), xlvi ¥inance (1917-20), xlvi

United Kinwlmn, Bte aZ.O BE-Board of Agiiculture, Reoignation .of

President (1919), xlvi Board of Trade, New President (1919),

xlvi Indebtedness to U.S.A.. (1919), xlvi

U11ited States of Amerka United Kin::dom's inebtedneas to (1919),

xlvi WAR Cabinet, Im1>e1i.al [Britiabl (1918),

xliii War, the Great(l914-18)

Casualties (to MaylU19), xxxi Finance of the Self-governing Dominions

(to 1919), xxxi New Zealand Forces aerving during, I Principal Event& of, xxvi-xxxi

Western Australia, New Premier (1919), l Woman Suffrage inJamaiea (1919), I

YEMEN, Irnamate of, lii

JNTRODUCTORY TABLES

xvi

Unitefi Kingdom

.Europe: Gibraltar Malta

lnfiia: British

Total Euro1•e

Feudatocy States •

Total India

.dda (eiDcept Intiia): Cyprus • • • .Aden, Perim, Socotra Ceylon • • . Straits Settlements Fed. Malay States Other Malay States Borneo, Brunei, 8ll(l

Sarawak . . HongKon!!and Ter. Wei-hai-we1 . •

Total .Asia (except India)

.dustrala•ia: • Australian Common-

wealth Papua New Zealand • Fiji . . Tonga, Solomon, and

Gilbert Is..

Total .Australasia •

Africa: Ascension St. Helena

W . .Africa: Nigeria , • .

Gold Coast and Prot. Sierra Leone dl Prot .. Ga.mbia o.nd Prot.

Total W. Africa. . (continued onjollo•oinQ pp.)

IN'l'RODUCTORY

I.-THE BRITISH

.Area: Sq. miles. Population Revenue Expenditnre Debt

··---··--· ---1----1----J!, J!, J!,

121,683 46,000,000 889,021,000' 2,679,801,0004 7,334,000,000

2 118

16,5002 126,000 120,000 224,500 471,000 485,000 '19,000

1--------- ··--1-----120 241,000 597,000 605,000 79,000

1,098,074 244,267,000 109,924,000 104,213,000 445,126,000 709,555 70,889,000 - - -

1,802,629 315,156,000 109,924,000 104,219,000 445,126,000

3,584 10,3871 25,481 1,600

27,506 23,486

77,106 391 285

16!1,826

300,000 60,000

4,682,000 821,000

1,037,000 930,000

SJO,OOO 585,000 150,000

9,805,000

498,000 470,000

4,465,000 2,20r.,ooo 7,648,000 1,969,000

494,000 1,961,000

27,000

19,827,000

983,000

4,289,000 1,326,000 4,769,000 1,196,000

R42,000 1,835,000

92,000

14,172,000

2,974,581 4,981,000 86,803,000 91,116,000 90,540 200,000 78,000 108,000

104,751 1,170,000 19,261,000 15,120,000 7,083 166,000 835,000 801,000

11,450 205,000 114,000 86,000

252,000

5,411,000 11,521,000

1,750,000 560,000ll

51,000 1,485,000

21,380,0003

284,022,000

150,840,000 25,000

-----1-----1-----1------ ------9,188,405

34 47

936,000 80,000 91,000 4,500

6,722,000 li'1,186,000 106,726,000

200 8,600 7,000 16,000

16,500,000 3,493,000 8,220,000 1,500,000 1,624,000 1,424,000 1,400,000 546,000 513,000

208,000 118,1100 95,000

434,887,000

8,471,000 3,409,000 1,780,000

-4-51-,500 -1-9-,6-0--8,-0-00-I--5-,7-8-l-,O-C-0·;~--5-,-25-2-,000·- -1-S-,6-1-0,-000-

1 lnelnding area of Prote<.toral;e. 2 Exclusive of about 10,400 aliens. 3 I noompleto. 4 Year 1918-19.

TABLES XVll

EMPIRE, 191'1-1918.

Total Total Imports Exports Tonnage Rail. Imports5 ExportsA from U.K. to U.K. entered and ways

cleared Open -- --------- -----

Jl Jl Jl £. Tons Miles 1,819,389,000* 629,429,000* - - 95,779,000 23,70P ------ ------

- - - - 19,098,000 -2,874,000* 610,000* 1,790,0008 46,0008 1,153,000 8 ----------2,874,009* 610,000* 1,790,0008 46,0006 20,246,000 8

109,570,000* 163,263,000* 54,516,000 89,225,000 10,868,000 36,333 - - - - - ----------------------- -----------109,670,000* 163,263,000* 54,516,000 89,225,000 10,868,000 36,333

918,000 721,000 274,000 164,000 209,000 76 4,527,000 3,605,000 - - 2,400,000 -

12,848,000 20,463,000 2,175,000 8,098,000 6,154,~00 714 78,987,000* 72,307,000* 5,481,000 11,572,000 15,7a.,ouo } 930 8,547,000* 81, 736,000* 850,000 3,650,000 2,790,000 2,578,000 6,579,000 - - 63,0006 -1,417,000 2,179,000 - - 663,000 127 - - - - 20,559,000 -- - - - 1,300,000 ------

104,377,000 137,590,000 8,730,000 23,484,000 49,922,000 1,847

60,363,000* 75,039,000* 39,996,000 1>7,844,000 5,032,000 24,770 284,000 221,000 - - 122,000 -

20,H2,000* 30,613,000* 8,647,000 21>,833,000 2,.788,000 3,012 1,011,000 2,068,000 126,000 8,000 712,000 -

891,000 451,000 - - 89,0008 ------------·----------82,791,000 108,392,000 48,768,000 83,185,000 8,4.73,000 27,782

- - - - - -51,000 U5,000 - - 239,0007 -

7,533,000 8,728,000 5,641,000 - 939,000 975 3,386,000 6,305,000 2,285,000 3,589,000 1,445,000 257 1,833,000 1,496,000 1,172,000 1,317,000 1,527,000 331

992,000 1,047,000 629,000 765,000 399,000 ------------- ---------- ----------13,244,000 17,638,000 9,577,000 5,671,000 4,310,()()() 1,563

A The import• generally include bullion and specie; and the exports, bnllion and -specie and re-exports, but entries marke<l * exclnde bullion and specie.

8 Year 1916-17. 7 Gross tonnage. 8 Incomplete.

niii I.-THE BRITISH

\ Sq.~~f~~ I P~ulatlon • Revenue ExJienditure Debt

--------·· --··

I £ A £ Mauritius and Dep. I 809 385,000 923,000 875,000 1,268,000 Seychelles : i 156 25,000 31,000 29,00() 11,000 Bomaliland •

:! 68,000 300,000 42,000 116,000 -

East Africa Prot. 246,800 2,807,000 1,86~,000 1,491,000 558,000 Uganda Prot. . : ·I 109,119 3,361,000 326,000 293,000 291,000 Zanzibar and Pem lJa • i 1,020 200,000 298,000 260,000 100,000 N:vasaland • I 39,578 1,140,000 U4,000 132,000 -Union of B. Al'rica

i I 478,100 6,000,000 18,220,000 18,428,000 154,888,000

Rhodesia • 440,000 1,690,000 880,000 1,000,000 -Bwulland 6,678 100,000 71,000 70,000 118,000 Basutoland 11,716 406,000 175,000 178,000 -Bachuanaland .j 275,000 125,000 71,000 67,000 -El!l'Pt • • • 350,000 12,710,000 23,166,000 !2,497,000 93,565,000 Anglo-Eg:vptlan Sudan 1,014,000 8,400,000 11,195,000 1,9011,000 -

Total Africa 3,487,552 52,261,000 53,698,000 62,596,000 264,319,000

.oiMif'iCII: I Canada •

'and I S, 729,665 8,3ti0,000 58,605,000 86,647,000 383,019,000 Newfoundland

Labrador I 162,784 257,000 1,070,000 936,000 7,090,000 British Hond,;...• : . I

8,598 48,000 132,000 126,000 189,000 . ' Britiah Guiana :I 89,000 314,000 736,000 784,000 998,000 Bermuda 19 22,000 100,000 106,000 40,000

W. Indlea: Bahamas 4,404 60,000 87,000 10'J,OOO 51,000 Turka and Caicos Is. 224 5,600 10,000 9,000 -Jamaica 4,207 894,000 1,052,000 1,098,ouo 3,797,000 Ca:vman Is.' 89 5,400 3,200 3,600 -Barbados • 166 187,000 400,000 456,000 589,000 Windward Island• 516 178,000 ~15,000 225,000 I 344,000 Leeward Islands 715 128,000 192,000 198,000 260,000 Trinidad and Tobago : 1,974 377,000 1,098,000 1,098,000 1,652,000

--------- ----Total w. Indies 12,295 1,885,000 3,057,000 3,197,000 I 6,643,000

Falkland Islands 7,5001 3,2401 46,000 80,000 ------

41,776,000 ,--a97:974.0oo Total America 4,010,216 10,834,000 58,746,000

BUKIIABY. I United Kingdom 121,683 46,000,000 889,021,000 2,679,801,000 '7,884,000,000 Europe 120 241,000 597,000 606,000 79,000 India • • 1,802,629 315,156,000 109,924,000 104,218,000 445,126,000 Asia (except India) • 169,826 9,805,000 19,827,000 14,172,000 21,880,000 Australasia 3,188,405 6,722,000 57,186,000 106,726,000 484,887,000 Al'rica 3,487,552 52,261,000 :;3,698,000 52,596,000 264,819,000 America 4,010,216 10,884,000 58,746,000 41,776,000 397,974,000

. J 12,780,381 ---------

Total 440,519,000 1,188,999,00012,899,889,000 8,897,715,000

1 Including South Georgia, 1,000 aquare miles and population 1,000.

EMPIRE 1917-1918. --continued.

•rota! Imports 2

£ 2,813,000

88,000 283,000'·

2,810,000

Total Exports 2

£ 4,1:!8,000

90,000 206,000*'

Imports from U.K.

£ 7:lll,OOO

22,000

1,74~,000 1,2!J4,000 78:i,OOO 414,000

Fixports t.() G.K.

£ 2,0tl9,0UO

34,000

1,064,000

xix Tonnage Railways entered and cleared Open

I ~----~~--

Tons . Miles [193 001' ' 120 394;ooo I

19,000 1,170,000

! ti18

70 1,760,000 1,849,000 400,000 95,000 U30,000"' )1 7

354,000·* 157,000* 197,000 132,000 l~W

1 !'{ g;~~i Jl48,95G,OOO' 33,728,000* 26,166,000 17,378,000 f•,9'i6,000

16

&1,766,000 45,376,000 ~7,078,000 . 30,542,000 10,819,000 2,~76

~02,000 ~i,OOu __ _I,IPO,~~~~ ~-~--- __ 1_,~~ 125,227,000 109,24o,01J0 <17,094,000 , :)7,723,000 24,450,000 18,~76

197,850,000 1 326,046,000 10,717,000 38,uv·l

5,528,000 i 6,198,000 1t;~,OOO 2, !Gl,OOO .':1'75,000 5;)0y0()() 00,01/0 t.H::$7 1000

3,::!71~000 4,316,000 ~!Gtl,OIIH 683,000

u74,oou

11

.2J~J'>.,o110o0o l>!,ouu M8,ooo

494,000 \- 43,000 48,000 f,fil,OOD ~kl,OOO 42,000 'f31,(100

3,29s,ooo·:· 1 2,47o,ooo* li5o,ooo 1,112,ooo ~,o6;\ooo :3\J,OOO I 8,000 - -

:!,28J,OOO I ~,190,000 618,000 [,18,000 :!,GtN,OOO o93,uflo 922,080 198,000 417 ,OIJIJ ~. 7!1\,000 !10j,000 1,095,000 - - '2,.:Jl(jl()00 -

4,790,000 5,309,0001 SGl,OOO 1,947,000 1,808,080 108

~26,000 ~47,000 2,360,000 -4,037,000 ~-1-2(ivi,OOO ~-- 3~3 .

197

sss 25 98

I

1,:!571ooo I,sn,oQ03 682,000 1,777,ooo 21o,ooo 1

- ~21,sa·r,ooo 351,636,000 -~ cl ,29G,ooor-1~<3~7.~ ----.w;4'o1,ooo ~--3D,o4s I I

I 1,319,339,000 529,429,000 90,779,000 I 23,709

2,874,000 610,000 1,7\III,!JOO 46.000 20,246,UOO 8 109,570,000 163,263,000 54,516,0(~1 39,225,000 10.868,000 36,333 104,377,000 137,590,000 8,7BO,OOO :!3,4>4,0UO : 49,922,QOO 1,847 82,791,000 108,392,000 48,7611,000 I :-3,185,00'' ~ s,743,ooo . 27,782

1*5,227,ooo 109,245,ooo ~7,~94,oou . , ':!· T?~·ooo [ 2~,45£,000 I 18,870

~~~~~~~:~-~~~~~~i--2~~-.. The imports include bullion and specie; and the ex1•orts, bullion a.nd specie and re-exports.

Items marked* exclude bullion and specie. 3 Including exports from S. Georgia. 4 Gross tonnage.

b 2

XX

Year

1907 1008 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916

THE S'l'ATESMAN'S YEAR•BOOK, 1919

!I.-WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF GOLD. Gold Production of the "ll'orld for ·~ Gold Production

the 10 years endJUg 1916 of the (taken from the American publication British Empire

for the 10 years "Mineral Industry")

1 ending 1916

------- ~ £-----~---c£:c--'-:._:_-

85,617 ,571 I 50,862,342 91,225,~02 53,613,966 94,325,938 54,195,03~ 93,367,596 53,359,177 95,544,546 54,651,847 97,599,256 59,670,024 95,199,498 59,068,755 93,760,617 57,407,283 97,985,185 60,999,862 96,090,535

Per cent. of the total

production of the world

59"4 58•8 57'5 57'1 57•2 62•1 62"0 61•2 62"3

III.-GOLD PRODUCTION IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Yearly gold production of the six principal gold producing regions in the British Empire,

for the ten years 1907-1916.

i : 'I I 11 i West Coast Year j Transvaal ; Australasia Canada : Rhodesia India : o~

---·-----·---- ____ ' _____ -----~~~ £ £ £ £I£ I£

1001 1 27,4oo,oo2 15,606,862 1 .. 724,852 2,178,886 2,121>,756 1 1,154,679 190H : 29,973,115 15,086,323 2,025,124 2,526,006 2,204,b96 1,182,474 1909 j 30,987,650 14,605,516 1.930,500 2,651.323 I 2,444,742 918,610 1910 I 31,973,123 13,218,~119 2.099,966 2,51)8,201 2,202,827 755,985 191J , 35,041,48.) 12,Q00,o70 I 2,012,567 2,672,791 2,242,748 1,071,648 1912 38,711,5~1 11,212,428 2.602,633 2,710,712 I 2,274,611 1.454.747 1913 37,H72,(149 10,860,396 3,415,416 2,934,433 2,294,745 1,636,718 1914 :i5,6f,6,814 I0,2i0,645 3 1288,685 3,584,997 2,34l,242 1, 729,354 1915 38,628,437 9,890,446 3,896,496 3,891,770 2.369,672 1, 708,580 1916 , 39,489.522 8,311,255 , 3,942,798 3,~91,358 2,2M.8o6 1,617,466

IV.--WORLD•s PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM.

Production, 1917 I o a ro ne .wn,

1857-1917 i -- -------------

Country Barrels of Per cent. of! Barrels of Per cent. of 42 Gallons Total 42 Gallons Total

T t 1 P d t·

--------- ---------United States 385,315,6011 66•98 I 4,252,644,008 60'68 Russia. 69,000,000 ~ 18•78 1,832,583,017 25·2~ Mexico 65,292,770 11•04 222,082,472 3•18 Dutch East 1ndies 12,928,95[1 3 2•58 175,103,267 2'51 India 8,500,0002 I 1•70 98,583,522 2"41 Galicin. 5,965,447 1"19 148,45!1,653 2•13 Japan and Form"osa 2,898,654 0"58

'I 36,065,454 0•52

Rumania 2,681,870 0•54 142,992,46~ 2•05 Peru 2,533,417 0"51 21,878,285 0'31 Trinidad 1,599,455 0•32 5,418,885 o·o8 Argentina 1,144,737 0"23 I 3,047,858 0•04 Egypt . 1,008,750 0•20 2,768,686 0•03 Germany !195, 764 0'20 15,952,861 o·3o Canada 205,332 0'04 24,112,529 0"50 Italy 50,334 } O·!l 9H,289 o·01 Other countries 530,00024 91:7,000 o·o1

--~---- -------- .. ----~------·

Total 500,G51,086 10o·oo G,fl~ 3,[Jt!7 ,~4G 10o·oo

1 Quantity marketed. " Includes British Borneo.

2 Estimated. 4 Includes 19,167 barrels produced in Cuba.

INTRODUCTORY TA.BI,ES XXl

V.-WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF RUBBER.

The following figures, showing the production and distribution of rubber during the last ten yeat·s, are taken from estimates by 1\lessrs. M. H. Rickinson dr; Son:-

Estimated Production ! Estimated Consumption

Year Plantation Wild Total i In U.S.A., In U.K. In Rest of Robber Rubber World

-·- ---- 1--~- -------

I

Tons Tons Tons I Tons Tons Tons 1909 4,000 66,000 70,000 ! 31,000 15,000 24,1100 1910 8,000 62,000 70,000 32,•JOO 20,000 18,000 1911 14,000 6LOOO 7;>,000

I 29,000 17,000 29,000

1912 29,000 70,000 99,000 50,000 19,000 30,000 1913 48,000 61,000 109,000 50,000 25,000 34,000 1914 71,000 49,000 120,000

I 61,000 19,000 40,000

1915 108,000 51,000 159,000 97,000 15,000 47,000 1916 153,000 49,000 202,000 116,000 27,000 59,000 ~917 204,00CJ 53,000 257,000

I 175,000 26,000 56,000

1918 240,000 50.000 290,000 187,000 24,000 27,000

VI.-WORLD'S SUPPLY OF RAW SILK.

The appended table of statistics, which ban been published by the Lyons Silk Merchants' Union, show the estimated world's supply of raw silk in 1917. It is to be noted that the exports from the ~,ar East are not known with certainty, and consequently the estimate of the crop for the year 1917 is provisionaL Furthermore, in the complete absence of information on the production of Austria-Hungary and other countries of the Levant, the figures given for these countries are the same as those given for Hn5.

Countries Countries Pounds ! Pounds I -~------· -1-

Western Europe. France Italy . Spain . Austria Hungary

'J'ot.al

; . i

Far East. I 451,948 China : !

. 1 6,217,034 Exports from Shanghai (in- ;

. ' 154,323 eluding tussahs, tllatures, I ._

1. 187,393 &e.) . . • . • _ 10,251,492

143,300 Exports from Canton (in· 'J

· ------ eluding exports to Bombay ·I 7,153,998 1 and India) . . - .1

5,081,654 J Japan: Exports from Yokohama 34,0ti1,410

Levant and Central Asia. ,![ I East lndies : Exports from Ben- •1 Asiatic Turkey : gal and Cashmere . . 2.~1,485

An tol. 1

Indo-China : Exports from a I& • • • \ I Syria and Cyprus Saigon, Haifong, &c. . . 1 11,023

Other proTinees • · I I -European Turkey: Adrianop1e Grand Total, 1917 . . _ 59,083,869 Balkans: Bulgaria, Servia, Grand Total, 1916(corrected) ,jU,S00,371

Roumania . . • 2,292,807 Greece, Saloniki and Crete

~= ·and Cent;..l As~ (export.) •

Persia (exports)

xxii THE STATF.SMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

VII.-WORLD'S SUGAR STATISTICS, The production in recent years is given as follows, the Dgurcs being the estimates

of Messrs. Willett and Gray:-

Countries

United States:­I..~ouisiana Texas Porto Rieo . Hawaiian Islands . West Indies-St. Croix:

Cuba . • British West In dies:

Trinidad Barbados Jamaica Other . .

F1·ench West Indies :­Martinique (exports) Guadeloupe ..

Snnto Domingo . :\lexico • Central America . South America:-

Demerara (exports). Surinam • . Venezuela (exports) . Ecuador . . Peru Argentina Brazil .

Total in America

BrHish India (consumed locally) Java . . Form.osa an cl Japan . Philippine Islands (exJ·u~ts)

Total in A si a

Australia . . Fi,ii Islands (exports)

Tota.l in Australia and Po1ynesia

Egypt • Mauritius • Reunion Natal • Jllozambique

'l'otal in Africa

Europe: Spain •

Total cane~sngar crops .

Beet-sugar crops :­Europe. Unite<! States Canada.

Grand tolal, cane and beet sugar

1915--16 I !

--~~

'l'ons 122,768

1,000 400,000 545,000 14,750

3,007,915

55,000 65,000 .

1 F.,ooo , 3U,OOU

40.00() ..J-U.UOU

Ul

110,000 13,000

7,000

191G-17 1917-IS 1918-19

---~-~~

'l'ons Tons Tons 271.339 217,499 244,135

6 ')50 2,000 448:5671 405, I 74 410.000 575,510 500,985 550,000

7,787 i 5,400 6,GOO 3,023,720 3,446,083 3,600,(!00

70.891 45,?.56 60,000 oo.oou 65,280 80,000 :2S,331 34,300 40,000 30.000 3i:l/MJO 35,000

3-!,443 35,000 ~u~goc 36,160 28,000 3!), 00

130,171 145,000 175,000 fiO,OOO 40,000 40,000 ~c.,ooo ~5,000 30,000

101.1)CI0 . 120,000 125,000 1&,000 . 15,000 15,000 18.428 ; 15,000 15,000

7,000 ' 8,000 7,000 200,000 276,000 • 265,000 250,000 152,301 84,0691' 88,076 100,000 194,000 soo,ooo 375,000 300,000 -------------~--

5,228,809 5,600,316 : 5,916,003 6,~W2,635

2,636,875 2,72s,ooo I s,229,ooo z.Poo,ooo 1,198,567 1,596,174 i 1,:090!,006040 I 1,700,000

391,549 436,026 , , 1 440,000 3m,ooo 202,r.55 ::7s.z;,o 224,ooo

14.r.26,991 4;962,855 ---,;:;~3,3141 ___ ,,,s,4,ooo

11 15o,ooo 11•~.s:n .· :140,887 256,ooo

iJO,OtlO 100,000 1

100,000 100,000 ~----- ____ , __ ----- ~-~--

240,000 202,s~n 440,Sb7 356,000

100,0110 ~15,!J~S 40,000

112,000 50,000

l01,832 ~(1\),160

·l~.·t !)2 114.494 bf>,OOI\

100,000 225,!)70 50,000

1]5,000 50,000

517,528 h'2~,1;-t7 5~0,970

100,000 255,000 50,000

130,000 50,000

585,000

6,000 6,359 ' 4.'·•'~ 6,000 ---- ~- --------- ---1----

10,514.6>7 n,:oS:' .. '>:13 i 12,597,174 12,463,635 I

5,201',233 4,856,337 i 3,823,095 3,704,000 77U,756 734,5771' 682,867 635,000 17,641 12,500 11,250 17,000

16,521,317 16,986,647 Jn,n4,386 16,819,635

INTRODUCTORY TA UL ES xxiii

The productiou of Beet ~ugur in li:urope i~ given as follows:-

Countries. Estimated

yield, 1917-18.

Possible I Estimated Possible yield, Countries. yield, yield,

Germany ... Austria-Hungary Jtlrance • • • . Belgium Netherlands . . Rnssia (Ukraine)

Tons. 1,200,000

600,000 200,265 180,000 199,295

1o1s-19. I 1917-18 1918-1~.

--·T;~~- - - ---------~---~ Tons.--

1,400,000 Denmark : 115,000 115,000

etc.) . . • .,. Sweden • . •

1.028,580 100,000

700,000 Italy • • I 100,000 100,000 150,000 Spain . • i 134,955 135,000 I 00,000 Switzerland 1 4,000 4,000 200,000 Bulgaria • I 11,000 .

1

No dato<.

700,000 ·---------100,000 Total I 3,823,095 3, 704,000

VIII.-ESTIMATED COTTON PRODUCTION IN NEW FIELDS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

The following approxiluate est.imate of e(Jtl on grown in nmv fields in the British Em }.lire in the years 19H to 1(117, is taken r"''" th Heports of llw British Cotton Growing Association :-

Gold Coast Lagos. . . Southern NigHia Northern Nigeria

Total, West Africa.

Uganda . . . British East Africa . . Nyassalaud and Rhodesia .

Total, East Africa .

Sudan. • West Indies . Otller countries

Grand total .

Approximate vah1e

Bales

191-1 l81S 1916 1917

' Bales of i Bales of Bales of Bs.!es of 400 lb. 400 !L. 400 lb. 400 lb.

100 ! 100 lOO lOO

I. 13,000 1

. 6,200 . 9.~00 7,800 150 100 ' 100 lOO

1,000 1,200 ! 10,800 3,900

~850 J7.'6oo 1----w;aoo -n,Yoo 42,000 I' 25,200 ~"· 100 1 24,000

500 800 I 200 I 200

, 5::::-13;::: ~ 3::~~~ 13::::: 1: 10,000 i 24,000 ; 16,200 23,000

6,000 I 5,600 i 3,500 I 3,000 i 1,000 3,500 5,000 4,000 ~---.-,-~_- ----.--

R2,3o0 1 "• 200 78,800 12,600

IX.- WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF COTTON. The following table shows the world's production of cotton (in thousands of bales of

400 lb. each).

Se::n. _ -~m-er_i~--- _India I I

1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1

14,129 14,885 15,067 12,953 12,076

4,092 6,149 4,758 5,414 4,827

I Other Eg~~ [_ countrie~ ___ T_o_ta_1 __ _

969 970 sss 728 6S1

I I

7,716 7,804 6,991 7,663 7,257

!7,506 29,808 27,644 26,758 ~5,691

XXIV THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

X.-FINANCE AND COMMERCE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. The fo!lowing statistics relating to the financial and commercial condition of various

countries have been put together for convenience of reference, notjor the purpose of ~o-nt· parison. Revenue and expenditure, which in some States are raised and expended by local authorities, are in others included ·in the national accounts. Debt in some countries is incurred for the sake of profitable investment, while in others it is unproductive and burdensome. With respect to trade, the figures in general show the special imports (or those for home consumption) and the special exports (or those of home produce and manufacture). Specie and bullion are generally excluded.

The statistics are for the most part for the calendar year 1918, or the financial year 1918-19.

Population,! Countries .Area in and popu· Revenue Expen· Debt Imports Exports sq. miles lation per diture

sq. mile -- -- ---- -~- --- ----- ---- --·--

1,000 £ 1,000£ 1,000£ 1,000 £ 1,000£ Argentina 1,153,119 8,284,266 34,969 34,967 ll9,082 96,179 165,293

Au!:itrial (6)

115,882 29,193,293 114,752 923,960 2,253,406 - -Belgium (247) I 188,345 I 143,073 11,373 7,571,387 32,292 32,270 148,378

Brazil (liG2)

3,275,510 24,473,579 37,729 40,817 115,448 58,262 61,168 Bulgaria 47,7GO 5,517,700 19,244 19,176 97,293 9,6>9 6.177 China 3,913,560 320,620,000 . 59,104 50,1()4 171,906 119,072 110,301 Denmark. 15,582 2,940,979 10,711 7,560 33,G19 75,411 72,716

France (180)

207,054 39.602.258 402,586 398,264 5,858,896 796,600 165,760

Germany 208,780 (189)

67,812,000 372,038 387,938 4,253,585 534,750 495,630

Greece. (310)

41,933 4,82!,300 ll,851 9,588 45,863 9,141 4,086 HungarJ1 125,609 20,886,487 143,444 186,037 506,940 84,535 78,193

Italy 110,632 (166)

36,740,000 203,997 192,426 46,606 564,065 99,345

Japan. (326)

219,874 260,738 56,550,348 84,046 84,045 166,813 196,270 Netherlands. 12,582 6,724,663 36,517 2&,627 154,220 66,536 42,771

Norway 124,642 (513)

2,632,010 34,'716 34,716 25,345 32,271 23,948

Portngal (11)

35,490 5,957,985 10,247 14,205 38,003 17,430 5,475

Rumania. (152)

53,489 7,508,009 25,828 25,828 73.615 23,600 26,828 Rm;sin.2 1,867, 737 182,182,600 407,781 407,781 2,522;093 117,788 41,969

Serbia . 33,891 4,615,567 8,572 8,572 14,352 4,243 3,368 Spain 194,783 20,842,902 65,952 82,602 376,863 24,394 37,917

Sweden (105)

173,035 5,800,84.7 :!4,234 34,234 54,955 63,303 86,465

Switzerland . (33)

15,976 3,937,000 9,112 12,332 57,400 9[i,l20 97,880

Turkey (234)

297,000 I 19,469 710,224 21,273,900 33,315 46,262 37,099

U. Kingdom . 121,633 33,711,0003 889,020 2,579,301 5,921,0951 1,319,338 498,473 United States 3,574,658 105,253,300 4,172,63() 8,966,532 2,448,725 I 589,131 1,183,942

I

1 For Austria and Hungary the separate revenues and expenditures are stated. The commerce of Hungary is its own external trade.

2 European Russia. 3 Civil population only.

INTRODUCTORY TABLES XXV

XI.-WORLD'S SHIPBUILDING. The World's Merchant Shipbuilding launched in recent years Is given as follows,

excluding vessels of less than lOO tons:-

Year United Kingdom Other Countries Total ..

Grciiii-Tons -Gross Tons - Gross ·-rails 1909 991,006 610,991 1,602,057 1910 1,148,169 814,684 1,957,858 1911 1,808,844 846,296 2,650,140 1912 1,738,514 1,168,905 2,901,769 1918 1,982,158 1,400,729 8,832,882 1914 1,688,558 1, 16fl,2001 2,852, 7581 1915 650,919 [151,0812 1,202,0002 1n6 541,552 1,146,4482 1,688,001) 1917 1,162,896 1, 774,890~ 2,987, 786 1918 1,348,120 4,099,8242 5,447,4i4

1 The returns from Germany and Austria-Hungary, included In this figure, are in· complete.

~a Excluding enemy countries.

The total number of merchant vessels under construction throughout the world (excluding the Central Powers) on December 31, 1918, according to Lloyd's Register Shipbuilding Returns, was 2,189 ships of 6,921,989 gross tons, or double the largest corres­ponding tonnage under construction by the world before the war, which was 8,446,S90 gross tons in June, 1918.

The details of merchant tonnage under constructien on December Sl, 1918, were as follows:

Steamers and motor veosels Sailing vessols

------·- -·--- -----··---·-··· Total

Countries Steel Wood Stsel Wood ·-- ·-------·· ··------

No. Gross No. Gross No ~Gross No. Gross No. GroRs tons tons · tons tons tons

---- ···-------·--·- ········-- --- -- ---- -- ··---- ----United Kingdom 414 1,975,962 2 1,240 8 2,7li0 - - 424 1,979,952 Ca.na.da:

Great Lakes 31 f\2,990 1 2,400 - - -22-;li96} Cosst 21 76,666 48 01,189 - - 47 195 278,711 Other BrIt I s h

Dominions 9 40,402 10 4,858 - - 28 8,187 China 6 8,968 11 850 - -- - - 7 9,818 Denmark 45 70,258 [J 1,770 1 nu _, - !)I 72,14a France 12 51,690 -I - - - - - 12 61,~90 Holland 113 212,512 -! - - - - - 118 212,512 Italy • 20 112,800 26 ll\,500 - - 10 4,210 5o 188,010 Japan 8!! 257,777 27 20,303 - - - - 116 278,140 NorwAy 54 6'2,107 17 U,5Sl -- - - - 71 67,788 Portugal - - ~ 700 - - 34 14,420 36 15,120 Spain. • so 76,SSG 1 246 I 250 3 766 85 77,597 Sweden • , 481 89,368 281 ]0,271 - - - - 76 99,689 United States: I

Atlantic Coast 286 1,494,496 98 205,HO 2 4,600 22 25,450

} 997 Gulf ports . 10] 76,810 107 272,610 1 4,500 11 10.460

3,645,919 Pacific coast • 120

1

706,350 218 551,140 - - a 8,950 Great I,akes . 119 290,393 - - - -

------- -- ------ --------- ----Total '11 1,427 5,665,484 5Ul 1,154,828 18 12,215 158 89,612 2,189 1,921,989

1 Including 14 ferro-concrete vt.ssels of 26,870 tons.

XXVI THF. STA'I'F.Sl\IAN'S YF.ATt ROOK, 191!1

XII.--THE GREAT WAR, 1914-18. (1.)

PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE WAR.

July 1870-January 1871.-Franco­German war.

1871.-German Empire Jlroclairuc<l at Versailles.

1888.-William II., King of Prussia and German Emperor.

1918.-Abclication of William II. Ger· many a Republic (November 9).

1914.

June 28.-Muruer at ~anjevo of the Archduke Francis Ferdinami) Heir to tlw Austro.Hungarian throne.

July 5.-Crown Council at Potf;dam at. which the Kaiser resolve(! on war.

July 23 -Austria-Hungary presente<l ultimatum to Serbia.

July 28.-Austria-Rungary 1lt'l'lan·d war on Serbia.

July 31.-Genern.l mobnizatio11 in Russia. 'State of War'. deelured in Germany.

August 1.-Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Luxemburg.

August 2.-German ultimatum to Bel­gium.

August 3. -Germany declared war on France.

August 4.-Great Britain's u1timatwn to Germany: demanding n.n assurance that the neutrality of Belgiwn would be respected.

War declared by Great Britain on Ger­many at 11 p.m.

August 7.-Germaus entered Liege. August 10.-France declared war on

Austria-Hungary. August 12.-Great Britain declared war

on Austria-Hungary. August 16.-British expeditionary force

landed in }!.,ranee August 20.-Germans occupied Brussels, August 23.-Tsiugtau bombanlc<l by the

Japanese. August 25.-Germans destroyed I.ouvain. August 26.-Allies conquered Togolancl. August 29.-Bamoa captured by ~ ,,w

Zealand forces. September 2.-Russians took Le m br:r~. September 5.-Great Britain, France :tnd

Russia signed a Treaty not to make peace separately.

September 6.-Battle of the Marne. September 7.-Germans took Maubeuge. September 11.-An Australian expedition

captured New Guinea aml the Bismarck Archipelago Protectorate.

September 16.-Russians under General Rennenkamp! retreated from East Prnssia.

September 27.-Snccessful invasion of German South-W rst Africa by General Botha.

October 9.-Germans occupied Antwerp.

October 13.-Belgian Government with­drew to Le Havre, in France. Germans occupied Ghent.

October 28.-De Wet.'s Rebellion in South Africa.

November 1.-German naval victory in the Pacific off the Coast of Chile.

November 5.-Great Britam declared war on •rurkey.

Cyprus annexed. November 7.-Fall of Tsingtau to the

Japanese, November 10.-German Crui.,er Emden

caught and destroyed at Cocos Island. November 21. -Basra, on Persian G-ulf,

o~e1111lt·d 1Jy Br:ti~ll. December 8.-British naval vir.torv otr

tbt· FaH.:laJJd lslandB. · 8. Af1·lean rebellion coltnpsed. December 17.-Egypt proclaimed a

British Prot.f'ctorat€', anU a new ruler appointed with title or Snltnn.

December 24.-First G-erman air raid ou England.

1915.

January 24.-British llaval victory in North Sea off· Dogger llank.

February 18.-The Gcenan official 'blockade' of Great Britain commenced German submarines began campaign of 'piracy atHI pillage.' (Mr. Asquith's terms.)

February 19.-Anglo-I;'rench squadroa bombarded Dardanelles.

March !.-Announcement ot the issue of British 'Orders in Council' to prevent commodities of any kiml from reaching or leaving Germany.

March 10.-Dritish captured Nenve Chapelle.

March 17.-Uussianc; captured Przemysl and strengt.11ened their hold on the greater part of Galiclrt.

April 26.- Allie<l troops l•nded on the GallipoE P<:Himmla.

April 30. -Germans invaded the Baltic provinces or H.ussia.

May 2.· -Hnssians forced by the com­bined Germans n.nd ~\.ustrians to retire from their positions in the Carpatllians. (Battle of the llnna,jec.)

May 4.-Itaiy denounce<.! the Treaty of Triple Alliance.

Ma.y 7.--The Cunard liner Lusitania tor­pedoed oy the Germa.ns off the Old Head of !\:in sale, nearQueenstown. Death rolll,I34 ..

May 8.-Germaus occupied Libau. May 12.-The Union troops under General

Botha occupied W\ndhuk, the capital of German South· West Africa.

Ma.y 15.-United States Lusitania Note to Germany published.

INTRODUCTORY TABJ,ES xxvii.

Ma.y 23.-ltaly tleclared war on Austria­Hungary.

June 3.-Przemysl retaken by German$ and Austrians.

Amara, on Tigrls, captured by the British. June 22,-The Austro.Germans recap­

tured Lemberg. July 15.-Conquest of German South·

West Africa completed. August 4.-Fall of Warsaw. August 5.-Fall of Iwangorod. August 20.-Italy declared war on

Turkey. October 4.-Russian ultimatum to

Bulgaria. October &.-Allied forces landed at

Salonika, at the invit.ation of the Greek Government.

October 6.--Austro-German Invasion of Serbia began.

October 11.-Bulgarians invaded Serbia. December I.-General Townshend, forced

to retreat from Cteslphon, retired to Kut­el-Amara.

December 2.-Fall of Monastir aud conquest of Serbia completPtl.

December 15.-Sir John French •·etired from command of the army in France and Flanders, and is succeeded by Sir Douglas Haig.

December 19.-The British forces withdrawn from Anzac and Suvla Day.

1916. Ja.nua.ry a.-Complete evacuation of

Gallipoli. Ja.nua.ry 13.-Fall of Cettinje, capital of

Montcnegro. Ja.nua.ry 28.-Austrians occupied San

Giovanni di Medic! (Albania). Februa.ry 16.-I<'all of ·Erzerum to the

Russians. Februa.ry 18.-Kameroon conquered. Februa.ry 21.-Battle of Verdun co•n­

menced. Ma.rch 10. -Germany declared war on

Portugal. April 17.-Russians cavtured Trel>izond, Aprll23.-Strong U.S. note to Germany

on unrestrained submarine warfare, threat­ening to break off diplomatic relations unless Germany agreed to modify her submarine policy in accordance with International law.

April 24.-Rebel rising in Ireland commenced.

April 29,-General Townshend surren­dered to the Turks before Kut.

May 1.-Irish rebellion at an end. Ma.y 3.-Bill for general conscription

introduced in the House of Commons. Ma.y 4.-Germany replied to U.S. Note,

undertaking to comply with the suggestion of President Wllson, conditionally.

Ma.y 24.-Military Service Bill became law.

Ma.y 31.-Naval battle off Jutland. June 4,-Russlan ofl'ensive in Volhynia

and Bukovlna began.

June 14.-Alliecl Economic Conference at Paris.

June 17.-Czernovitz captured by the Russians.

June 21.-The Grand Sherif of Mecca captured Mecca, Jeddah and Talf.

July !.-Franco-British Somme offensive began.

July a.-Order in Council published re­scinding Declaration of London.

July 9.-German submo.rine merchantman Deutsch!and arrived at Baltimore.

July 25.-Erzinjan captured by the Russians.

July 28.-Brody captured by the Rus· sia.ns.

August 9.-Italians captured Gorizia. August 10.-Stanlslau captured by the

Russians. August 27.-Rumania declared war on

Austria-Hungary. Italy declared war on Germany. August 28.-Germany declared war on

Rumania. August 29.-Hindenburg appointed Chief

of the German General Staff. August 30.-Turkey declared war on

Rumania. Venezelist revolt in Greece. September 2.-Bulgarian offensive In the

Dobrudja commenced. September 4. -Dar-es-Salaam (German

East Africa) surrendered to the British. September 12.-Fourth Greek army corps

at Kavala voluntarily surrendered to the Germans and removed to Germany.

September 18.-Fiorlna captured by Franco-Russian troops.

September 26.-Combles and Thiepval captured by British and French troops.

September 29.-Thc Venezelist Pro­visional Government formed at Salonika.

October 22.-0onstan?.a captured by tl>e Germans and Bulgarians.

October 24.-French victory at Verdun. November 13.-British attack on the

Ancre commenced. November 18.-Monastir captured by

General Serrail. November 29.-Sir David Beatty ap­

pointed Commander-in-Chief of the GrRncl Fleet in succession to Sir John J ellicoe, who became First l:!ea Lord.

December &.-Resignation of Mr. AsquitlJ. December 6.-Germans captured Buka­

rest. December 7.-Mr. Lloyd George Prime

Mini•ter. December 20.-President Wilson's Peace

Note published. December 21.-British occupied El Arish

(Sinai Peninsula).

1917. Ja.nua.ry,1.-Turkey denounced Treaty of

Berlin and the capitulations, and declared herself wholly independent.

Ja.nua.ry 5.-Dralla captured by the Germans.

xxviii THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

February I.-Unrestricted German sub. marine warfare on enemy and neutral ships commenced.

February S.-The United States bmlte off diplomatic relations with Germany.

February 18.-The Italians and French joined up in Southern Albania, and so eut off Greece from the Central Powers.

February 24.-Kut·el·Amara captuJ•ed by the British.

February 26.-German retreat on the Ancre commenced.

March 11.--Bagdad captured by the British.

Maroh 12.-Revolution In Russia. March 14.-China severed diplomatic re·

latlons with Germany. March 17.-The British took Bapaume. March 18.-The British took Peronne. March 21.-First meeting of the Imperial

War Conference at which delegates from all the Dominions (except Australia) were present.

April 6.-The United States declared war against Germany.

April 8. -Austria-Hungary broke off diplomatic relations with the Unite<! State•.

Aprll9.-The battle of Arras commenced. April 10.-Bulgarla broke off diplomatic

relations with the United States. April 21.-Turltey hroke off <iiplomatic

relations with the United ~tates. April 22.-Mr. Balfour arrived in Wash­

ington. April 23.-The British occupied Samarra

station (north of Bagdad). April 28.-The United States Congr<•ss

passed bill for raising art army of 500,000 men.

May 6.-French won the Chemin des Dames.

May 23. -Italians advanced on the Southern Carso.

June 7. -British captured Messines Ridge.

June 17. ·-Portuguese troops on the Western Front.

June 26. - The first contingent of American troops arrivild in !<'ranGe.

June 29.- General Alien by took over command of the British forces in Palestine.

July a.-Conscription became law in Canada.

July 10.-Russians captured Halicz In Galicia.

July 14.-Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor, succeeded by Dr. Georg Michaelis.

July 17.-Brltlsh Royal House adopted the name of Windsor.

July 19. - Resolution of the German Reichstag in support of peace by under­standing, without annexations, or indemni· ties. •

July 23.-Russians retreated in Galicia, losing Halicz.

July 24.-Russians lost Stanislau and Tarnopol.

July 26. - Austro-Germans captured Kolomea.

August 3. - Austro·Germans captured Czernovitz.

August 11.-Rumanlan Roy1tl Family left Buchare&t for Jassy.

August 24.-Italia.na captured Monte San to.

September 4.-Germans entered Rlga. September 8.-Mac.hinations of Count

Luxburg published (i!purlos t>ersenksn, to sink ships without a trace).

September 15. - RuSSia proclaimed a Republic.

September 26.-BriUsh advanced In the Ypres area.

September 28.-British victory over the Turks at Ramadie, on the Euphrates.

October 9.-Allled advance in Flanders. October 12.- German troops occupied

the island of Oesel, in the Gulf of Riga. October 24.-ltalian army driven back

by the Austro·Germans. October 27. -The Austro · Germans

captured Cividale. It was formally announced that American

troops in France had fired their first shot in trench warfare.

October 28. - Gorizia captured by the Austro-Germans.

October 29.-The Austro-Germans cap· tured Udlne.

October 30.-Dr. Michaelis, German Im· perial Chancellor(' the Chancellor of a Hun. dred Da~s ')succeeded by Count Hertling.

October 31.-British captured Beersheba, Part of Italian Second Army cut off;

Italians withdrew to the Tagllamento. November 1.-German retl-eat on the

Chemin des Dames. November 3.-First American casualties

in France. November 4.-British troops arrived in

Italy. November 6. - Passchendaele Ridge

carried by the British. November 7.-British captured Gaz&. Bolsheviks under Lenin seize supreme

power in Russia. November 9.-The Italians reach the

Piave line. Versailles .Allied War Council announced. November 17.~atfa evacuated by the

Turks, and entered by the B1'itish. November 18.-Bir l:!tanley Maude died

in Mesopotamia. November 20.-British victory iu frontl

of Cambrai, November 24.-General Ma.rshall took

over British command in Mesopotamia. November 30.-German counter-atte.ak

near Cambrai. Deoember 1.-German East Africa con­

quered. Deoember 6.-Russo.German armistice

arranged until December 17. Rumania agreed to an armistice. Deoember 9.~eruslllem captured by the

British. December 19. -Ukrainians demanded

from the Bolsheviks recognition of the Ukranian Republic.

INTRODUCTORY TABLES XXJX

December 22.-Peace negotiations opened at Brest Lltovsk between Bolsheviks on the one side, a.nd Germany, Austria~Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey on the other.

December 26.-Sir Rosslyn Wemyss suc­ceeded Sir J olm Jellicoe as First Sea Lord of the Admiralty.

1918. January 20.-The Breolau sunk, and the

Goeben damaged off Imbros. February 1.- Germany and Austria­

Hungary recognised Ukrainian Republic. February 9. -Peace signed at Brest

Litovsk between Germany, Austria-Hun­gary, Bulgaria, and 'rurkey on the one side) and the Ukraine Rada on the ot11er.

February 10.-Bolsheviks fonually an­nounced that Russia was out of the war.

February 16. - General Sir Willian1 Robertson succeeded as Chief of tl1e Uriti,'-dt General Staff by General Sir Henry \Vi1snJt.

February 18. -Germany recomwC'nc.cd hostilities against Russia..

February 20.-British occupied Khan Abu Rayot, 14 mileH north of R<1madic.

February 21.-Jericho captured by llHJ British.

February 24.-Trebizoml recaptured !Jy the Turks.

February 25.-Germalls took Reval. March 3.-Peace signe<l at Brest Litovsk

between the BOlsheviks on the one side, and Gerrn:any, Austria-Hungary, Bulgariu, anrl Turkey on the other.

Peace negotiations commenced between Rumania and Central Powers.

March 5.-German troops landed in the Aalaml Islands.

March 7 .-Peace signed between Ger~ many and Finland.

March 9.'-Hit, on the Euphrates, oc­cupied by tlw British.

Maroh 11.--'l'urks recaptured Erzernm. March 13. - German troops entered

Odessa. Maroh 14.-Congress of Soviets met at

Moscow, and agreerl to ratify Russo­German Peace Treaty.

March 19.-The Allies protested against the German Peace with R.ussia.

March 20.-Pnblication in Germany of Prince Lichnowsky's Memorandum, in which responsibility for the war is laid at the door of Germany, and of the revelations of Dr.Miihlon, a former Director of Krupp's, which furnishes additional proof.

March 21. -German 8pring Offensive began, which eventually fonle<l back Britlsil line in front of Amiens all(! in the neigh­bourhood of Ypres.

March 23.-Pa.ris wa~ homh:uded hy long-range guns at a distanee of 7f> miles.

March 24.-Peronne and Bapaume re­captured by the Germans.

April 3.-German naval forces landed in Finland.

April 5.-J al1ancse and British marines lanlled in Vl_adivo8tock.

April 6.-Turks occupied Ardah&n. April 8.-Germans occnpied Oharkov. Aprllll.-German• retook Armentieres. April 13.-Turks took Bstum. April14.-General Foch appointed Com-

mander-in-Chief of .Allied Armies in France. Germans occupied Helsingfors. April15.-Germans captured Bailleul. April 22.-British naval forces raided

Zeebrugge and Ostend. At Zeebrug~e they blocked up the entrauce to tho Rruges Canal by sinking ships filled with concrete, and damaged the mole. At Ostend Lhey blocked the harbour.

April 26.-Kemmel Hill captured by the Germans.

April 27.-British captured Kifri, north of B'gdad.

The Turks occupied Kars. April 30.-Gennans captured Viborjl. May 1.-Germans occupied Sei.Jastopol,

where they found the greater part of the f\_l15sia n Black Sea Fleet.

May 7. -Peace signed at Bukarest be­t\vt>cu Germany and Rumania.

May 9.-British naval forces a~;ain raided ( l:-.Lt~nd and sank the cruiser Vindictim~, tillc(l with concrete, at the entranee of the ha.rl)(Hll' .

.Drit.isll nntered Kirkuk, ]10 miles S.E. of !llosul.

May 17.-l'ro-German plot discovered in Ireland; t-:iuu Ji't'-in leaders arrested.

May 27.-Heeond German otfemdve cmu­Jnuncetl in the West.

May 29.-Germans took Soissons. May 30.-Germans advanced to within :?

miles of Rheims.. June 1.-Germans reache•l the heights of

Neuilly and north of Chateau-Thierq. British air squadron bombarded Karls­

ruhe June 2.-Allied air raid on Cologne. June 4.-Germanspnshed backaeross the

Mar ne. June 11.-Allled counter-offensive be­

tween Montdldler and N oyon. German offensive brought to a standstill. , June 14.-Turks occupied •rabriz, in

l crs1a.. June 15.-Austrian offensive begun from

tllc Asiago Plain to the sea. June 16.-Exchange of French and Ger­

man prisoners commenced. June 17.--,!alino!I succeeds Radoslavotf

as Premier of Bulgaria. June 27. --Fir.et contingent of United

States trou]1:-> urrived at Genoa. July 5.-BritiRh airmen bombarded Cob­

Ienz. July 7.-Britislt naval air forces bom­

banlecl Cons~autinople. July 10. --~'rench attacks on the Marne

:'lallent. July 14.-Anglo-German agreement sign.

ed for exchange of prisoners. July 18.-Allied counter-offensive begau.

Soissons retaken from the Germans. July 19.-German retreat across the

:Mnrne commenced.

XXX THE STATESMAN'S YEARBOOK, 1919

July 21. -Chateau-Thierry occupied by the French.

August 3.-Allies advanced on a SO-mile front to the Aisne and the Vesle.

August 4.-German retreat continued. Allies occupied Fismcs.

August e.-Brltish on Sormne salient put out of action the 27th German Division.

Auguat 7.-Mutiny ot German sailors &t Wilhelmshaven reported.

August8.-Successful Allied offensive on the Somme salient drove a wedge Into German position. Germans began evacu­ating Lys salient.

August 10.-French recapture Mont­didier.

August 15.-Ailies from Archangel pene· trate lOO miles from Archangel along the railway to Vologda.

August 16.-Germans, under pressure from the All!es, especially in the valley of the Ancre, continued retiring.

August 19.-Brltlsh entered Merville. August 21.-Br!tish captured Albert. August 24.-British cap,ured Thiepval,

Bray and La Boisselle. August 27.-French captured Roye. August 29.-British captured Bapaurne,

and the FrellCh Nclyon. August 30.---Germans ret.reated from

Flanders. August 31.-Brltish reu.ptured Keunnel

Hill. September 1.-Alllea took Peronne. BrltJsh advanced in Macedonia. September 3.-Germans withdrew frCim

the Scarpe to the Somme. September 13.-American troops took

St. Mihiel; the railway Verdun to Tout OJ•ened to the Allies.

Slptember 16.-Further British advance in Macedonia; first and second Bnlgar lines carried.

September 18.-Franco·Serb forcea ad­vanced In Serbia.

September 19.-General Allenby broke through in Palestine between Ralat and the sea.

September 20.-British retook Moenvres. September 22.-General Alien by ad vane·

ed beyond Nazareth. September 23.-French cavalry captured

Prilet in Macedonia. In Doiran area Anglo-Greek and Franco­

Greek forces joined in pursuit of Bulgarians. In Palestine British forces captured Acre

and Es Salt. Septe·mber 24.- Count Hertlina;, German

Chancellor, declared in the Reichstag that the position was grave but that lt dfd not justify the public discontent in Germany.

September 25.-General Bulgarian re­treat; tbe Monaster-Prilep-Gradsko road in the hands of the Allies.

September 26.-British occupied Amman in Palestine.

Serbs captured Veles; British captured Strumitza.

~·anco-American attack in tloe Argonne.

September 27.-Bulgaria asked for an armistice.

British attack in front of Cambrai broke Hindenburg line.

September 29.-Bulgaria signed armi•­tice and surrendered.

September 30.-Belgians recapture<! Roulers. British advance continued in St. Quentin-Camhrai sector.

October I.-British captured Damascus. ~'rench captured St. Quentln. October 2.-Serbian troops entered Nisl1. October 3.-Greeks entered Drama. October 4.-Gerrnan retreat continued.

British advanced to within 6 miles of Lille. October 5.-King l!'erdinand of Bulgaria

abdicated. October 6.-Amer!can troops captured

St. Etienne. Gennansnacuated Le Cateau. German Government sends first Peace

Note to President Wilson. Ootober 8.-British occupied Beirut, &ea­

port of Syria. President Wilson replied to German l!rst

Peace Note. October 9.-Allies captured Cambrai, Le

Cateau and Roncroy. October 12.-French captured Vou?.iers. Second German Peace Note reached

America. October 13.-Frencl> captured Laon and

La Fere. October 14.-ltali.atls captured Dnrazzo. Pruident Wilson replied to second Ger­

man Pence Note, laying it down that the suprel!lacy of the Allied armies must be safeguarded, the conditions of peace must be left to the 1nilltary ad vi~ors, ille~tal and inhumane practices must cens~, and German people rnust change their Government.

British troops in Irkutsk. October 15.-Czech nvolution \lroke out

in Prague a~ainst Austria. October 16.-Serbians captured Krush­

evatz. October 17.-Allies occupied Ostend,

Bruges and Lille. October 20.-Germans in a third Peace

Note accept terms of President Wilson'8 reply to their second Peace Note and recall suhn•arines to their bases.

October 21.-Demand made in Germany for the abdication of the Kaiser.

Ootober 22.-The Turks withdrew from Tabri:o.

October 23.-President Wilson replied to Germans' third Peace Note.

October 25.-Retirement of Ludendorf!' announced,

October 26.-British occupied Aleppo. Ootober 27.-The British and Italians

crossed the Piave. October 28.-British troops entered Ly•. October 29.-The Austrian Government

appealed to Mr. Lansing for an immediate armistice.

October 30.-The Austrian military an· tho1·ities demand an armistice on the Ital­ian front.

INTRODUCTORY TABLES xxxi

Surrender of entire Turkish force (about 7,000) on the 'l'igris.

Turkey granted armistice. November 1.-Hungarian Republic pro­

claimed in Budapest and the Republic of German .Austria in Vienna.

Announcement made from Paris that since the drive ou the Western ~·t·ont on July 18 the Allied armies had taken 362,355 prisoners (7,990 officers), 6,217 heavy guns, 38,622 machine guns and 31 H07 miue throwers.

November 2.-Italians in the 'l'rentiuo crossed the Au•trian frontier.

November 3.-Italians capture<! 'l'rent. Serbian army occupied Belgrade. November 4.-British eaptured Valen-

ciennes. .Austria accepted truce terms. November 7.-.Amerlcan troops captured

Sedan. Revolutionary outbreaks in Kiel and

Hamburg; the German navy in the hand• of revolutionaries.

November 8.-Bavaria proclaimed a Republic.

November 9.-.Abdi~.ation of the Kaiser. Maubeuge captured by the British.

November 10.-Revolution spreading over Germany. Williamii. fled to Holland.

British entered environs of Mons. November 11.-Germans signed armis­

tice. November 21.-German fleet surrendered

to the British. November 25.-Surrender of last remnant

of the German forces in East Africa. Ceremonial entry of the French into

Strassburg. December 1.-William II. signed a formal

renunciation of the crown of Prussia and of t.he German Empire.

December 6.-.American troops entered lllnyence and Belgian troops entered Diiss­eldorf.

December 8.-British troops entered Cologne.

Janua.ry 18 1919.-Peace Conference of the Allies offlcially inaugurated at Ver­sailles.

(2.)

Ma.y 7, 1919.-Peacc Terms handed to the German delegates.

June 2, 1919.-Peace 'l'erms handed Lo Austrian delegates.

WAR EXPENDITURE OF THE DOMINIONS. The following table shows for the self-govern!ng Dominions the total war expenditure

(partly estimated) 1tp to 1tlarch 31, 1919 (in the case of Newfoundland up to April so, 1UIO) and also the capitalised cost of pensions:-

Dominion War Expenditure Capitalised Cost of Pensions

~:n~~~--~·---.. -· .... : I . -----·------ -------$1,277,273,000

(about £255,454,600) .£291,000,000

£75,750,000 .£82,950,000

$9,800,000 (about £1,880,000)

$440,000,000 (about £88,000,000)

£lOO,OOO,OOO .£12,000,000

£2,250,000 $16,000,000

(a\JOUt £8,200,000)

Commonwealth of Australia I New Zealand • • • i ~~~of~,~~d~~~lh Afrit•a • 1 . '

I

(3.) WAit CASUALTlE::l.

It Is obviomly ilnposslhlc as yet (May, 1919) to give a complete return of the total losses occasioned by the war. Not all the belligerents have issued returns, and •nch a• are available are not on a uniform system. The following table is based ou the official estimates published up to May, 191!1 :-

Country.

British Empire United States France Italy Russia Serbia Rntnania Germany . . Austria-Hungary 'l'nrkey

Total (as available)

I 33,8(il in the Navy. • 5,252 In the Xavy.

Killed. Wounded. Missing and Total.

'· ·--·;;71,87~;- i 2,055,4822 _!':.i::~.7c~- 3,287,728 58,169 . 179,625 240,197

1,071,800 1 760,800 1,839,855 5 46.?,560:' 959,1884 1,424,698

1 700 000 I 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000

1:600:000 .1 4,064,000 772,522 7.~i!:~~ ,; 087,534 2,084,572 2,772,100

, 43H,971 , 407,772 048,477 :-----------------·-----1 o,886,4n I 12,o1e,o17 ! 6,477, 761 21,783,857

~ G,188 in the Navy. iJ 8,2tS5 in aviation.

a 3,169 in the Navy. 6 29,470 in the Navy

xxxii THE S'fATEBMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

XIII.-THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. THE COVENANT.

In order to promote international co-operation and t.o achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by th<> prescription of open, just and honoumble relations between nations, by the ftrm establishment of the un,'\er­standings of intemationallaw as the actual rule of conduct among governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the deal­ings of "rganized people• with one another, the Hl.glt Contracting Parties agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations. '

Article I.-The original members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in tl1e Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named In the Annex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to ail other Members of the League.

At1y fully self-goveming State,Dmnlnion or Colony not named in the Annex, may bceome a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the Assembly, provided that it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its inter­national obligation•, and shall accept such regulations as ma:r be prescribed by the League in regard to its military and naval forC(1S and armaments.

Any Member of the League may, attt~r two years' notice of its Intention so to do, with­draw from the League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulil.lled at the time of its withdrawal.

Article II.-The action of the Leagne under this Covenant shall be effected through the Instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat.

Article Ill,-Tlte AsHembly shall clonsist of Representatives of the Members of the Lea~ue. ,

The A'"embly shall meet ut stated intervals anrl from time to time as occasion may require at the Seat of the r,eague or at :mch other vlace as may be decided upon.

The As•embly may deal at it• meetings wlfil any matter within the sphere of &etlon of the League or atfecting the peace of the world •

.A:t meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have one vote, and may not have more than three Represcntatiyes.

Article IV.-The Council shall consist of Representatives of the United States nf America, of the British Erupir•, of France, of Italy, and of J·apan. together. with Representatives of four other Members of the Loague. These four Mombers of the League shall be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appoint­ment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected b;r the Assembly, Representatives of shall be members or the Council.

With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be memhers of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected hy the Assembly for representation on the Council.

The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the Sea.t of the League, or t.t such otller place a.s ma.y be decided upon.

The Council may des.! at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action o! the League or affecting the peace of the world.

Any Member at the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the considera­tion of matters specially a!fecting the interests of that :Member of the League.

At meetings of the Council each Member of the League represented on the Council shall hM·e one vote, and may not have more than one Representative.

Article V.-Except where otherwise expressly providecl in this Covenant, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or or the Council shall require the agreement of ull the Mem­bers of the League retJresented at the meeting.

All matter• of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council ant\ m!l.y be decided by a majority of the Members of the r,eague represented at the m~.eting.

The first meeting of the AHseulbly and the first meeting of the Council shall be sum· maned by the President of the United States of America.

INTRODUCTORY TABLES XXXlll

Article VI.-The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat oftheLeague. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required.

The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; tl1ereafter the Secretary General shall be apvointed by the Council with the approval of the maJority of the A88embly.

The secretaries and the staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council.

The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly aud of theCoun~.

The expenses of the Seeret.ariat shall be borne by the Members of the League in accordance with t.he apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.

Article VII.-The Seat of the League is established at Genen. The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall I.Je established

elsewhere. All positions under or in connexion with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be

01•en equally to men and women. Representatives of the Members of the League and official< of the League when engaged

on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Repre­

senta.t ivc:s attendinl!' its meetings shall be inviflla.ble.

Article VIII.-The Members nf the League recognize that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national saf~ty and the enforcement by common action of in~ernational obligations.

The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each Member of the Leagae, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the con5ideration and action of the several Governments.

Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten ye.alK After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of

armaments therein fl:xed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of tne Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufactute by private enterprise of

munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and impJements of war necessary for their safety.

The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military and naval programmes, and the condition of ::.uch of their industries as are adaptable to warlike purposes.

Article IX.-A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise tbe Council on the ex~~cution of the llrovisions of Articles I. and VIII. and on military and naval questions genera!ly.

!rticle X.-The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all .Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case ot any threat or danger of such ag-gression the Couneil shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

Article XI.-Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise tile Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the Council.

It is also declared to be the friendly right of eaeh Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threaten to disturb international peace or the good under­standing between nations upon which peace depends.

Article XII.-The Members or the League agree that if there should arise between them any disvute likely to lead to rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no ease to resort to war nntil three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report by the Council.

In any c.ase under this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reason­ahle time, and the report of the Council shall be made within .six months after the submis­s.on of the dispute.

XXXlV THE STATESMA~'s YEAR-l300K, 1919

Article XIII.-The MemlJCrs of the L·ea~ue agree that whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they rerognize to he suitable for suhmi~sion to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will :-;ubmit the whole subject matter to arbitration.

Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of i<1ternationallaw, as to the existence of an \I far.t which if establi:o;hed would eon::;titnte a l)reach of any inter· national ohliga.tion, or as to the extent a.nd natuie of the reparation to be made ·for any such brearh, are declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration.

For the consideration of any snch dispute the court of arlJitration ttJ which ij1e case is referred shall be the court agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stivulated in any convention existing between them.

'l'he Members of the lJeague a(!ree that they will carry out in full good faith any award that way be rendered and that they will not resort to war against a M ember of the League which complies therewith. In the event of any failurt-' to carry out KUCh an award, the Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.

Article XIV.-The Council shall formulate ami submit to the Members of the I .. eague for adoptiOn plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International .Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an inter­national character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court way also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.

Article XV.-It there should arise between 1\f embers of the League any dispute likely to Ie~d to a rupture, which is not subrnitted to arbitration as above, the Members of the League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any part.y to the dispute may effect .such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and considera~ tion thereof.

For this purpose the partie,<; to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the releYant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof.

The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts a.re successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate.

If the diRJmte is not thus settledr the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard thereto.

Any Member of the League represeuted on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of 1ts conclusions regarding the same.

If 8 report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League &J!ree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report.

If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof, other than the Representatives of one or wore of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and .Justice.

If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out of a n~atter which by internatienallaw is solely wilhin the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.

The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, l•rovidtd that such a request be made w•thin fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council.

In any case referred to the Assembly all the provisions of this Article and of Article XII. relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the J,ea~ue represented on the Council and of 8

majority of the other M em hers of the League, exclusive in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.

Article XVI,-Should any Member of the Leagne resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles XII., XIII., or XV., it shall ipso facto be deemed to have corn· mitted an act of war against all other Members of tbe League, whi"h hereby undertako immediately to snbiect it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the pro•

iNTRODUCTORY TABLES XXXV

hibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant~ breaking Member of the League, and the prevt::ntion of an financial, commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking Member of the League and the nationals of any other State, whether a M em her of the League or not.

It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Govern­ments concerned what effective military or naval force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.

The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimize the loss and inconvenience re'iulting from the above measures, and that they will tnutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking 1\iernber of the League, and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League.

Any Member of the League which has violated any covena.flt of the League may be de­clared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote oft he Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other 1\Iembers of the IJeagne represented there on.

APticle XV!I.-ln the event of a dispute between any l\lember of the League and a State which i~ not a Member of the League, or hetween States: not Memhers of the League, the State or States not Members of the League Rhall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the: Counmlmay deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles XII. to XVI. inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may he deemed necessary by the Council.

Upo'!l such invitation being given the Council shall immediately in!'titute an inquiry into the c\rcumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.

Tf a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the J.Jeague for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Mernber of the League, the provisions of Article XVI. shall be applicable as against the ~tate taking such action.

If both parties to the dispute when so invited refnse to accept the obligations of mem­bership in the J_,~eague for the purpo~es of such dispute, the Councl may take such mea­sures and make ~uch recommendations a:s will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement ofthe diJO;pute.

Article XVIII.-Every treaty of international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the !Jeague shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as po:;sib1e be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.

APticle XIX.-The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicab]e and the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the world.

APtlcle XX •. -The Members of the League severally aoree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter Be which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.

In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a :Member of the League, ha Ye undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the dnty of such ]\[ember to take immediate steps to procure its release from sach. o bli~&tions.

Article XXI.-Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like th.e Monroe Doctrine for securing the maintenance of peace.

APticle XXII.-To thosa colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inh1 bited by peoples not yet able to stand by themseJve• under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securiti•s for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant.

The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources . their experience or their geographical position, can beot undertake this responsibility' and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should he exercised by them a~ M.anda.tories on behalf of the League. •

The character of the mandate must differ according to the stRge of the development ~{h~~esfn~?/:.~~~~~~~s~~~&,~:cal situation of the territory, its economic conditions, and

Certain communities fonnerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of

< !

xxxvi THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recoa. nized snbjeet to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandato;y until such time as they are able to stand alone. Tile w•shes of these coro.munities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.

OUJ.er peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Manda­tory must be responsible for the administration of the territory und~r conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience or religion, subject only to the maintenance of }lUblic order and mon.ls, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liqnor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of militarr training of the natives for other than police 11urposes and for the defence of the territo;y, and will also secure equal opportunities for 'the trade and commerce of other lllembsrs of the League.

There are territories, ~ucll as South-,Vest Af-rica and certain of the South Pacific Islands, whicl1, owing to the sparset1ess of their I,OJ'ulation, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilization, or tlu~ir geographical contiguity to the territory of the llandatory, and o~her circumstanC"ef:, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject; to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.

In every case..of mandate, the :Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to il.s charge.

The degree of authority, control, or administration to he exercised by tl1e Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in eac.h case by the Council.

A permanent Commission sha1l be constituted to receire and examine the annual reports of the llandatories and to advise the Council on all matterR relating to the observ­ance of the mandates.

Article XXIII.-Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to Ue agreed upon, tbe Members of the League

(a) will endeavour to securr and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women, and children both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and 111aintain the necessary international organizations ;

(b) undertake to secu1·e just treatment. of the ruttive inhabitants or t-erritories under their control ;

(c) will e11trnst the League ~ith the general supervision over the execution nf agree­ments with re6ard to the traffic in women and children, and traffic in opitan and other dangerous drugs ;

(d) will entruot the League with the general supen-ision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control cf this traffic is necessarv in the common interest ; ~

(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications an\l of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of tl1e League. In this connexion, the ~pecial necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind;

(f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern for the pre\·ention and control of disease.

Article XXIV.-There shall be placed under the direction of the League all inter­national bureaux already est.ablished by general treaties if the parties to sucl1 treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter co11stituted shall be placed under the direction of the League.

In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions l1ut which are not placed under. the control of international bureaux or commif'skns, the Secretariat oftbe League shall, sul1ect to the conseht of the Council, and if desired by the parties, collect and distnbute all relevant information and shall 1ender any othor assistanc6 which may be nec~ssary or desirable.

The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the ex1•enses of any bureau or commission which is Jllaced linder the direction of the League.

Article XXV.-The llembers of the League agree to oncourage and promote the estalJlislnnent and ea-operation of duly authorized voluntary 1mtional Red Cross· organizations bn.1·ingas purposes tlJe im]m:>Yement of health, UJe prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throuo;hout the world.

Article XXVI.-Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the 'I-f embers of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly.

No such amendment shall bind any :Member of the League which signiftes its. dissent therefrom, but in that caBe it shall cease to be a llemller of tl1e League.

u.s. OF A~iEHICA BELGIU!\1 BOLIVfA BRAZIL BRITISH EMPIRE

CANADA AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA NEW ZEALA~n INDIA

CHI~ A

lNTHODI!CTORY TABLEs

O}UGINAr~ :Jfr:~tBERS OF TIII~ T . .J.A(;r;r,

S·ionatories of the Treaty of Pl·ace. CUBA CZECHOSLOVAJ{IA ECUADOH. FRANCE GRF.ECE GUATEMALA HAITI Hi<;DJAZ Hn~neHAS

lTALY JAPAN

States lnvitecl to Accede to the Cot·tnant.

LIBERIA SICARAGl.TA PANAMA PEn.U POLAND PORTUGAL RUMANIA

SERBIA SIAM URt.:GUAY

XXXYll

ARGE:NTINA CHILE Cor.o:HBTA DENMARK XETUERLANDS

NORWAY P1\RAGUAY

PE~SIA ~ALVADOR SPAIN

SwEDEN 8WITZERLA~D VENEZUELA

President of the League.-jl. PiclJOll. Secretary-GeneraL-Sir Eric Druuunonll.

BOOKS Ob' REVEREl'ICE 0:"1 THE LEAGUE OF NATION~:'.

Adam.s (G. Burton), The British Empire and a League of Peace. New York, 1919. AngeU (Norman), 'l'he Political Conditions of Allied Succe~s. London, 1918. Barclay (Sir Thomas), New Methods of Adjusting hoternational Disputes and the

Future. London, 1918. BeJ·ry ('!'. '!'.), The Hope of the World. An Appreciation of the League of Nations

Scheme. London, 1919. Bryce (Viscount), Editor, The League of Nations. Oxford.1918. Crosby (Oscar T.), International War: Its Cau!'es audits Cure. London, 1919. Dickinson (G. Lowes), Problems of the International Settlement. Loniton, 1910. E,rzberger (M.), 'fhe I,eague of Nations (English translation). London, 1\H9. Fay le (C Ernest), The Fourteenth Point: A Study of the League of Nations. ('l'he

Gartou Foundation.) London, 1919. F't-rl'ero (G.), Problems of Pl:'ace. From the Holy Alliance to the League of ~ations.

Xcw York, 1919. Gm·vin (J. L.), The Economic Foundations of Peace; or, World-Partnership as the

Truer Basis of the League of Nations. London, 1919. Gore (llishcp C.), '£he League of Nations: l'he Op}lortunity of the Churches. London,

1918. Hamilton (Sir Ian), The Millrnuium? London, 1918. Hottston (Herbert S.), Blocking New Wars. New York, HHS. Lammasch (Heinrich), Der Friedensverbanrl der Staaten. Leipzig, 1019.-Der V(ilker.

bnnd znr Bewnbrung des Frietiens. Olten, 19Hl. Lau;rence (T. J.), The Society of Nations: Its Past, Present, and Possible Future.

London, 1919. Lippmann (Waiter), The Political Scene: An Essay on the Victory of 1918. Xew York,

1019. l\Ia1·burg (Theodore.), League of ~ations: Its Principles E"Jamined. 2 voh~. New

York, 1919. Marriott (.f. A. K), '!'he European Commonwealth. Problems Historical and

Diplomatic. London, 1918. Minm· (H. C.), A Republic of ~ations. London, 191P. Opptnheim (L.), 'l'he Leagne of Nations awl its Problems. Lon1lon, 1918. Paish (~ir George), A Permanent Lengne of l\ations. London, HH!:I. Pares (Sir Bernard), The League of Nations and Other Qnestious of Peace. Londou,

1919. Powers (H. H.), The Great Pence. Londou, 1919. Smu.ts(J. C.),1'he League of .Nations. London, 1919. Stallybrass (IV. 'l'. S. ), A Society of States, or Sovereignty, Iudependence, and Equality

in a. League of Nations. London, 1918. 1'hierry (Albert), Les Conditions de la Paix. P"ris, 1D19. Walker (James) an<l Petre (M. D.), State Morality and the League of Nations.

London, 191!l. Wey! (\1'.1lter E.), The ErHl of the \Yar. :\few York, 1919.

xxxviii THE STATESMAN'S YEAH-BOOK, 1919

XIV.-THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY, 1919. The draft! Treaty of Peace, following on the great European War of 1914-18, was matle

public on May 8, 1919. The Treaty consists of a Preamble and fifteen ""ctions, which are summarised aE. follows :-

PRUMDLF..

The Preamble recites shortly the origin of tile War and the application of the Germans for an Armistice, and enumerates the High Cnntractin~ Parties, represHnted by the five Great Powers, viz., the United Rtates of America, tile Bl'itish Empire, France, Italy, and Japan, together with Belgium, llolivia, Br11zii, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland1 Portugal, Jtumania, Serbia, Siam, Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay, on the one hand, ana Germany on the other. The PlenlpotentiarieR representing these Powers are enumerated, "who, having communicated their full powers found in good and due form, have agreed as follows :-From the coming into force of tlw present Treaty, the state of war will terminate. From that moment, and subject to the provisions of thi• i'reaty, official relations with Germany and with eacn of the German States will be resumed by the Allied and Associate<! Powers."

I. L!i:AGUE OP NATIONS.

For the text of the Leag11e nf Nu tions, ••e above, p. xxxii.

n. THE BOUNDARIES OF GERMANY.

l. The old boundaries remain unchanged on the frontiers of Luxemburg, Holland, Switz<rlPnd and Austria.

2. New boundaries are fixed On the French frontier-that of July 18, 1870, and e:rclnding the Saar Valley. On the Danish frontier and for a portion of the boundary between East Pmss\a

and Poland-w be determiud later by plebiscite. On the Belgian frontior-thc old boundary leaving out Moresnet. On the Polish fC'ontier-to be settlert by conuuissions.

I! I. PoLITICAL CHANOES IN EuROPE.

I. Be!gium.-Germany consents to tho abrogation of the Treaty of 1839, recognise• Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and part of Pmssian Morcsnet, and renounces all rights over Eupen and Malmedy.

2. Luzemburg.-Luxemburg eea•es to be part of the German Zollverein as from January 1, 1919.

S. The L'ft Bank of the llhine.-Germany must not maintain or construct any fortifi· cations le•s than ntty kilometres to the East of the Rhine. In the above area Germany may maintain no armed forces, either permanent or temporary, nor hold any manreuvres, nor maintain any works for facilitating mobilisation.

4. 7'he Saar.-Germany cedes to France the full owner•hip of the coal mines of the Saar Basin. l'he basin exteuds from the frontier of Lorraine, as re·annexed to France nortll as far as St. Wendel, including on the west the valley of the Baar as far as Saarholz· bach and on the east the town of Homburg. 'fhe teJritory will be governed by a Commission appointed by the League of Nations, and consisting of five members, one French, one a native inhabitant of the Saar, and three representing three different countries other than France and Germany. The Commission will have all powers of government formerly be· longing to the German Empire, Prussia, and Bavaria. There will be no military service, but only a local gendarmerie to maintain order. The people will preserve their local assemblies, religious libert!es, schools, a11d language, but may vote only for local assemblies. After 1lftee.n years a plebiscite will be held by communes to ascertain tbe desires of the population aa to continuance of the existing regime under the League of Nation•, union with France, or union with Germany.

5. Auace·Lorraine.-The territories of Alsace-Lorraine are restored to Franee with their frontiers as before 1871, tree of ~!I public debts. Citizenship is regulated by detailed provisions distinguishing those who are immediately restored to full French citizenship, those who have to make a formal application therefor, and those for whom naturalisation is open after three years. For seven years, with possible extension to ten, the porta of Kehl and Strasbourg shall be administered as a single unit by a French administrator, appointed and supervised by the Central Hhine Commission.

6. German Aust.·ia and C••cho•lo1Jakia.- Germany recognises the entire independence of Gcrmnn·Anstria and CzechoslOvalda re!pectively.

I The Trenty is subject to moctiflcation.

INTRODlJCTOHY TABLE,; XXXlX

7. Poiaold.-Germany cedes to Poland the greater part of Upper Sileoia, Posen and the Province of Weat Prussi& on the left bank of th• Vistula. The exact boundaries will bo llxed by a commisoion. In regard to East l'rus,ia., a plebiscite is to de~ermine its ultimate frontier. A subsequent Convention will be entered into between Poland, Ger. many, and Danzlg, to assnre suitable railroa<l communication across German territory on the right bank of tho Viatula between Poland and Danzig, while Poland shall grant fl·eo passage from Eaat Prnssia to Germany.

8. lJtJrtsfg and MuoeZ.-Danzig a11d the district imme<liately about it will be constituted into the "Free City of Danzig,'" under the guarantBB of the League of Nations. The actual boundaries will b.e llxed by a commission. But Danzig shall be Included within ths Polish cuatoms frontiera; and Poland shall have the use of the city's waterways, docks and ·:n~ l.~Ij:""~~~:~ 1:'t!~el is to be coded by Germany to the Associated Powers, who

9. Dtnmark.-The frontier between Germany and Denmark to be fixed in accordance with the wishes of the po;.ulation, a vote being taken In Northern Schleswig as a whole and in p01tions of Uentral Scllleswig.

10. H•ligoland.-The fortifications, militaryestOlb!ishments, and harbours of the islands of Heligoland and Dune to be destroyed by German labour and at Germany" a expense.

11. Rus•ia.-Gennanv undertakes !;o recognise the full independence of all the terri· tories which formed part of the former Russian Empire ana to annul the Brest•Litovsk and other Russian treaties concll!ded by Germany since Novernber, 1!117.

IY. PnLl!'lCAL CHANG£$ OU'!'SJD£ EUROPE.

1. Gtnrw.n Colonu•.-Germany renounces in favour of the Allied and Associated Powers her overseas possession with all rights and titles therein.

!. Ch.ina.-Gernmny renounces in favour of China all privileges and indemnitieR resulting from the Boxer Protocol of 1901, and the concessions at 'fientsin and Hankow, and other Chinese territory; and cedes to Ja:pan all ri~hts and titles as to Kiau-Cllow, and al~o the l'&ilroads, mine~ and cables acquired by her by treaties with China in regard to !!hantung.

3. Bia•, Libnia and Morooeo.-In each of these oountries Germany renounces agree· ments and rights, more especially in the ease of Morocco, the Act or Algeeiras and the Franco-Gorman Agreements of 1909 and 1911. Germany also accepts all the conseqnences of the French Protectorate in Morocco.

4. Egjlpt.-!Jermany recognises the British Protectorate over Egypt. V.

MlLITARY AND NAVAL CONDITIONS.

1. MUitary.-Compulsory military service to llEI aboliohed; recruiting re~ulations to he on a voluntary basis ; enlistment of non-commissioned officers and men for a period of not less than 12 consecutive years ; officers to serve for 25 years, and not be retired until the age of 45. The total number of German effectlves is llxed at 100,000, including not more than 4,000 ollicers. The General Staff to be abolished. The production of military material of all kind ills reduced according w a acale based on the requirements of an army of the strength decided upon.

2. NaeaL-The German naval forces not to exceed 6 battleships, 6 light cruisera, 12 destroyers, and 12 torpedo boats. No submarine• may be included. The personnel of the n&Ty must not exceed 15,000, including a maximum of 1,500 ollicero, all to be reeruited by voluntary enlistment tor a maximum period of 25 consecutivo years for ollicers, and 12 consecutive years for men. All German warships interned in allied or neutral vorts to he surrendered.

3 • ..flr.-Tbe armecl forces of German~· mu•t not include any milltsr.v or naval air forces, and all military and naval aircraft must be delivered over to the Allies.

VI.

PRISONERS OF WAR.

An obligation is imposed on all the signatory Powera to main1Bin all grave• of the fallen, anti provision is: also marle for t1le return of priRoners of war.

VII.

PUNISHMENT OF THOSE RERPONI'IIBLF. FOR WAR CRn.U:s.

The Allies publicly arraign the Ex· Empe10r William ll "for a supreme offence against International Morality and the Sanctity of Treat.ies," and will set up a apeclal Tribunal to Impose pnnishment. Other persons accu•ed of aots of violation of the laws and oustoma of war may also be tried by military tribunals.

xl THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

VIII. REl'ARATIOl'\ AND RESTJTUTIO'fl'-

1. Gellertal.-Germany undertakes to make compensation for an damage caused to civilians, the total obligation to be detel"llllned by an Inter-Allied Reparation Commission with its headquarters in Paris. As an immPdiate Rtep towards restoration, Germany shall pay within 2 years 20,000,000,000 marks io either gold, goods, ships, or other specific forms of payment. The Commission may require Germany to give from time to time, by way of guarantee, issues of bonds or other obligations to cover such claims as are not otherwise satisfied. In this connection and on account of the total amount of claims, bond Issues are presently to he required of Germany In ackn.,wledgment of its debt as followa :-20,000,000,000 marks gold, payable not later than May I, 1921, without interest ; 40,000,000,000 marks gold, b•aring 2t p~r cent. interest between 1921 a1>d 19'26, and thereafter 5 per cent. with a 1 per cent. sinking fund, payment beginning in 1926. and an 11ndertaltlng to deliver 40,000,000,000 ma.rks gold, boating inte~est at. 5 per cent. nndet terms to be fixed by the Commission.

2. Shipping.-Germnny undertakes to replare ton for ton, and class for class, all merchant ships or fishing boats lost or damaged owing to the war, and to <ede to the Allies all German merchant ships of 1,600 tons gross and upwards, one-half of her ships between 1,600 and 1,000 tons gross, and. one-quarter of l1er steam trawlers and other flshinll!·boats. As an additional part of reparation, the German Government further agrees to build merchant ships for the account of the Allies to the amount of not ex<"eeding 200,000 tons gross annually during the next five years.

s. The DetJasted .Areas.-Germany undertakes to devote her economic resources directly to the physical restoration of the invaded a.reaaa

IX. FtNANCIC.

Powers to which German territory is ceded will assnme a ce1·tain portion of the German pre-war debt, the amount to be fixed by the Reparation Commission on the b~sis of the ratio between the revenues of the ceded ttrritory and Germany's total revenues for the three years preceding the war. In view, however, of the special circumstances nnder which Alsace-Lorraine was separate<! from France in 1871, when Germany refused to accept any part of the French public debt, France will not assume any part of Germany's pre·w~r debt, nor will Poland share in certain German debts incurred for the oppression of Poland. Mandatory Powers will not o.ssume any German debts. Germany is to pay the cnst of the Armies of Occupation from the date of the armistice as long as they are maintained on German territory, and this cost is to Ue a first charge on her resources.

X. EcoNOMIC CoNnlTIONS.

Germany undertakes not to discriminate against the trade of the Allies ; vessels of the allies to en.ioy both national and most-favoured nation treatment in Germany for at least 5 years. Germany undertakes further to protect the trade of the Allies against nnfair competition ; not to impose on the nationals of the Allies any restrietions not in force before the war; and not to regard aa German citizens those of her nationals who have become natnralised in Allied countries. For the settlement of p1·e-war debts, clear­ing omees are to be set up in each Allied State and in Germany. Pre-war contn.eta between Allied and German nationals are eancelled, excepting for insurance contrads. Furthermore it Is agreed to re-establish tbe various non-political International Treaties and Conventions which, in such matters as -posts, te1egra-pl1s, and sanitary regulations have been binding on civilised Powers before the war.

XI. AERIAL NAVIGATION.

P1·ovision is made for the Allies to l1ave full liberty and passage of landing, over and on German territory.

XII. PORTS, WA'TRRWA.YS A'ND RAILWAYS.

1. G"""I'III.-Germany is to grant complete freedom of transit to persons, goods and veeRels coming from or goinJ< to Allied countries. Parts of the El be, the Niemen, Oder, and the Dannbe are declared international. The Danube Commission is revived, but only with Great Britain, France, Italy and Rumania represented upon it, and an International Dannbo Commission set up with authority over that part of the Dannbe outside the

INTRODUCTORY TABLES xli

authority of the ohl Commission. Provisions are also made for various canal schemes connecting the Rhine, the Danube and the )[oselle, and international railway arrange­ments. The German Government is to 1ea~e to the Czechoslovak Republic, for 99 years, areas in the bar hours of Hamburg and Stettin as free zone~.

2. The Kid CaRal.-The Kiel Canal to remain free and open to all ships of war and merchant shipping of all nations at peace with Germany.

XIII.

THE LABOUR CONVENTION.

Under the Labonr Convention an International conference is to be held annually to pro­pose labour reforms for adoption. by States composing the Lea.gue of Nations. The following principles are also agreed upon by all the contracting parties :-labour should not be regarded merely as a commodit} or article of commerce; the right of association for all lawful purposes for the employer as well as for the employed; the payment to the employed of a wage implying a reasonable standard of life, as understood in their time and country; the adoption of an eight hours day or a forty-eight hours week where it has not already been attained ; the adoption of a weekly rest of at lea.•t twenty-four hours, including Sunday where practicable; the abolition of child labour and the limitation of the labour of the young, so as to permit the continuance of their education and proper physical development; the principle of equal pay for men and women for equal work ; any legal standard for conditions of labour to have regard in each country to the equitable economic treatment of all workers resident therein ; the provision by each State of a system of inspection for the protection of the employed, in which women should take part.

XIV. GUARANTEES.

As a guarantee f::.r the execution of the Treaty, German territory to the west of the Rhine, together with the bridgeheads, will be occupied by Allied and Associated troops for fifteen years. If the conditions are faithfully carried out by Germany, certain districts, including the bridgehead of Cologne, will be P.Vacuated at the expiration of five years; certain other districts, including the bJidgehead of Coblenz, wiU be evacuated after ten years, and the remainder, including the bridgehead of Mainz, will be evacuated after fifteen years. In case the Inter-Allied Reparation Cowmittee finds that Germany has failed ·to observe the whole or part of her obligations, either during the occupation or after the fifteen yearg have expired, the whole or part of the areas specified wilJ be re­occupied immediately_ If before the expiration of the fifteen years Germany complies with all the undertakings resultin~ from the present Treaty, the occupying forces will be with­drawn immediately.

XV. }h~CELLANEOUS.

Gerrnany recognises the validity of an subsequent Treaties of Peace to be concluded with the Powers formerly a1lied with Germany, and the decisions to be taken as to their t€rritories, and also accepts the decrees of Allied Prize Courts.

XV.-THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH AUSTRIA, 1919. The draft 1 Treaty of Peace with Austria, whieh was banded to the Aust1·ian Delegates

at St. Germain on Jnne 2, 1919, is in many respects identical with the draft Peace Treaty for Germany. The Austrian Treaty consists of a Preamble and fourteen parts. Only the sections relating specificially to Austria are here summarised, as follows:-

PREAMBLE.

The origin of the war is noted, and also the facts that the Austro-Hungarian Government has ceased to exist, and that the Czechoslovak State and the tlerb-Croat­Slovene State have bten recognis3d.

I.

Tin; lo~EAGUE Ol!' NATIONS.

For the text of The League of Nations, see p. x:xxii.

11.

THE FUTURE AUSTRIAN FRO~'HERS.

I. Nm·theJ·n Frontiers. (Frontier with Czechoslovakia.)-The existing administrative boundaries formerly separating the provinces of Bohemia and .Moravia from those of Upper and Lower A.ustria. These boundaries will be subjected to certain minor rectifica­tions, notably in the regions of Gmnnd and Feldsberg and along the Ri\·er Mora,·a.

1 See note on p. xxxYiii.

xlii THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1!!19.

2. lVesfeTn and North-Western F1·ontiers. {Frontier with Ba.varia.)-Xo change.

3. Western FrOfltiers. (Frontier with Bwitzerland.)-No change.

4:. So~tthern Frontiers.-With Italy a line starting from the Col de Reschen and follow­ing in general the watershed between the basins or the Inn and the Drave to the north and the Adige, Piave, and the Tagllamento to the south. The line passeB by the Col dn Brenner and includes the Sexten Valley and the height of Tarvis within the Italian frontiers. On the western part of th"! frontier with !he Serb-Croat Slovene State a line to be tlxed by the principal Allied and Associated Powers at a later date.

In the eastern part the line9 passing just east of Bleiburg, crosses the Drave just above its conftuenee with the Lavant and thence will pass" north. of the Drave so as to leave to Lhe Berb·Croat-Slovene State Marburg and Radkersburg, just to the north of which latter place it will join the Hungarian frontier.

5. Eastern Frontier. (Frontier with Hungary.)-Xo change.

Ill.

POLITICAL CHANGES IN EliROPE.

L GeneJ"al.-The High Contracting Parties recognise and accept the iron tiers or Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, and the Czechoslovak State, as at present determinerl, or as tbt;y may be ultimately determined, and Austria renounces in favour of the principal Allied and Associated Powers al! her rights and titles over tetTitories formerly- belonging to her, which though outside the new frontier~ of Austria, have not at pres~ut been assigned to any State undertaking to accept the settlement to be made in regard to these territories.

2. Italy.-Arrangements to be made later.

3. Czec1w~lovakia.-Anstria recognises the complete independence of the Czecho­slovak State, including the autonomous telTitory south of the Carpathians. The exact boundary between Austria and the new State is to be fixed by a Field Commission of seven members, :H.ve nominated by the principal Allied and Associated Powers, and one each by Austria and Czechoslovakia.

Czechoslovakia agrees to embody in the Treaty with the principal Allied and Associated Powers sUch provisions as may be deen1ed necessary to protect raelal, religious, or linguistic minorities, and to as3ure freedom of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of other nations.

4. Bum.a11.ia.-Rumania agrees to a similar Treaty as to the protection of minorities and freedom of transit.

5. Russia. Belgium, Luxembu·rg, T·urkt1J, and Rulgm .. ia.-Same conditions as in German Treaty.

6. Protection of Minorities.-Austri& undertakes to bring her institutions into con· formity with the principles of liberty and justice, and acknowledges that the obligations for the protection of minoritiPs are tnatters of international concern over which the League of Nations has jurisdiction. Sl1e assures complete protection of life and liberty to all inhabitants of Austria, without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion, together with the right to the free exercise of any creed.

All Austrian nationals, without distinction of race, language, or religion, are to be equal before the Law. No restrictions are to be imposed on the free use of any language in private or public, and reasonable facilities are to be given to Austrian nationals of non-Germ.an speech for the use of their language before Courts.

Austrian nationals belonging to racial, religious, or linguistic minorities, are to enjov the same protection as other Austrian nationals, in particular with regard to schools and other educational establishments; and iu districts where a considerable proportion of Austrian nationals of other than German speech are resident, facilities are to be given in schools for the instruction of children in their own language, and an equitable share in public fnn<ls is to be provided for the purpose.

These provisions do not preclude the Austrian Government from making the teaching of German obligatory. The)· are to i>e embodied by Austria in her fundamental law as a Bill of Rights, and provisions re~:-t.rding them are to be under the protection of the League of Nations.

IV. PoLITICAl~ CHANGES OUTSIDE EUROPE.

Similar anangements as wit!t Germany in regard to Egypt, Morocco, China, and Siam.

INTRODUCTORY TABLES xliii

V.

MrLIT.\RY .-\"S"D ~A\"AL CoNDITlOL"".

1'he military conditions are reserved until later, the naval and air conditions a:"~ hrgely identical with those in tht> Gt=>rman Draft Treaty.

Yl.

PRt30KERS OF WAlL

VII. PuNISHME~T oJ' TnosE RESPO~srBLE !<'on \.VAR CFUi'.H'-l.

Both :;;ections are largely i(len tical with the German tenus.

VIII.

REPAH.ATlO:S.

IX.

FI::fANCE.

'fo be settled later.

X.

Eco1-w:-.nc Coi\DITIO~s.

XI.

Al.:RIAL NAYIGATIUN.

XII.

PoRTS, ·wATERWAYS, A:-Jn RldT .. 'tVAY-..

XIII. THE I.ABOUR CoNVENTIOX.

XIV.

M"ISCELLANEOU:-;,

The conditions in Parts X., XL, and XII follow those of the Gerwan Treaty, with ~uch changes as are nece8aary owing to the special position of Austria~ the remaining two sections are practically identteal with those of the German Treaty.

XVI.-THE IMPERIAL WAR CABINET. On August 18, 1918, the following announcement was published:-''During the past two and a half months the Imperial 'Var Cabinet has been iu

eontinuous session. Every aspect of policy affecting the conduct of the war and the question of peace has been examined by the Prime Ministers of the Empire and other members representative of all its parts.

' 1 These meetings have proved of such value that the Imperial War Cabinet have thought it essential that certain modifications should be made in the existing channels of communication, so as to make consultation between the various Governments of the Empire in regard to Imperial policy as continuous and intimate as possible.

"It has therefore been decided that for the future the Prime Ministers of the Dominions. as members of the Imperial War Cabfnet, shall have the right to communicate on matters of Cabinet importance direct with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom whenever they see fit to do so.

"It has also been decided that each Dominion shall have the right to nominate a visitin;: or a resident Minister in London to be a member of the Imperial War Cabinet at meetin~s other than those attended by the Prime Ministers. These meetings wiH he held at regula~ intervals. Arrangements will also be made for the representation of Intli:.t at theslj meetings.··

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

ADDITIONS AND CORREO'l'lONS. mm~ED KINGDOM •

.v,w President of u,,, Board of Tmtle (p. 8).-Sir Auckland Geddes, K.C.B., ~t.P., was appointed President of the Board of Trade in succession to Sir Al'lJet·t Stanley, resigned (May 27, 1919).

Resignation af I,ord Ernle (p. 8).-cChc resignation of Lord Ern le from the Pre"idency of the Board of Agriculture was announced on 1\!ay 29, 1919.

Indebtedness to tile United States.-On May 31, 1919, the indebtedness of the British Government to the Government of the Unibed States wa• 4,260,000,000 dollars. Estimated indebtedness of the United States Government to British Government, 210,000,000 dollars. Net British indebtedJJess to tho United States, 4,050,000,000 dollars (about 810,000,0001.).

INDIA. 1'>·ade, 1918.-The imports and exports of mcrchar,di~e, and shipping, in the lrtst threr;

calendar years were a• follows-] 9lli Hll7 1018

£ Jl £ Imports Exportsl-

97,1'0G,OOO 9,,813,000 108,28o,OOO

Indian prolluee Foreign

Total exports' •

H9,1'5D,oon 4,1158,000

154,417,000

149,1i93,000 ;),088,000

154,776,000

155,717 ,ooo 7,654,000

103,371,000

Shipping (foreign trade) Tons Tons 'l'<>ns Entered, with cargoes 4,121,000 3,539,000 3,599,000 Cleared 5,912,000 5,552,000 5,12<1,000

I Export figures for 1911' and 1918 are subject to correction.

SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Mineral output, 1918.-Gold, 631,858 oz., 2,652,2501.; silver, 175,722 oz., 29,8281. ;

,•.opper, 3,254 tons, 299,8211. ; coal, 491,268 tons of 2,000 lb. : chrome ore, 31,285 tons, 184,8571. ; asbestos, 8,J74 tons, 158,684!. ; diamonds, 44!Ji carats, 2,280!. ; ironstone (for fluxing), 6,855 tons, 7941. : wolframite, 11 tons, 1, 7081. : scheelite, 20 tons, 3,6P9l. ; arsenic, 435 tons, 7,6771.; antimony, 15 tons, 338!.; barytes, 54 tons, 891. Total value of production, 3,406,000/. (1917, 4,639,0001.)

UNION OF SOUTH .AFRICA. Finances jar 3 years.-The finances for three years are shown as follows :-

Rennue . Expenditure

1917-18 (Audited)

·---£·--· 19,657,596 18,959,108

,_ 1918-19

(Actlla.l) 1919-!0

(Estimated) --- _£ _____ ------~~,::-. --21.270,000 20,620,160 21,330,627 ~2,164,180

D•atl• of Mini&h't'.-In Ma,., 1Q19, Sir J. H. Meiring Beck, Union Minlste1· of Posts a11'l 'l'elegr&J!hs (p. 208), died. EGYPT.

Special High Commissioner (p. 246).-General Allenby was appointed Special High Commissioner In April, 1919.

N•w Ml-nirtry (p. 246) -On May 21, 1919, a new Ministry was appointed as follows;­Prime Minister and Mini•ter of the Interior.-Mahomed Said Pasha. Minister of Public Works, War, and Mari•.,.-Sirl')' Pasha. llfiniltter of lnstruction.-Z\ver Pasha. Minister of Finance.-Wahba Pasha. M inisttr ol Juatiee.-Ahmed Zulflkar Pasha. Minister of .4gricuZture.-Abdulla Heem Sairi Pasha. Minister of Wak(s (Pious Foundations),-Tewllk 13ey Nessim.

SUDAN. Sudan (p. 266).-Major·General Sir L. 0. F. Stack 1\"&H confirmed in his appointn:ent

as Sirdar and Governor·General on May 18, 1P19.

ADDlTlO:-l\5 AND CUiUU:C\'lONS xlvii

CA:'\ADA.

Budget joT 1919-20.-The following table glve~ t.he expenditnre on caJdtal at~CPlllJt and on comwlidated acconut (not including war expe11diture.) for the six-year period 1Jeginning 1914-15 :-

1914-1' JD15-lii 19ll)-17 Hll7-1~

HH8-H) l!JH)-"0

Fiscal Year Carlital account.

Con­solidatell account.

Total cx},endi-

1 ~!re.

~---Dollar& 1l Dollar~5. -i t)ol\ar·~~--

41,447,320 . 125,[J23,20G 1176,970,fl26 38,566,U50 , 130,350,726 168,~117,670

26,S.SO,O. 31 _; 148,599,343 175:4H~,374 4:{, 111,004 I li8,284,3l:~ 2~1,396,217 33,r31,213 , ~66,051,021> I 299,682,238 85,8!13,581 B51,785,49{) 437,67H,07l

Detnils of Budget B~timates.~The smns allocated to the vadon::i serYices in r.hc Budget Estiwates for 1918-19 and I91U-20 were:-

Service.

CO!I:SOLIT)ATED ACCOUNT.

Public debt, includ­ing sinJdng fund .

Changes of manage.. ment

Civil government Adr11inistration of

justice . I,olice Penitentiaries Legislatitm , . Arts and agriculture Quarantine Immigration and

colonization Pensions. Superannuation . Militia and defence Railways and canals

-incon1e Public works-in-

come , . Mail subsidies and

steamship sub-ventions .

Naval service . Ocean and liver

service. . . Lighthouse and

coast service Scientific institu­

ions Marine hospitals . Steam boat in spec.

tion Fisheries SuUsitlies to pro-1

vincts . , Mines & geological

survey. La, hour Indians !toyal North-West

Mounted Police . tiovernnJent of tlu·

North· West Ter­ri.torie!i

~~-- S.er~~j-(~e _____ :' __ ] fll S-ILl

CO~'IIi-OLIDATI~D I

I ~~~~~~~~!d. ! Dollars.

1918-19 I HH9-20 --1-

i

Dollars. f Dollars.

78, 14P,5021106,847,4H

529,3.10 I 571,850 S,l73,207 8, ~95,7t)4

1,555,3831 1,554 083 149,607 187,0PO 9P1,600 966,700

1,882,079 1,803,201 4,200,151 4, 748,000

241,000 241,000

1,105,000 16,147,775

400,000 4,213, 730

33,248,388

8,194,246

1,859,567 1,530,000

1,947,800

2,116,495

405,000 78,000

79,221 I 1,135,000

ll,360,l48

630,900 90,000

1,900,588

1,149,778

8,000

l,438,0(J0 30,053,647

400,000 4,I87,ti00

36,237,395

12,098,884

2,588, 787 1,805,000

1,812,300

2,205,800

4.~7 ,875 78,000

87,827 1,805,000

11,490,860

765,400 3o7,soo

I,P46,853

2,24fl,50;) j

s.ooo I

Government of thel'

I Yukon territory . 1 185,000

D?minion lands-~ mcome . . 2,[J3J,645

Soldiers' land

I settlement. 1 2,916,000

1\li::.cellaneous . 9,563,132 C'as~oms . .j 4,~5,000 RxCJse _ . ·I I ,523, 768

I ~~~lia~:_ac~lie:tfo~.j ot revenue . 38,662,000

, Public works-col­i leetion of revenue

Post Office Trade and eom­

merce W tights and meas-

ures, gas and

spection . . Adulte1ation of

976,400 19,126.9(i0

I, 712,593

394,510 I

e.ectric light in-

food, etc. . ,;3,500 Soldiers' civil re- '

Dollars.

210,000

3,2;)3, 74)

25,(116,000 :26,670,~34

4,815,000 1,373,681

7,849,('00

951 ,ooo 19,701 ,.'J30

1,901,095

417,510

73,000

establishwent- I outside service . ......... _ 2~,763.4~0

Total, consoli-: ~----dated account 1 266,051,020 351,185,490

CAPlTA.I. ACOOUNT. i Railways anctl

canals .) Public works Public works-)

marine depa.rt-1 mcnt . . ·'

27,695,313 5,244,000

691,900

50,896,081 4,450,000

:30,546,900

Total, capital I ____ -----account ' 33,631,213 85,893,081

Grand total 299,6b2,23~ 437,679,071

xhiii THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

Fuel Resou.rces.-The fuel resources of Canada exist in the vast coalfields of the ex­treme eastern and western portions of Canada ; the lignite fields of the western provinces : the natural gas-fields of western Canarla, and the Province of Ontario ; the petrolentn fields of Ontario; the oil shales or New Brnnswick, Nova SefJtia, q,nd elsewhere; the stand­ing forests; and, last, but by no means the least important, the great areas of peat bogs.

The following is an estimate of the actual coal reserves of Canada, based on actual thickness, and known extent, the location and approximate classification of the coals being also ~hown :-

Nova Scotia

Sask.;ichew:tn Alberta

Tonn:-tge

Tons 2,137,000,000

50,000,000 2,412,000,000

322,500,000,000 1,197,000,000 2,026,000,000

669,000,000 23,653,000,000

llS,OOO,OOO 60,000,000

Class

Bituminous coal. Cannel coal. l.~ignite. Lignite or sub-bituminous. Low carbon bituminous coal. Anthracite and bituminous. Semi-anthracite.

, Semi-anthri\Qite and bituminous. ; I.~ow carbon bituminous coal. ·Lignite.

In addition to •hese admittedly great reserves, 37,000 square miles of the Don .. inion are covered with peat bogs. The total estimated tonnage of fuel represented in this area is 28,000,000,000 tons of 25 per cent. moisture peat fuel, equivalent, on the basis .of actual heating value, to about 16,000,000,000 tons of good coal. Of this total area, however, only a portion is favourably situated with respect to economic development. Twelve thousand square miles of peat bogs are distributed throughout the central Jlrovinces-Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Bmnswick-and the estimated tonnage of peat in this area is 16,000,000,000 tons, which is equivalent, on the basis of actual heating value, to about 9,000,000,000 tons of coal.

Water Power.-The following is an official statement of the 'Vater Power in Canada. (1) Available, (2) Developed.

Province

Alberta . . ::-;askatchewan Manitoba Yukon . . N. W. Territorie~

British Columbia Ontario .

1.-\\"ATER POWER AYAILABLE.

Hors power

. 'I I Per cent. 1 Province 11 Horse- Per cent.

471,000 576,000

8,218,000 100,000

I I \

\~~ New Brunswick . 300,000 Nova Seotia . . 100,000

j

---1~--·:

P. Edward Island. ; 3,000

~},203,.000 41•1

100

i 4,365,000 '! 22·3 l'l Quehec

1 3,000,000 . -5,800,000 Grand Totals

[ o,ooo,ooo 30·6 ~-----1 ! 1'l,568,COO

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS xlix

2. WATF.R PowER DEVET.OPED.

Yukon • • B. Columbia Alberta . Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec .

Provinee

New Brunawick Novn. Seotia. . P. Edward Island

Toto Is

11 crntr~l ; Pulp and I Other I I ~a~~~~~_ ~-~ap_":__ ~-ndustri: _

Total

ll.P. H.P. II.P. 10.000 3,392

221,626 46,41>0 44,348 82,680 300

64,100 12,072 791,163 133,962 59,945 597,601 155.512 89,H48

6,878 2,800 5,1P1 3,354 13,500 P,170

170 1,159 ··----- ----------·· i 1,72i,471 352,214 225,62[;

H.P. 18,392

812,423 32,880

76,172 985,066 842,761

U,869 26,024 1,7'29

-------··-2,305,310

7'rade, 1918.-lmports in the calendar yenr 1918, for consumption, were valuod at 906,955,000 dollars; and exports of Canadian produce at 1,229,708,000 dollars. The exports iu the past three years g•·ouped under seven heads were as follows:-

...... -. _ ·------~roup: ___ .. 1916 __ 19~-- j _______ m~

Produce of the mine . ., the fisheries

,, ,, the forest . Animal p•oduce . • Agricultural products . llanufactures Miscellaneous

Total

i Dollars Dollars Dollars 81,281,244 77,389,963 75, 708,4~5

'I 24,3_4P,835 28,823,877 38,&77, 772 55,224.919 52,280,875 65,436,204

I 117,909,758 170,661,884 176,407,382 . I sa4,oon, 7os 5a1,3oo,2s9 320,524,859 I 440,477,143 682,431,692 552,683,692 : ~7,806 1~2,305 1_~69,960 ·11,091,700,403 11,547,840,855 11,~29,708,244

Of the imports in 1918, 739,142,000 dolla1s came from the U.S.A.: and 7~,S79,000 •lollars from the U.K. Of the exr•orts, 594,251,000 dollars went to the U.K.; 438,232,000 to the U.S.A. : und 101,501,000 to France.

Trad• for 1918-19 -The following figures show the Import& and exports of Canada for three years ending Mareh 31 :-

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMP·riON.

Dutiable goods Free good•

Total imports

Duty collected EX.POR'l'~.

Canadian Produce­i'he mine • The fisheries The forest. . . Animal produce . Agricultural products Manufactures • Miscellaneous •

Total exports, Canadian Foreign produce •

Total exports

1916-1917

' Dollars.

461 '708, 206 883,622,697

84&,330,908

147,623,230

85,616,907 24,889,253 55,907,209

127,795,468 873,413,701 477,899,676

6,353,554

1,151,375, 768 37,836,382

1,179,211,100

1917-18 1918-19

Dollars. i Dollars.

542,319,623 ! 526,495,717 . 420,202,224 1~47,715

962,521,847 916,443,432

lol,r.~S,4U5 ; 158,044,456

78,760,502 32,60!,151 fi1,899,704

172,748,081 567' 713, 5ij4 686,602,516

4,706,250

77,439 963 87,137,072 70,024,6"

197,805,478 269,819,838 549,284,268

6,102,548

1,540,027, 788 . 1,207,618,806 46,142,004 ! 52,821,479

1,586,169, 792 I 1,259,935,285

THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

ALBERTA.

Finance, 191S.-Totalrevenue (income account), including arrearcl 1 9,527,000 dollars; expenditure, 8,304,000 dollars; public debt, 31,500,000 dollars.

JAMAICA.

The Franchise for Women.-In May, 1919, a Bill was passed to enfranchise women. Those qualified to vote are taxpayers of not less than 2l. 11er annum, and 25 years of age.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

New Ministry.-On May 23, 1919, a n•w Ministry was appointed aH follows:­Pr,ime Jfini~ter and Finance Minister.-Mr. M. P. Cashin. Minister of Justice.-i\[r, A. B. Morine. Colonial Secretar11.- Mr. J. R. Bennett. Minister of Public Works.-i\[r. William Woodford. Minister of Shipping.-Mr. J. C Crosbie. Mini.~te1· of FisheriPs.-Mr. ,J. C. Stone. Ministers without Portfolios.-Messrs. A. Hickman, W. J. Ell is, and A. W. Piccott.

SOUTH AUSTRAUA.

New Cabinet.-After reconstruction (May, 1919) the South Australian Government is as follows:-

P1·emier and Treasurcr.-Mr. A. H. Pea'ire. Chief Secretary.-Mr . • J. G. Biee. Attorney~ General and Minister of I tdnstry.-Mr. H. N. Darl't'ell. Oommi.~sione1· of Crown Lands and lmmigration.-Mr. 11'. A. Anstey. Min-ister of Education.-Mr. Harvey. Conunissioner of Public Work/J and Jlfi1tister of Agriculture and Rail1vays.-Mr. G.

Rite hie.

WESTgJtN AUSTRALIA.

New Premier.-On 1\fay 16, 1919, Mr. Mitchell, Minister of JJalHls and Repatda.tivn, succeeded l\Ir. Colebatch as Premier (see p. 386).

NEW ZEAL!.l\D.

Porus raised during the war.-The total number of men who served in any military capacity during the war was 124,211, as follows:-

1 ~J] 4 . 1Ul5 • 1 ~ll{i . UH7. 1918 . . . Called to calllp, 191i

~~~~

Ca.lleU llll for home scrviec dmhg war

Tot.,] f,rces rai,ed

j For Egypt ) a.wl Frar~ce

I 14,431 27 8''8 ~s:o4s 2+ 24& 13:371

J.i'orH mwa

1,423 885 70 77

124

Total

15,854 28 ~13 28:113 24.322 ] :~;49i) ] ,5:!8 5,0,)0

: l17,175 •

1

7,036

124,211

Revenue f;lnd E:r:penditure, 1918-19.--li'or the year ending .March :n, 1919, the revenue was 22,352,8721., and the expenditure, 18,673,5991.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA.

Strength of the Anny.-The Budget for 1919 provides for the army 14,000 volunteers, 243,000 regulars, and 28,600 horses, at a total esthuated cost of 25,5S0,000l.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS li

BEWIUM.

Moresnet.-The three townlets of Moresnet lie close to Alx-la·Chapelle, one being Prussian Moresnet, the second Belgian, and the third neutral. The last-named, which has a population of some 2,800, owes Its origin to the European settlement of 1815. Be­tween 1816 and 18U it was administered by Prussia and Belgium jointly. But •lnce 1841 neutral Moresnet h"·" heen in~epenr!ent, heing governed by a council or 10 members with a llurgomaster at its head. '!'he Code Napoleon is in force.

B11dget for 1919.-Tho expen<liturc of the budget for 1919 amounts to 9,882,882,285 francs,

Nationa! Debt.-Ot> March 1, 1919, the irredeemable debt of Belgi11m amounted to 4,157,867,502 francs. The amount of Treasury bonds in circulation on that date totulled 408,685,885 francs.

The nominal value of Treasuty bonds is . .ued in exchange for German mark notes, which Is to be paid by Germany, is S,040,341,000 francs.

The advances macle by the .Allies to Belgium to the end of Februar)", 1919, were as follows :-F'r"nce, 2,170,62:i,448 francR; the Uuited Kingdom, 2,121,757,620 francs; the United 8tate•, 1,479,956,500 franc•; total r<•celved from abroad, 5,772,8SD,568 francs. Not incln<lin~ the Treasury bonds pal'a\ole by Germany, the National debt of Belgium totals 10,838,792,455 francs (413,1>31,098!.).

BRAZIL.

Page 712.-'l'he natnc of the Presiuent of Brazil is Dr. Epitaclo Pessoa.

BULGARIA.

1l P.Ot'gan·l•ation of the Cabinei.-The Totloroff Cabinet wa.• rsot•ganised on May 23, 1919.

GERMANY.

The former Colonies.-On May 7, 1919, it was decided in Pal'is tl1at the disposition of the former German Colonies ~hould he as follows:-

1. 'l'oGOLAND AND CAMEttOON. -France and Great Britain shall make a joint recom­mendation to the League of Nations as to t!Jeir future.

2. GRRMAN l<JART All'RICA.-The mandate •hall be held by Great Britain. a. GERMAN Sount-WF.S1' A>"RICA.-The mandate shall be held by the Union of South

Africa. 4. THE GERMAN BA>~OAN IsLANDs.-The mandate shall be held by New Zealand. 5. O·m&R PACIFIC PossEssJoNs.-Those south of the Equator (excluding the German

Samoan Islands and Naura).-The mandate shall be held by Australia. 6. NAURA,-The mandate shall be given to the British Empire. 7. IsLANDs NoRTH OF TH~ EQUA1'0R (Marshall, Carollne, Pelew, and Ladrone

g1·oups).-The mandate shall be held by Japan,

ITALY.

Mercantile Marine, 1918.--0n January 1, 1918, the Italian mercantile marine consisted of the following steam vessels:-

Over 5.000 tons . 3,001-5,000 tons 2,001-S,OOO t•·n< 1,001-2,000 tons UOI-1 000 tons 101--GOO tons 1-100 tons

Total

No. Tons

10 M,680 4ii lUS, 728 80 197,!68 7S 11.0,375

' ~3 59,485 r· 10·~ 2r-,195 ' 347 5,1i49

~---747 --- ---621,125--

lii THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK, 1919

TURKEY.

ARABI.\.1

In view of recent events in Arabia, the following statement may be of service. Large areas in Arabia consist only of desert' and steppe, occupied by Bedouin tribes,

who are forced to adupt a nomadic existenee and own allegiance only to their tribal l'(roups. Considerable portions of the Jli efnd, or Northern Sand-belt, and the whole of the Rub& el-Khali, or great Southern Deseru of soft sand, are quite uninhabitable, although they supply good grazing at certain seasons. But the oases of Central Arabia and the fertile coastal districts are occupied by settled communities, under eight independent systems of government.

1. The Kingdom of Heyaz (see p. 1319).

2. The Emirate of Nejdand Hasa, the more powerful of the two Central Arabian prinei­palities, has its capital at Riyadh, whence the 8a11d dynasty exercises jurisdiction over tire neighbouring groups of oases. It is the modern Pepresentative of the Wahabite Empire founded about 1745 by llohammed Ibn Sand, Slteikh of -Dariyah. The present Emir of Riyadh, ABD EL-Azrz ES-SAUD, who maintains an intermittent conflict with the neighbour· ing Emirate of Jebel Sharnmar, expelled the Turks from Hasa in 1913, and has extended his inlluence to in elude Hofuf in the region of the Persian Gulf.

S. The Emirate of Jebel Shammar, which lies to the north of Nejd, was formerly within i.tsjuri~dietion; bnt since the mirldlo of last century it ha:i maintained its in~ dependence unrler the Rn.shid dynasty. It has its capital at Hail and is far more Bedouin in chat·aeter than its southern rival. 'J'he present Emir of Hail is BAUD IBN ABD EL-Aztz ER-RASH ID.

4. The Principate of Asir, on the west coast of Arabia between Hejaz and Yemen, has its capital at Sabiyah in Southern Asir. The ftrlncipate is in the hands of the ldrisi family, the present ruler being MoO:Al-IMED IBN ALI F.L-lDRISI.

5. 'l'he lmamate of Yemen, w11ich is centred at Sana, is of considerable antiquity, the Ima:m tracing his descent to the Prophet's daughter Fa.thn&b, and being credited by his Zeidist followers with infallibility and ewterie knowledge.. The }lresent Imam is YAnYA 1\-:IOHAMMED RA MID ED-DIN.

6. The British Pt·otectorate of Atlen, t8 the south of Yemen and in the south-western conwr of Arabia! dates from the capture of Aden in 1839. For administrative purposes the Aden Settlement forms pad of British India and is under a. Political Resident (see p. 98).

7. The Sultanate of Oman (seep. 1119).

8. The Sultanate of Koweit, on the r·orth-wcstern coast of the Persian Gulf, acquired con~iderab1e importance during the di~cnssion of the Baghdad Railway. 'l'he Sultan is subsidized by the British Government, which maintains a Political Agent at his Conrt. The present Sultan, SAL"lM IBN MuBARAK, succeeded his brother in 1~17.

l See )Tap in TnR STATESMAN's Y.BAR-BooK, 19Ii.