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1914-1918: The World at War. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY. Causes of the War. 1. The Alliance System. Triple Entente :. Triple Alliance :. Two Armed Camps!. Allied Powers :. Central Powers :. The Major Players: 1914-17. Allied Powers :. Central Powers :. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat WarBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S.Horace Greeley H. S.Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S.Horace Greeley H. S.
Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
Because of tensions, all the countries Because of tensions, all the countries tried to keep an army prepared for tried to keep an army prepared for
war – it helped develop PRIDE war – it helped develop PRIDE (patriotism) in country(patriotism) in country
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
However, the country that increased their military the MOST was Germany…and this made everyone else nervous
3. Imperialism and its rivalries
3. Imperialism and its rivalries
Imperialism
Imperialism had divided AFRICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AMERICAS
WHY?
The imperial powers were competing for power EVERYWHERE in the world…a world war was bound to happen
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Nationalism = a deep devotion to one’s nation
Nationalism is a good thing if its patriotic It can be a bad thing if it causes tension,
competition and a sense of superiority over others
France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary and Russia were all competing for resources, markets and territory
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
Ottomans and the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” – behind
economically, technologically & militarily Rebellions and independent movements
(Greece, Serbia) France and Britain controlled much of
Ottoman empire…angered Russia and the “Young Turks” who advocated “Turkification”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
The “Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by a 19-year old Serbian nationalist
Austria declared war on Serbia – but Russia was an ally of Serbia…Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary…all the other alliances came into play!
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
Attack and defeat France, then run back to fight Russia…move fast
Russia lags behind industrially, takes long to mobilize
MobilizationMobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Home by Christmas!Christmas!
No major war No major war in 50 years!in 50 years!
Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses
Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
SpiesSpies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
Financing the WarFinancing the War
German PosterGerman Poster
Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
“The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud and dreamed mud”…500 miles from N. Sea to Swiss border – 4 years: 2-3 miles
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Trench Warfare
Rats, no bathroom, sleep in mud, blood all over, lie next to the dead
Western Front was almost 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss border
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
e German offensive against French
e Each side: 500,000 casualties.
eOnly 4 miles for Germans, 5 for Britain
e German offensive against French
e Each side: 500,000 casualties.
eOnly 4 miles for Germans, 5 for Britain
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turks secretly sign alliance with Germany…British try to close the strait…fail
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
British ask Hussein ibn Ali to lead Arab revolt ag. Turks…helped put down the Ottoman Empire / B. make promises to Jews as well
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WAR
Civil unrest in Russia due to poor leadership and shortages of food and fuel
COMMUNISM in RUSSIA (USSR) Lenin gets out of WWI, but at a huge price Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by
Germany and Russia
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Versailles Treaty
Defeated powers kept out US (Wilson), Britain (Lloyd George),
French (Clemenceau)…ignore everyone else (Italians, Japanese hope for all races to be treated equally, African Congress, Arabs, etc…)
“Three all-powerful, all-ignorant men, sitting there carving up the continents
WILSON
Idealist – wanted everyone to have self-determination (create nations based on ethnic or linguistic divisions)
LEAGUE OF NATIONS (world organization to safeguard the peace and foster international cooperation
FRANCE AND BRITAIN
France wants REVENGE
Britain wants MONEY
Compromise that no one liked – Treaty of Versaille
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Germany pays reparations/indemnity Germany has VERY limited military Germany gives up Alsace and Lorraine,
colonies and eastern territory in Europe Germany has a GUILT CLAUSE – takes
responsibility for starting WWI