1911 Boy Scout Handbook

7/21/2019 1911 Boy Scout Handbook

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BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK The First Edition, 1911

BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA

Boy Scouts of America

Official Natioal OutSI!MUND EISNER

New York Salesrooms103 Fifth AvenueRed Bank. N. J.


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Eah !art of the uniform is stam!ed with the offiial seal of the Bo" Souts of Ameria.

#f there is no a$en" for the offiial uniform in "our it" write for sam!les.

S#%&'N( E#SNER

&anufaturer of '. S. Arm" and National %uard 'niform

)he Best Food for )he Bo" Souts is

S"re##e# $"eat

*eause it has all the musle+*uildin$, *one+makin$ material in the whole wheat $rain !re!ared in a


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di$esti*le form, su!!l"in$ all the stren$th needed for work or !la". #t is read"+ooked and read"+to+eat. #t hathe $reatest amount of *od"+*uildin$ nutriment in smallest *ulk. #ts ris!ness om!els thorou$h mastiationand the more "ou hew it the *etter "ou like it. Shredded -heat is the favorite food of athletes. #t is on thetrainin$ ta*le of nearl" ever" olle$e and universit" in this ountr". )he reords show that the winners ofman" *rilliant rowin$ and trak events have *een trained on Shredded -heat.

The BISCUIT is in little loaf form. It is baked a crisp, golden brown. It is eaten with milk or cream, or

fruit, or is delicious when eaten as a toast with butter. TRISCUIT is the Shredded Wheat waferthe

ideal food for the camp or the long tramp.

Building buster bo!s is bull! businessthat"s the reason we want to help the Bo! Scout mo#ement.

T"e S"re##e# $"eat Com%ay

Nia&ara Falls' N( Y(

%ettin$ the final word *efore hikin$

BOY SCOUTS of AMERICA

)E /FF##A AN(B//2F/R B/YS


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$ublished for)E B/Y S/')S /F A&ER#A

00 F#F) A4EN'ENE- Y/R2

%AR(EN #)Y, NE- Y/R2(/'BE(AY, 5A%E 6 /&5ANY

1711

/5YR#%) 1711BY B/Y S/')S /F A&ER#A

BOY SCOUT CERTIFICATE

)his is to ertif" that 888888888of 88888888888 State of 888888888Street and it" or )own address

A$e88888 ei$ht88888 -ei$h88888

is a mem*er of 88888888 5atrol, of )roo! No. 88888

8888888888888888Sout &aster

SCOUT HISTORY

9ualified as )enderfoot 88888888 1718


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Seond lass Sout 888888888 1718

First lass Sout 8888888 1718

)UA*IFIED FOR MERIT BAD!ES

S'BJE) (A)E

1 8888888888888888 8888888888888888

8888888888888888 8888888888888888

3 8888888888888888 8888888888888888

: 8888888888888888 8888888888888888

; 8888888888888888 8888888888888888

9ualified as ife Sout 8888888888888888

9ualified as Star Sout 8888888888888888

9ualified as Ea$le Sout 8888888888888888

Awarded onor &edal 8888888888888888


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#n order that the work of the *o" souts throu$hout Ameria ma" *e uniform and intelli$ent, the Nationalounil has !re!ared its @/ffiial and*ook,@ the !ur!ose of whih is to furnish to the !atrols of the *o"souts advie in !ratial methods, as well as ins!irin$ information.

)he work of !re!arin$ this hand*ook has enlisted the servies of men eminentl" fitted for suh work, foreah is an e?!ert in his own de!artment, and the Editorial Board feels that the or$ani>ation is to *eon$ratulated in that suh men have *een found willin$ to $ive their time and ri!e e?!eriene to thismovement. #t would *e im!ossi*le adeuatel" to thank all who *" advie and friendl" ritiism have hel!ed

in the !re!aration of the *ook, or even to mention their names, *ut to the authors whose names are attahedto the various ha!ters, we aknowled$e an es!eial o*li$ation. -ithout their friendl" hel! this *ook ouldnot *e. -e wish es!eiall" to e?!ress our a!!reiation of the hel!ful su$$estions made *" (aniel arterBeard.

-e have arefull" e?amined and a!!roved all the material whih $oes to make u! ation and !eae.

#t has *een deemed wise to !u*lish all material es!eiall" for the aid of sout masters in a se!arate volume t*e known as @)he Sout &astersC &anual.@

-e send out our @/ffiial and*ook,@ therefore, with the earnest wish that man" *o"s ma" find in it newmethods for the !ro!er use of their leisure time and fresh ins!iration in their efforts to make their hours ofrereation ontri*ute to stron$, no*le manhood in the da"s to ome.

)E B/Y S/')S /F A&ER#AEditorial Board.

-##A& (. &'RRAY%E/R%E (. 5RA)),A. A. JA&ES/N,


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onorar" 4ie+5residentolonel )E/(/RER//SE4E)

5resident/#N . #4#N%S)/NE,-ashin$ton, (. .

1st 4ie+5residentB. . ('ANEY,Bristol, )enn.

d 4ie+5resident)/N A. &RAE,(etroit, &ih.

3d 4ie+5resident(A4#( S)ARR J/R(AN,Stanford, a.

hief SoutERNES) )/&5S/N SE)/N,os o*, onn.

National Soutommissioner

(AN#E AR)ER BEAR(,Flushin$, . #., N.Y.


AdD.+%en. -##A& 4ERBE2,Al*an", N.Y.


olonel 5E)ER S. B/&'S,New York it"

)reasurer%E/R%E (. 5RA)),

Brookl"n, N. Y.

&E&BERS /F )E EE')#4E B/AR(

/#N . #4#N%S)/NE, hairman(aniel arter Beard&ilton A. &Rae&ortimer . Shiff

ol. 5eter S. Bomus-illiam (. &urra"Ernest )hom!son SetonB. . (ulane"%eor$e (. 5rattSeth S!ra$ue )err"ee F. anmerFrank 5res*re"AdD.+%en. -illiam 4er*ek%eor$e -. inkle"Ed$ar &. Ro*inson


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JA&ES E. -ES), E?eutive Seretar"

&E&BERS /F NA)#/NA /'N#

harles onrad A**ottArthur Adams(r. Feli? Adlerarr" A. Allison

enr" &orrell AtkinsonB. N. BakerRa" Stannard BakerEvel"n Bri$$s Baldwinlifford -. Barnes(aniel arter Beardenr" &. Beardsle"&artin BehrmanAu$ust BelmontErnest 5. Biknell

&"ron E. (ou$lasBenDamin . (ulane"


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on. ). . (u 5ont(r. %eor$e -. Ehler%riffith /$den EllisRo*ert Erskine El"enr" 5. Emersonon. John J. EshJ. -. EvermanE*erhard Fa*er(r. %eor$e J. Fisherorae Fletheromer Folks(r. -illiam B"ron For*ush(r. ee 2. FrankelRo*ert #ves %ammellon. James R. %arfieldamlin %arlandRo*ert %arrett-illiam . %a"Bisho! (avid . %reerJesse A. %re$$%eor$e B. %rinnellS. R. %u$$enheimuther alse" %ulik, &. (.(r. %. Stanle" all(r. -infield Sott allee F. anmer(r. astin$s . arton. -. &. a"s5rof. . R. endersonlark -. etherin$ton%eor$e -. inkle"Allen o*enon. R. 5. o*sonRev. R. -. o$ueJohn Sherman o"t. R. . Jakson5rof. Jeremiah -. Jenks%. E. Johnson(r. (avid Starr Jordan&a"or -illiam S. Jordan/tto erman 2ahn(r. -illiam J. 2er*"

harles . 2i!(r. J. . 2irklandJud$e enr" E. 2lamrothRev. -alter aidlowharles R. am*Jose!h eeSamuel &. indsa"Jud$e Ben B. indse"olin . ivin$stoneol. Frank . okeon. Niholas on$worth


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on. Frank /. owdenon. ee &lun$-illiam &ormik


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-illiam F. SloumFred. B. Smithon. %eor$e /tis Smithorillard S!enerorillard S!ener, Jr.Jud$e -illiam . Staakeon. Adlai StevensonAndrew StevensonA. E. Stilwell. . StoddardRev. John )imoth" Stone, (.(.#sidor Strauson. /sar S. StrausJosiah Stron$on. -illiam . )aftEdward 2. )a"lor%raham Rome"n )a"lorJud$e arr" . )a"lor-illiam . )erhuneSeth S!ra$ue )err"John E. )ha"erRev. James #. 4ane(r. enr" 4an ("keAdD. %en. -illiam 4er*ekJohn -anamakerenr" . -arduien ). -arnerRihard Benedit -atrousRear Admiral J. . -atson-. (. -eatherford(r. BenDamin #de -heelerEli -hitne"&orna" -illiams%en. %eor$e -. -in$ateA. E. -inshi!enr" Ro$ers -inthro!&aDor+%en. eonard -oodSur$eon+%en. -alter -"man&aDor Andrew . a*riskie


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nor friend to $uide him, and he $rew u! with a kind of knowled$e hun$er in his heart that $nawed withouteasin$. But this also it didG #t ins!ired him with the ho!e that some da" he mi$ht *e the means of savin$others from this sort of torment++he would aim to furnish to them what had *een denied to himself.

)here were other thin$s in the $reen and livin$ world that had a *indin$ harm for him. e wanted to learn am! out, to live a$ain the life of his hunter $randfather who knew all the triks of winnin$ omfort from threlentless wilderness the foster+mother so rude to those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart.

And he had "et another hankerin$++he loved the touh of romane. -hen he first found Fenimore oo!erCs*ooks, he drank them in as one !arhed mi$ht drink at a s!rin$. e reveled in the tales of oura$e and heroideeds, he $loated over reords of their trailin$ and soutin$ *" red man and white he $loried in theirwoodraft, and lived it all in ima$ination, seretl" *lamin$ the writer, a little, for !raisin$ without desri*in$it so it ould *e followed. @Some da",@ he said, @# shall !ut it all down for other *o"s to learn.@

As "ears went *" he found that there were *ooks a*out most of the thin$s he wished to know, the stars, the*irds, the


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or "our dollars it will $ive "ou new !leasures in life it will teah "ou so muh of the outdoor world that "owish to know and this and*ook, the work of man" men, eah a leader in his field, is their *est effort toshow "ou the wa". )his is, indeed, the *ook that # so lon$ed for, in those far+off da"s when # wandered, heahun$r" in the woods.

ERNES) )/&5S/N SE)/N,hief Sout.

eaduarters Bo" Souts of Ameria,00 Fifth Avenue, New York it".June 1, 1711.


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)EN(ERF//), SE/N( ASS,AN( F#RS) ASS S/')RE9'#RE&EN)S

S!eialommittee

BA(%ES, A-AR(S AN( E9'#5&EN)S!eialommittee

2N/)S E4ERY S/') S/'( 2N/-. Samuel A. &offat

A5)ER ##.

-oodraft ;I

-//(/RE Ernest )hom!son Seton

B#R(RAF)National Assoiation Audu*onSoieties

SES AN( SEF#S (r. -m. eale" (all

RE5)#ES (r. eonhard SteDne$er

#NSE)S AN( B'))ERF#ES 'nited States Bureau of Entomolo$"

F#SES AN( AN%#N% (r. u$h &. Smith

A9'AR#'& (r. -m. eland Stowell

R/2S AN( 5EBBES 'nited States %eolo$ial Surve"

F/-ERS, FERNS AN( %RASSES (r. . . or*ett

&'SR//&S, F'N%# /R)/A(S)//S

Ernest )hom!son Seton

/&&/N N/R) A&ER#AN )REES Ernest )hom!son Seton

NA)#4E -#( AN#&AS Ernest )hom!son Seton

A5)ER ###.

am!raft 1:;

#2#N% AN( /4ER+N#%) A&5S . -. %i*son


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)EN) &A2#N% &A(E EASY . J. olden

AN /5EN /')#N% )EN) -arren . &iller

AN/E#N%, R/-#N%, AN(SA##N%

S!eialommittee


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A)E)# S)AN(AR(S S!eial ommittee

A5)ER #.

5atriotism and iti>enshi! -aldo . Sherman 33

5RA)#A #)#ENS#5ol. )heodoreRoosevelt

A55EN(#.

E9'#5&EN) 3;7

B//2S F/R REFERENE 3K7

#N(E 373

A(4ER)#SE&EN)S

HANDBOOK FOR BOYS


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a*ilit" in *o"s to do thin$s for themselves and others. #t is not the aim to set u! a new or$ani>ation to !arallin its !ur!oses others alread" esta*lished. )he o!!ortunit" is afforded these or$ani>ations, however, tointrodue into their !ro$rams uniue features a!!ealin$ to interests whih are universal amon$ *o"s. )hemethod is summed u! in the term Soutraft, and is a om*ination of o*servation, dedution, and handinessor the a*ilit" to do thin$s. Soutraft inludes instrution in First Aid, ife Savin$, )rakin$, Si$nalin$,"lin$, Nature Stud", Seamanshi!, am!raft, -oodraft, hivalr", 5atriotism, and other su*Dets. )his isaom!lished in $ames and team !la", and is !leasure, not work, for the *o". All that is needed is the out+ofdoors, a $rou! of *o"s, and a om!etent leader.

$"at Scouti& Meas

#n all a$es there have *een souts, the !lae of the sout *ein$ on the dan$er line of the arm" or at theout!osts, !rotetin$ those of his om!an" who onfide in his are.

)he arm" sout was the soldier who was hosen out of all the arm" to $o out on the skirmish line.

)he !ioneer, who was out on the ed$e of the wilderness, ed Jamestown, and the (uth *uilt u! New York. #n the same wa" the hard" Soth+#rish !ushed west and made a new home for the Amerian !eo!le *e"ond the Alle$hanies and the Rokies.

)hese !eae souts had to *e as well !re!ared as an" war souts. )he" had to know soutraft. )he" had toknow how to live in the woods, and *e a*le to find their wa" an"where, without other hart or om!ass thanthe sun and stars, *esides *ein$ a*le to inter!ret the meanin$ of the sli$htest si$ns of the forest and the foottraks of animals and men.

)he" had to know how to live so as to kee! health" and stron$, to fae an" dan$er that ame their wa", andto hel! one another. )hese souts of old were austomed to take hanes with death and the" did nothesitate to $ive u! their lives in hel!in$ their omrades or ountr". #n fat, the" left ever"thin$ *ehind them,omfort and !eae, in order to !ush forward into the wilderness *e"ond. And muh of this the" did *eausethe" felt it to *e their dut".

)hese little+known souts ould *e multi!lied indefinitel" *" $oin$ *ak into the !ast a$es and readin$ thehistories and stories of the kni$hts of 2in$ Arthur, of the rusaders, and of the $reat e?!lorers and navi$atoof the world.

-herever there have *een heroes, there have *een souts, and to *e a sout means to *e !re!ared to do theri$ht thin$ at the ri$ht moment, no matter what the onseuenes ma" *e.

)he wa" for ahievement in *i$ thin$s is the !re!arin$ of oneCs self for doin$ the *i$ thin$s++*" $oin$ intotrainin$ and doin$ the little thin$s well. #t was this harateristi of ivin$stone, the $reat e?!lorer, that madhim what he was, and that has marked the areer of all $ood souts.

)o *e a $ood sout one should know somethin$ a*out the woods and the animals that inha*it them, and howto are for oneCs self when am!in$.


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)he ha*its of animals an *e studied *" stalkin$ them and wathin$ them in their native haunts.

)he sout should never kill an animal or other livin$ reature needlessl". )here is more s!ort in stalkin$animals to !hoto$ra!h them, and in omin$ to know their ha*its than in huntin$ to kill.

But woodraft means more than this. #t means not onl" the followin$ of traks and other si$ns, *ut it meansto *e a*le to read them. )o tell how fast the animal whih made the traks was $oin$ to tell whether he wasfri$htened, sus!iious, or otherwise.

-oodraft also ena*les the sout to find his wa", no matter where he is. #t teahes him the various kinds ofwild fruit, roots, nuts, et., whih are $ood for food, or are the favorite food of animals.

Sout Stalkin$

B" woodraft a sout ma" learn a $reat num*er of thin$s. e ma" *e a*le to tell whether the traks weremade *" an animal or *" man, *i"le, automo*ile or other vehile.

B" havin$ his !ower of o*servation trained he an tell *" ver" sli$ht si$ns, suh as the sudden fl"in$ of*irds, that someone is movin$ ver" near him thou$h he ma" not *e a*le to see the !erson.


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)orture LNote the hek or *earin$+reinM

omfort

Besides woodraft one must know somethin$ of am! life. /ne of the hief harateristis of the sout is to*e a*le to live in the o!en, know how to !ut u! tents, *uild huts, throw u! a lean+to for shelter, or make a

du$out in the $round, how to *uild a fire, how to !roure and ook food, how to *ind lo$s to$ether so as toonstrut *rid$es and rafts, and how to find his wa" *" ni$ht as well as *" da" in a stran$e ountr".

ivin$ in the o!en in this wa", and makin$ friends of the trees, the streams, the mountains, and the stars,$ives a sout a $reat deal of onfidene and makes him love the natural life around him.

am! loom, for makin$ mats and mattresses


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)o *e a*le to tell the differene *etween the trees *" their *ark and leaves is a soure of !leasure to *e a*leto make a


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Scout -irtues

)here are other thin$s whih a sout ou$ht to know and whih should *e harateristi of him, if he is $oin$to *e the kind of sout for whih the Bo" Souts of Ameria stand. /ne of these is o*ediene. )o *e a $oodsout a *o" must learn to o*e" the orders of his !atrol leader, sout master, and sout ommissioner. e mulearn to o*e", *efore he is a*le to ommand. e should so learn to disi!line and ontrol himself that he wilhave no thou$ht *ut to o*e" the orders of his offiers. e should kee! suh a stron$ $ri! on his own life thathe will not allow himself to do an"thin$ whih is i$no*le, or whih will harm his life or weaken his !owers

of endurane.

Another virtue of a sout is that of ourtes". A *o" sout


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Ever" *o" ou$ht to ommit to memor" the followin$ a**reviated form of the Sout law.

T"e T.el,e +oits of t"e Scout *a.

1.A sout istrustworth".

. A sout is lo"al.

3. A sout is hel!ful.

:. A sout is friendl".

;. A sout is ourteous.

K. A sout is kind.

I. A sout is o*edient.

. A sout is heerful.

7. A sout is thrift".

10. A sout is *rave.

11. A sout is lean.

1. A sout is reverent.

T"e Boy Scout Or&ai/atio

LResult of work of ommittee on 5ermanent /r$ani>ation and Field Su!ervisionG++. S. Brauher, hairmaorillard S!ener. Jr., olin . ivin$stone. Rihard . &orse. &ortimer Shiff, (r. %eor$e -. Ehler, . &

onnoll", E. B. (e%root, ee F. amner.M

)o do $ood soutin$ a *o" must understand the or$ani>ation of whih he is a !art. )he Bo" Souts ofAmeria is !romoted and $overned *" a $rou! of men alled the National ounil. )his National ounil is

made u! of leadin$ men of the ountr" and it is their desire that ever" Amerian *o" shall have theo!!ortunit" of *eomin$ a $ood sout.

)he National ounil holds one meetin$ annuall" at whih it elets the offiers and the mem*ers of theE?eutive Board. #t o!"ri$hts *ad$es and other sout desi$ns, arran$es for their manufature anddistri*ution, selets desi$ns for uniforms and sout eui!ment, issues sout ommissionersC and soutmastersC ertifiates, and $rants harters for loal ounils.


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its e?eutive ommittee, ourt of honor, and other ommittees++deals with all loal matters that relate tosoutin$.

)he sout ommissioner is the rankin$ sout master of the loal ounil and !resides at all sout mastersCmeetin$s as well as at all sout field meets. #t is also the dut" of the sout ommissioner to re!ort to andadvise with the hief Sout throu$h the E?eutive Seretar" onernin$ the souts in his distrit. )he soutommissionerCs ertifiate is issued from National eaduarters u!on the reommendation of a loal ouniafter this ounil has *een $ranted a harter.

)he sout master is the adult leader of a troo!, and must *e at least twent"+one "ears of a$e. e should havea dee! interest in *o"s, *e $enuine in his own life, have the a*ilit" to lead, and ommand the *o"sC res!etand o*ediene. e need not *e an e?!ert at soutraft a $ood sout master will disover e?!erts for thevarious ativities. is ertifiate is $ranted u!on the reommendation of the loal ounil.

An assistant sout master should *e ei$hteen "ears of a$e or over. is ertifiate is $ranted *" the Nationalounil u!on the reommendation of the sout master of his troo! and the loal ounil.

C"ief Scout a# Staff

)he hief Sout is eleted annuall" *" the National ounil and has a staff of de!uties eah of whom ishairman of a ommittee of soutraft. )hese de!uties are as followsG

hief Sout Sur$eon.hief Sout (iretor of ealth.hief Sout -oodsman.hief Sout Athleti (iretor.hief Sout Stalker.hief Sout iti>en.hief Sout &aster.hief Sout (iretor of hivalr".hief Sout am! &aster.

Souts are $raded as followsG

hief Sout and Staff.Sout ommissioner.Sout &aster.Assistant Sout &aster.5atrol eader.Assistant 5atrol eader.

Ea$le Sout.Star Sout.ife Sout.First+lass Sout.Seond+lass Sout.)enderfoot.

Ho. to Become a Boy Scout

)he easiest wa" to *eome a *o" sout is to Doin a !atrol that has alread" *een started. )his !atrol ma" *e in


24/494

ation to whih "ou ma" *elon#f there is no !atrol near "ou, $et some man interested enou$h to start one *" $ivin$ him all the information

A !atrol onsists of ei$ht *o"s, one of whom *eomes the !atrol leader and another the assistant !atrolleader.

A troo! onsists of three or more !atrols, and the leader of the troo! is alled a sout master. )here an *e n

!atrols or troo!s of *o" souts without this sout master.

T"e Scout Motto

)he motto of the *o" souts is Be 5re!ared, and the *ad$e of the *o" souts is a o!"ri$hted desi$n with thimotto, @Be 5re!ared,@ on a sroll at its *ase.

)he motto, @Be 5re!ared,@ means that the sout is alwa"s in a state of readiness in mind and *od" to do hisdut". )o *e !re!ared in mind, *" havin$ disi!lined himself to *e o*edient, and also *" havin$ thou$ht out*eforehand an" aident or situation that ma" our, so that he ma" know the ri$ht thin$ to do at the ri$htmoment, and *e willin$ to do it. )o *e !re!ared in *od", *" makin$ himself stron$ and ative and a*le to do

the ri$ht thin$ at the ri$ht moment, and then to do it.

T"e Scout Ba#&e

)he sout *ad$e is not intended to re!resent the fleur+de+lis, or an arrowhead. #t is a modified form of thesi$n of the north on the marinerCs om!ass, whih is as old as the histor" of navi$ation. )he hinese laim iuse amon$ them as earl" as K3: B. ., and we have definite information that it was used at sea *" them asearl" as 300 A. (. &aro 5olo *rou$ht the om!ass to Euro!e on his return from atha". )he si$n of thenorth on the om!ass $raduall" ame to re!resent the north, and !ioneers, tra!!ers, woodsmen, and souts,*eause of this, ado!ted it as their em*lem. )hrou$h enturies of use it has under$one modifiation until ithas now assumed the sha!e of our *ad$e.

)his trefoil *ad$e of the souts is now used, with sli$ht loal variations, in almost ever" ivili>ed ountr" asthe mark of *rotherhood, for $ood iti>enshi!, and friendliness.

#ts sroll is turned u! at the ends like a soutCs mouth, *eause he does his dut" with a smile and willin$l".

)he knot is to remind the sout to do a $ood turn to someone dail".


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the National ounil and are entitled to reeive them.

. All orders for *ad$es should *e sent in *" the sout master with a ertifiate from the loal ounil thatthese reuirements have *een om!lied with. Blanks for this !ur!ose ma" *e seured on a!!liation to theNational eaduarters.

-here no loal ounil has *een formed, a!!liation for *ad$es should *e sent diret to eaduarters, si$ne*" the re$istered sout master of the troo!, $ivin$ his offiial num*er.

Sout ommissionersC, sout mastersC, and assistant sout mastersC *ad$es an *e issued onl" to those who arre$istered as suh at National eaduarters.

Tenderfoot Badge++%ilt metal.

$atrol &eader"s Tenderfoot Badge+/?idi>ed silver finish.

)hese *ad$es are seven ei$hths of an inh wide and are made either for the *utton+hole or with safet"+!inlas!. 5rie ; ents.

SecondClass Scout Badge++%ilt metal.

$atrol &eader"s SecondClass Scout Badge++/?idi>ed silver.

)hese *ad$es++safet"+!in st"le++to *e worn u!on the sleeve. 5rie 10 ents.

'irstClass Scout Badge++%ilt metal.

$atrol &eader"s 'irstClass Scout Badge++/?idi>ed silver.

Both *ad$es safet"+!in st"le++to *e worn u!on the sleeve. 5rie 1; ents.

Scout Commissioner"s, Scout /aster"s, and *ssistant Scout /aster"s *rm Badges.

)hese *ad$es are woven in *lue, $reen, and red silk, and are to *e worn on the sleeve of oat or shirt. 5rie; ents.


26/494

T"e Scout Oat"

Before he *eomes a sout a *o" must !romiseG

O my "oor I .ill #o my 1est2

3( To #o my #uty to !o# a# my coutry' a# to o1ey t"e scout la.4

5( To "el% ot"er %eo%le at all times4

6( To 7ee% myself %"ysically stro&' metally a.a7e' a# morally strai&"t(

-hen takin$ this oath the sout will stand, holdin$ u! his ri$ht hand, !alm to the front, thum* restin$ on thenail of the little fin$er and the other three fin$ers u!ri$ht and to$ether.

T"e Scout Si&

)his is the sout si$n. )he three fin$ers held u! remind him of his three !romises in the sout oath.

T"e Scout Salute

-hen the three fin$ers thus held are raised to the forehead, it is the sout salute. )he sout alwa"s salutes anoffier.

T"e Scout *a.

LResult of work of ommittee on Sout /ath, Sout aw, )enderfoot, Seond+lass and First+lass SoutReuirementsG++5rof. Jeremiah -. Jenks, hairman. (r. ee 2. Frankel, %eor$e (. 5orter, E. &. Ro*inson,%. -. inkle", B. E. Johnson, lark -. etherin$ton, Arthur A. are".M

)here have alwa"s *een ertain written and unwritten laws re$ulatin$ the ondut and diretin$ the ativitieof men.


27/494

a *o" !romises to o*e" when he takes his sout oath.

3( A scout is trust.ort"y(

A soutCs honor is to *e trusted. #f he were to violate his honor *" tellin$ a lie, or *" heatin$, or *" nodoin$ e?atl" a $iven task, when trusted on his honor, he ma" *e direted to hand over his sout *ad$

5( A scout is loyal(

e is lo"al to all to whom lo"alt" is dueG his sout leader, his home, and !arents and ountr".

6( A scout is "el%ful(

e must *e !re!ared at an" time to save life, hel! inDured !ersons, and share the home duties. e musdo at least one $ood turn to some*od" ever" da".

8( A scout is frie#ly(

e is a friend to all and a *rother to ever" other sout.

9( A scout is courteous(

e is !olite to all, es!eiall" to women, hildren, old !eo!le, and the weak and hel!less. e must nottake !a" for *ein$ hel!ful or ourteous.

:( A scout is 7i#(

e is a friend to animals. e will not kill nor hurt an" livin$ reature needlessl", *ut will strive to savand !rotet all harmless life.

;( A scout is o1e#iet(

e o*e"s his !arents, sout master, !atrol leader, and all other dul" onstituted authorities.

( A scout is 1ra,e(

e has the oura$e to fae dan$er in s!ite of fear and has to stand u! for the ri$ht a$ainst the oa?in$of friends or the Deers or threats of enemies, and defeat does not down him.


28/494

33( A scout is clea(

e kee!s lean in *od" and thou$ht, stands for lean s!eeh, lean s!ort, lean ha*its, and travels wita lean rowd.

35( A scout is re,eret(

e is reverent toward %od. e is faithful in his reli$ious duties and res!ets the onvitions of othersin matters of ustom and reli$ion.

T"e T"ree Classes of Scouts

)here are three lasses of souts amon$ the Bo" Souts of Ameria, the tenderfoot, seond+lass sout, andfirst+lass sout. Before a *o" an *eome a tenderfoot he must ualif" for same. A tenderfoot, therefore, issu!erior to the ordinar" *o" *eause of his trainin$. )o *e a tenderfoot means to ou!" the lowest $rade insoutin$. A tenderfoot on meetin$ ertain reuirements ma" *eome a seond+lass sout, and a seond+la

sout u!on meetin$ another set of reuirements ma" *eome a first+lass sout. )he first+lass sout ma"then ualif" for the various merit *ad$es whih are offered in another !art of this ha!ter for !rofiien" insoutin$. )he reuirements of the tenderfoot, seond+lass sout, and first+lass sout, are as followsG

Tenderfoot

)enderfoot

)o *eome a sout a *o" must *e at least twelve "ears of a$e and must !ass a test in the followin$G

1. 2now the sout law, si$n, salute, and si$nifiane of the *ad$e.


29/494

. 2now the om!osition and histor" of the national fla$ and the ustomar" forms of res!et due to it.

3. )ie four out of the followin$ knotsG suare or reef, sheet+*end, *owline, fishermanCs, shee!shank, halter,love hith, tim*er hith, or two half hithes.

ed loal soutauthorities, the followin$ testsG

1. At least one monthCs servie as a tenderfoot.

. Elementar" first aid and *anda$in$ know the $eneral diretions for first aid for inDuries know treatmentfor faintin$, shok, fratures, *ruises, s!rains, inDuries in whih the skin is *roken, *urns, and saldsdemonstrate how to arr" inDured, and the use of the trian$ular and roller *anda$es and tourniuet.

3. Elementar" si$nalin$G 2now the sema!hore, or Amerian &orse, or &"er al!ha*et.

:. )rak half a mile in twent"+five minutes or, if in town, desri*e satisfatoril" the ontents of one store

window out of four o*served for one minute eah.

;. %o a mile in twelve minutes at soutCs !ae++a*out fift" ste!s runnin$ and fift" walkin$, alternatel".

K. 'se !ro!erl" knife or hathet.

I. 5rove a*ilit" to *uild a fire in the o!en, usin$ not more than two mathes.

. ook a uarter of a !ound of meat and two !otatoes in the o!en without the ordinar" kithen ookin$utensils.


30/494


31/494

@twist,@ *aked on a stik e?!lain to another *o" the methods followed.

I. Read a ma! orretl", and draw, from field notes made on the s!ot, an intelli$i*le rou$h sketh ma!,indiatin$ *" their !ro!er marks im!ortant *uildin$s, roads, trolle" lines, main landmarks, !rini!alelevations, et. 5oint out a om!ass diretion without the hel! of the om!ass.

. 'se !ro!erl" an a?e for fellin$ or trimmin$ li$ht tim*er or !rodue an artile of ar!entr" or a*inet+makin$ or metal work made *" himself. E?!lain the method followed.

7. Jud$e distane, si>e, num*er, hei$ht and wei$ht within ; !er ent.

10. (esri*e full" from o*servation ten s!eies of trees or !lants, inludin$ !oison iv", *" their *ark, leavesflowers, fruit, or sent or si? s!eies of wild *irds *" their !luma$e, notes, traks, or ha*its or si? s!eies onative wild animals *" their form, olor, all, traks, or ha*its find the North Star, and name and desri*e aleast three onstellations of stars.

11. Furnish satisfator" evidene that he has !ut into !ratie in his dail" life the !rini!les of the sout oathand law.

1. Enlist a *o" trained *" himself in the reuirements of a tenderfoot.

1%T+.1o de#iation from abo#e re(uirements will be permitted unless in etraordinar! cases, such as

ph!sical inabilit!, and the written consent of the 1ational 0ead(uarters has been obtained b! the recognie

local scout authorit!.


32/494

5ositions of 4arious Bad$es

Eah sout in a !atrol has a num*er, the !atrol leader *ein$ No. 1, the assistant !atrol leader No. , and theother souts the remainin$ onseutive num*ers. Souts in this wa" should


33/494

/'N(Bark @Bawow+wow@

/RAN%E

A)r"++@&eeaow@%RAY AN( BR/-N

JA2Aau$hin$ r"+@-ahwah+wah+wah+

wah.@%RAY AN( BA2

RA4ENr"+@2ar+kaw@BA2

B'FFA/owin$ Lsame as BullM @'m+maouw@RE( AN( -#)E

5EA/2r"+@Bee+oik@%REEN AN( B'E

B'owin$+@'m+maouw@RE(

SEAall+@ark@RE( AN( BA2

/--histle @2oot+koot+koo@B'E

)#%ER5urr+@%rrrao@

4#/E)

#/NRoar+@Eu+'$h@YE/- AN(RE(

2AN%AR//all+@oo+ee@RE( AN(%RAY

/RSE-hinne"+@ee+e+e+e@BA2 AN( -#)E


34/494


35/494

%RAY AN( 5#N2

/BRAiss++@5ssst@/RAN%E AN( BA2

'2//all++@ook+koo@%RAY

/))ERr"++@oi+oi+oik@BR/-N AN( -#)E

BEA4ERSla! made *" la!!in$ *ands

B'E AN( YE/-


36/494

S#NA-A

Blak on red

BA2BEARS

Blak on redA&EE2S S#4ER F/ES

RE()RA#ERS

&//N BAN(Yellow on *lue

/-NE/2ES BA#N% ARR/-

Eah !atrol leader arries a small fla$ on the end of his staff


37/494

eamination must not be gi#en an! bo! who is not (ualified as a firstclass scout. *fter the bo! has passed

the eamination, the local council ma! secure the merit badge for him b! presenting the facts to the 1ationaCouncil. These badges are intended to stimulate the bo!"s interest in the life about him and are gi#en for

general knowledge. The wearing of these badges does not signif! that a scout is (ualified to make his li#ing

b! the knowledge gained in securing the award.

Souts winnin$ an" of the followin$ *ad$es are entitled to !lae after their names the insi$nia of the *ad$eswon. For instane, if he has suessfull" !assed the si$nalin$ and seamanshi! tests, he si$ns his name in this

manner++


38/494

A&li&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for An$lin$ a sout must

1. ath and name ten different s!eies of fishG salmon or trout to *e taken with flies *ass, !ikerel, or !iketo *e au$ht with rod or reel, muskallon$e to *e au$ht *" trollin$.

. &ake a *ait rod of three Doints, strai$ht and sound, 1: o>. or less in wei$ht, 10 feet or less in len$th, tostand a strain of 1+1 l*s. at the ti!, 13 l*s. at the $ri!.

3. &ake a Dointed fl"+rod +10 feet lon$, :+ o>s. in wei$ht, a!a*le of astin$ a fl" si?t" feet.

:. Name and desri*e twent"+five different s!eies of fish found in North Amerian waters and $ive aom!lete list of the fishes asertained *" himself to inha*it a $iven *od" of water.

;. %ive the histor" of the "oun$ of an" s!eies of wild fish from the time of hathin$ until the adult sta$e isreahed.

Arc"ery

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Arher" a sout must

1. &ake a *ow and arrow whih will shoot a distane of one hundred feet with fair !reision.

. &ake a total sore of 3;0 with K0 shots in one or


39/494

Arc"itecture

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Arhiteture a sout must

1. 5resent a satisfator" free+hand drawin$.

. -rite an essa" on the histor" of Arhiteture and desri*e the five orders.

3. Su*mit an ori$inal desi$n for a two+stor" house and tell what material is neessar" for its onstrution,

$ivin$ detailed s!eifiations.

Art

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Art a sout must

1. (raw in outline two sim!le o*Dets, one om!osed of strai$ht lines, and one of urved lines, the twosu*Dets to *e $rou!ed to$ether a little *elow the e"e.

. (raw in outline two *ooks a little *elow the e"e, one *ook to *e o!en also a ta*le or hair.

3. &ake in outline an E$"!tian ornament.

:. &ake in outline a %reek or Renaissane ornament from a ast or o!".

;. &ake an ori$inal arran$ement or desi$n usin$ some detail of ornament.

K. &ake a drawin$ from a $rou! of two o*Dets !laed a little *elow the e"e and show li$ht and shade.

I. (raw a "lindrial o*Det and a retan$ular o*Det, $rou!ed to$ether a little *elow the e"e, and show li$htand shade.


40/494

. 5resent a am! sene in olor.

Astroomy

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Astronom" a sout must

1. ave a $eneral knowled$e of the nature and movements of stars.


41/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Automo*ilin$ a sout must

1. (emonstrate how to start a motor, e?!lainin$ what !reautions should *e taken.

. )ake off and !ut on !neumati tires.

3. 2now the funtions of the luth, ar*uretor, valves, ma$neto, s!ark !lu$, differential am shaft, anddifferent s!eed $ears, and *e a*le to e?!lain differene *etween a two and four+"le motor.

:. 2now how to !ut out *urnin$ $asoline or oil.

;. ave satisfatoril" !assed the reuirements to reeive a liense to o!erate an automo*ile in the ommunitin whih he lives.

A,iatio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Aviation a sout must

1. ave a knowled$e of the theor" of aero!lanes, *alloons, and diri$i*les.

. ave made a workin$ model of an


42/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Bee Farmin$ a sout must

1. ave a !ratial knowled$e of swarmin$, hivin$, hives and $eneral a!iulture, inludin$ a knowled$e ofthe use of artifiial om*s.

. (esri*e different kinds of hone" and tell from what soures $athered.

Blac7smit"i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Blaksmithin$ a sout must

1. '!set and weld a one+inh iron rod.

. &ake a horseshoe.

3. 2now how to tire a wheel, use a sled$e+hammer and for$e, shoe a horse orretl" and rou$hshoe a horse.

:. Be a*le to tem!er iron and steel.

Bu&li&


43/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Bu$lin$ a sout must

1. Be a*le to sound !ro!erl" on the Bu$le the ustomar" 'nited States Arm" alls.

Busiess

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Business a sout must

1. -rite a satisfator" *usiness, and a !ersonal letter.

. State fundamental !rini!les of *u"in$ and sellin$.

3. 2now sim!le *ookkee!in$.

:. 2ee! a om!lete and atual aount of !ersonal reei!ts and e?!enditures for si? months.


44/494

dis!ose of the am! $ar*a$e and refuse.

;. 2now how to onstrut a raft.

Car%etry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for ar!entr" a sout must

1. 2now the !ro!er wa" to drive, set and linh a nail.

. 2now the different kinds of hisels, !lanes and saws, and how to shar!en and use them.

3. 2now the use of the rule, suare, level, !lum*+line and mitre.

:. 2now how to use om!asses for sri*in$ *oth re$ular and irre$ular lines.

;. &ake an artile of furniture with three different standard Doints or s!lies, with at least one surfae ofhi$hl" !olished hard or deorative wood. All work to *e done without assistane.

C"emistry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for hemistr" a sout must *e a*le to !ass the followin$ testG

1. (efine !h"sial and hemial han$e. -hih ours when salt is dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rustwater *oils, iron is ma$neti>ed and meruri o?ide is heated a*ove the *oilin$ !oint of merur"H

. %ive orret tests for o?"$en, h"dro$en, nitro$en, hlorine, and ar*on dio?ide $ases.

3. ould "ou use the a*ove $ases to e?tin$uish fireH owH

:. -h" an *akin$ soda *e used to !ut out a small fireH


45/494

enshi! reuirements of an eletor in his state.

. 2now the !rini!al features of the naturali>ation laws of the 'nited States.

3. 2now how 5resident, 4ie+5resident, senators, and on$ressmen of the 'nited States are eleted and theiterms of offie.

:. 2now the num*er of Dud$es of the Su!reme ourt of the 'nited States, how a!!ointed, and their term ofoffie.

;. 2now the various administrative de!artments of $overnment, as re!resented in the 5residentCs a*inet.

K. 2now how the $overnor, lieutenant+$overnor, senators, re!resentatives, or assem*l"men of his state areeleted, and their terms of offie.

I. 2now whether the Dud$es of the !rini!al ourts in his state are a!!ointed or eleted, and the len$th oftheir terms.

. 2now how the !rini!al offiers in his town or it" are eleted and for what terms.

7. 2now the duties of the various it" de!artments, suh as fire, !olie, *oard of health, et.

10. (raw a ma! of the town or it" in whih he lives, $ivin$ loation of the !rini!al !u*li *uildin$s and!oints of s!eial interest.

11. %ive satisfator" evidene that he is familiar with the


46/494

#nde!endene, and the onstitution of the 'nited States.

Coser,atio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for onservation a sout must

1. Be a*le to reo$ni>e in the forest all im!ortant ommerial trees in his nei$h*orhood distin$uish thelum*er from eah and tell for what !ur!ose eah is *est suited tell the a$e of old *la>es on trees whih marka *oundar" or trail reo$ni>e the differene in the forest *etween $ood and *ad lo$$in$, $ivin$ reasons wh"one is $ood and another *ad tell whether a tree is d"in$ from inDur" *" fire, *" insets, *" disease or *" aom*ination of these auses know what tools to use, and how to fi$ht fires in hill" or in flat ountr". ollethe seeds of two ommerial trees, lean and store them, and know how and when to !lant them.

. 2now the effet u!on stream+flow of the destrution of forests at head waters know what are the four$reat uses of water in streams what auses the !ollution of streams, and how it an *est *e sto!!ed and howin $eneral, water !ower is develo!ed.

3. Be a*le to tell, for a $iven !iee of farm land, whether it is *est suited for use as farm or forest, and wh"!oint out e?am!les of erosion, and tell how to sto! it $ive the reasons wh" a $rowin$ ro! !ointed out tohim is suessful or wh" not and tell what ro!s should *e $rown in his nei$h*orhood and wh".

:. 2now where the $reat oal fields are situated and whether the use of oal is inreasin$, and if so at whatrate. )ell what are the $reat soures of waste of oal, in the mines, and in its use, and how the" an *eredued.

;. 2now the !rini!al $ame *irds and animals in his nei$h*orhood, the seasons durin$ whih the" are!roteted, the methods of !rotetion, and the results. Reo$ni>e the trak of an" two of the followin$G ra**ifo?, deer, suirrel, wild turke", ruffed $rouse and uail.

Coo7i&


47/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for ookin$ a sout must

1. 5rove his a*ilit" to *uild a fire!lae out of stone or sod


48/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for "lin$ a sout must

1. Be a*le to ride a *i"le fift" miles in ten hours.

. Re!air a !unture.

3. )ake a!art and lean *i"le and !ut to$ether a$ain !ro!erl".

:. 2now how to make re!orts if sent out soutin$ on a road.

;. Be a*le to read a ma! and re!ort orretl" ver*al messa$es.

Dairyi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for (air"in$ a sout must

1. 'nderstand the mana$ement of dair" attle.

. Be a*le to milk.

3. 'nderstand the sterili>ation of milk, and are of dair" utensils and a!!lianes.


49/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Eletriit" a sout must

1. #llustrate the e?!eriment *" whih the laws of eletrial attration and re!ulsion are shown.

. Name three uses of the diret urrent, and tell how it differs from the alternatin$ urrent.

3. &ake a sim!le eletro+ma$net.

:. ave an elementar" knowled$e of the ation of sim!le *atter" ells and of the workin$ of eletri *ells

and tele!hones.

;. Be a*le to remed" fused wire, and to re!air *roken eletri onnetions.

K. onstrut a mahine to make stati eletriit" or a wireless a!!aratus.

I. ave a knowled$e of the method of resusitation and resue of a !erson insensi*le from shok.

Firemas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Firemanshi!, a sout must

1. 2now how to turn in an alarm for fire.

. 2now how to enter *urnin$ *uildin$s.

3. 2now how to !revent !anis and the s!read of fire.

:. 'nderstand the use of hose unrollin$, Doinin$ u!, onnetin$ two h"drants, use of no>>le, et.


50/494

;. 'nderstand the use of esa!es, ladders, and hutes, and know the loation of e?its in *uildin$s whih hefreuents.

K. 2now how to im!rovise ro!es and nets.

I. 2now what to do in ase of !ani, understand the firemanCs lift and dra$, and how to work in fumes.

. 'nderstand the use of fire e?tin$uishers how to resue animals how to save !ro!ert" how to or$ani>e a

*uket *ri$ade, and how to aid the !olie in kee!in$ *ak rowds.

First Ai#

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for First Aid a sout must

1. Be a*le to demonstrate the S"lvester and Shaefer methods of resusitation.

. arr" a !erson down a ladder.


51/494

First Ai# to Aimals

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for First Aid to Animals a sout must

1. ave a $eneral knowled$e of domesti and farm animals.

. Be a*le to treat a horse for oli.

3. (esri*e s"m!toms and $ive treatment for the followin$G wounds, fratures and s!rains, e?haustion,hokin$, lameness.

:. 'nderstand horseshoein$.

Forestry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Forestr" a sout must

1. Be a*le to identif" twent"+five kinds of trees when in leaf, or fifteen kinds of deiduous L*road leafM treesin winter, and tell some of the uses of eah.

. #dentif" twelve kinds of shru*s.

3. ollet and identif" sam!les of ten kinds of wood and *e a*le to tell some of their uses.

:. (etermine the hei$ht, and estimate the amount of tim*er, a!!ro?imatel", in five trees of different si>es.


52/494

;. State laws for trans!lantin$, $raftin$, s!ra"in$, and !rotetin$ trees.

!ar#ei&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for %ardenin$, a sout must

1. (i$ and are for durin$ the season a !iee of $round ontainin$ not less than 1:: suare feet.

. 2now the names of a do>en !lants !ointed out in an ordinar" $arden.

3. 'nderstand what is meant *" !runin$, $raftin$, and manurin$.

:. 5lant and $row suessfull" si? kinds of ve$eta*les or flowers from seeds or uttin$s.

;. ut $rass with s"the under su!ervision.

Ha#icraft

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for andiraft a sout must

1. Be a*le to !aint a door.

. -hitewash a eilin$.

3. Re!air $as fittin$s, sash lines, window and door fastenin$s.

:. Re!lae $as mantles, washers, and eletri li$ht *ul*s.


53/494

;. Solder.

K. an$ !itures and urtains.

I. Re!air *linds.

. Fi? urtains, !ortiere rods, *lind fi?tures.

7. a" ar!ets and mend lothin$ and u!holster".

10. Re!air furniture and hina.

11. Shar!en knives.

1. Re!air $ates.

13. Fi? sreens on windows and doors.

Horsemas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for orsemanshi! a sout must

1. (emonstrate ridin$ at a walk, trot, and $allo!.

. 2now how to saddle and *ridle a horse orretl".

3. 2now how to water and feed and to what amount, and how to $room a horse !ro!erl".


54/494

7. 2now two ommon auses of, and !ro!er remedies for, lameness, and know to whom he should referases of ruelt" and a*use.

10. Be a*le to Dud$e as to the wei$ht, hei$ht, and a$e of horses know three *reeds and their $eneralharateristis.

Iter%reti&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for #nter!retin$, a sout must

1. Be a*le to arr" on a sim!le onversation.

. -rite a sim!le letter on su*Det $iven *" e?aminers.

3. Read and translate a !assa$e from a *ook or news!a!er, in Frenh, %erman, En$lish, #talian, or an"lan$ua$e that is not of his own ountr".

I,etio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for #nvention a sout must

1. #nvent and !atent some useful artile

. Show a workin$ drawin$ or model of the same.

*eat"er $or7i&


55/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for eather -orkin$ a sout must

1. ave a knowled$e of tannin$ and urin$.


56/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &ahiner" a sout must

1. State the !rini!les underl"in$ the use and onstrution of the lathe, steam *oiler and en$ine, drill !ressand !laner.

. &ake a small wood or metal model illustratin$ the !rini!les of either levers, $ears, *elted !ulle"s, or*lok and fall.

Mar7smas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &arksmanshi! a sout must

1. 9ualif" as a marksman in aordane with the re$ulations of the National Rifle Assoiation.

Masory

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &asonr" a sout must


57/494

1. a" a strai$ht wall with a orner.


58/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &usi a. sout must

1. Be a*le to !la" a standard musial instrument satisfatoril".

. Read sim!le musi.

3. -rite a satisfator" essa" of not less than five hundred words on the histor" of Amerian musi.

Orit"olo&y

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for /rnitholo$" a sout must

1. ave a list of one hundred different kinds of *irds !ersonall" o*served on e?!loration in the field.

. ave identified *e"ond uestion, *" a!!earane or *" note, fort"+five different kinds of *irds in one da".

3. ave made a $ood lear !hoto$ra!h of some wild *ird, the *ird ima$e to *e over one half inh in len$th othe ne$ative.

:. ave seured at least two tenants in *ird *o?es ereted *" himself.


59/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5aintin$ a sout must

1. ave knowled$e of how to om*ine !i$ments in order to !rodue !aints in shades and tints of olor.

. 2now how to add !ositive olors to a *ase of white lead or of white >in.

3. 'nderstand the mi?in$ of oils tur!entine, et., to the !ro!er onsisten".

:. 5aint a !orh floor or other surfae evenl" and without la!s.

;. 2now how and when to !utt" u! nail holes and uneven surfaes.

K. 5resent for ins!etion a !anel overed with three oats of !aint, whih !anel must ontain a *order ofmoldin$, the *od" of the !anel to *e !ainted in one olor and the moldin$ in another.

+at"fi#i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5athfindin$ a sout must

1. 2now ever" lane, *"+!ath, and short ut for a distane of at least two miles in ever" diretion around theloal soutsC headuarters in the ountr".

. ave a $eneral knowled$e of the distrit within a five mile radius of his loal headuarters, so as to *e a*to $uide !eo!le at an" time, *" da" or ni$ht.

3. 2now the $eneral diretion and !o!ulation of the five !rini!al nei$h*orin$ towns and *e a*le to $ivestran$ers orret diretions how to reah them.

:. 2now in the ountr" in the two mile radius, a!!ro?imatel", the num*er of horses, attle, shee!, and !i$sowned on the five nei$h*orin$ farmsG or in a town must know in a half+mile radius what liver" sta*les,


60/494

$ara$es and *laksmiths there are.

;. 2now the loation of the nearest meat markets, *akeries, $roeries, and dru$ stores.


61/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5hoto$ra!h" a sout must

1. ave a knowled$e of the theor" and use of lenses, of the onstrution of ameras, and the ation ofdevelo!ers.

. )ake, develo!, and !rint twelve se!arate su*DetsG three interiors, three !ortraits, three landsa!es, andthree instantaneous @ation !hotos.@

3. &ake a reo$ni>a*le !hoto$ra!h of an" wild *ird lar$er than a ro*in, while on its nest or a wild animal in

its native haunts or a fish in the water.

+ioeeri&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5ioneerin$ a sout must

1. Fell a nine+inh tree or !ole in a !resri*ed diretion neatl" and uikl".


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+lum1i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5lum*in$ a sout must

1. Be a*le to make wi!ed and *ra>ed Doints.

. Re!air a *urst !i!e.

3. &end a *all or fauet ta!.

:. 'nderstand the ordinar" hot and old water s"stem of a house.

+oultry Farmi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5oultr" Farmin$ a sout must

1. ave a knowled$e of inu*ators, foster+mothers, sanitar" fowl houses, and oo!s and runs.

. 'nderstand rearin$, feedin$, killin$, and dressin$ *irds for market.

3. Be a*le to !ak *irds and e$$s for market.

:. Raise a *rood of not less than ten hikens.

;. Re!ort his o*servation and stud" of the hen, turke", duk, and $oose.


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+riti&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5rintin$ a sout must

1. 2now the names of ten different kinds of t"!e and ten si>es of !a!er.

. Be a*le to om!ose *" hand or mahines.

3. 'nderstand the use of hand or !ower !rintin$ mahines.

:. 5rint a hand*ill set u! *" himself.

;. Be a*le to read and mark !roof orretl".

+u1lic Healt"

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5u*li ealth a sout must

1. State what the hief auses of eah of the followin$ disease areG tu*erulosis, t"!hoid, malaria.


64/494

;. (esri*e the method used in his ommunit" in dis!osin$ of $ar*a$e.

K. )ell how a it" should !rotet its foods milk, meat, and e?!osed foods.

I. )ell how to !lan the sanitar" are of a am!.

. State the reason wh" shool hildren should under$o a medial e?amination.

Sc"olars"i%

N/)EG )he reuirements for the merit *ad$e for Sholarshi! had not *een deided u!on when this *ook wa!u*lished. #nformation a*out same ma" *e seured u!on a!!liation to National eaduarters.

Scul%ture

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Sul!ture a sout must

1. &ake a la" model from an antiue desi$n.

. &ake a drawin$ and a model from nature, these models to *e faithful to the ori$inal and of artisti desi$n

Seamas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Seamanshi!


65/494

1. Be a*le to tie ra!idl" si? different knots.

. S!lie ro!es.

3. 'se a !alm and needle.

:. Flin$ a ro!e oil.

;. Be a*le to row, !ole, sull, and steer a *oat also *rin$ a *oat !ro!erl" alon$side and make fast.

K. 2now how to *o? the om!ass, read a hart, and show use of !arallel rules and dividers.

I. Be a*le to state diretion *" the stars and sun.

. Swim fift" "ards with shoes and lothes on.


66/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Stalkin$ a sout must

1. )ake a series of twent" !hoto$ra!hs of wild animals or *irds from life, and develo! and !rint them.

. &ake a $rou! of si?t" s!eies of wild flowers, ferns, or $rasses, dried and mounted in a *ook and orretlnamed.

3. &ake olored drawin$s of twent" flowers, ferns, or $rasses, or twelve skethes from life of animals or*irds, ori$inal skethes as well as the finished !itures to *e su*mitted.

Sur,eyi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Surve"in$ a sout must

1. &a! orretl" from the ountr" itself the main features of half a mile of road, with ::0 "ards eah side tosale of two feet to the mile, and afterward draw same ma! from memor".

. Be a*le to measure the hei$ht of a tree, tele$ra!h !ole, and hurh stee!le, desri*in$ method ado!ted.

3. &easure width of a river.

:. Estimate distane a!art of two o*Dets a known distane awa" and una!!roaha*le.

;. Be a*le to measure a $radient.

S.immi&


67/494

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Swimmin$ a sout must

1. Be a*le to swim one hundred "ards.


68/494

)he life sout *ad$e will *e $iven to all first+lass souts who have ualified for the followin$ five+merit*ad$esG first aid, athletis, life+savin$, !ersonal health, and !u*li health.

Star Scout

)he star sout *ad$e will *e $iven to the first+lass sout who has ualified for ten merit *ad$es. )he teninlude the list of *ad$es under life sout.

Ea&le Scout


69/494

An" first+lass sout ualif"in$ for twent"+one merit *ad$es will *e entitled to wear the hi$hest sout merit

*ad$e. )his is an ea$leCs head in silver, and re!resents the all+round !erfet sout.


70/494

%old &edal. %old ross with first+lass sout *ad$e su!erim!osed u!on it and sus!ended from *ar *" whiteri**on. )his medal is the hi$hest !ossi*le award for servie and heroism. #t ma" *e $ranted to a sout whohas saved life at the $reatest !ossi*le risk to his own life, and also to an"one who has rendered servie of!euliar merit to the Bo" Souts of Ameria.

)he onor &edal is a national honor and is awarded onl" *" the National ounil. )o make a!!liation forone of these *ad$es the fats must first *e investi$ated *" the ourt of onor of the oal ounil and!resented *" that *od" to the ourt of onor of the National ounil.

The &ocal Court of 0onor ma! at an! time in#ite eperts to share in their eaminations and

recommendations.

-hen the National ourt of onor has !assed u!on the a!!liation, the !ro!er medal will *e awarded.

Ba#&es of Ra7

)he followin$ devies are used to distin$uish the various ranks of soutsG

+atrol *ea#er

5atrol eaderG )he !atrol leaderCs arm *ad$e onsists of two *ars, 1+1+inhes lon$ and 3+inh wide, ofwhite *raid worn on the sleeve *elow the left shoulder. #n addition he ma" ed silvertenderfoot, seond+lass or first+lass sout *ad$e aordin$ to his rank. )he assistant !atrol leader wears on*ar.


71/494

Servie Stri!esG For eah "ear of servie as a *o" sout, he will *e entitled to wear a stri!e of white *raidaround the sleeve a*ove the wrist, three stri!es *ein$ han$ed for one red one. Five "ears of soutin$ would*e indiated *" one red stri!e and two white stri!es. )he star indiates the !osition for wearin$ merit *ad$es

Sout &asterG )he *ad$e of the sout ommissioner, sout master, and assistant sout master is the first+lassoutCs *ad$e re!rodued in *lue, $reen, and red, res!etivel", and are worn on the sleeve *elow the leftshoulder.

hief SoutG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout is the first+lass sout *ad$e with a five+!ointed star a*ove item*roidered in silver.


72/494

hief Sout Sur$eonG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout Sur$eon is the first+lass sout *ad$e with a adueusa*ove it em*roidered in $reen. L)he hief SoutCs staff wear the *ad$e of rank in the same manner as thehief Sout.M

hief Sout -oodsmanG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout -oodsman is the first+lass sout *ad$e with tworossed a?es a*ove it em*roidered in $reen.

hief Sout StalkerG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout Stalker is the first+lass sout *ad$e with an oak leafa*ove it em*roidered in *lue.

hief Sout (iretor of ealthG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout (iretor of ealth is the first+lass sout *ad$with


73/494

hief Sout am! &asterG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout am! &aster is the first+lass sout *ad$e with amoasin a*ove it em*roidered in $reenG

hief Sout of AthletisG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout (iretor of Athletis is the first+lass sout *ad$ewith a win$ed &erur" foot a*ove it em*roidered in $reen.

hief Sout (iretor of hivalr"G )he *ad$e of the hief Sout (iretor of hivalr" is the first+lass sout*ad$e with the sout si$n a*ove it em*roidered in $old.

hief Sout iti>enG )he *ad$e of the hief Sout iti>en is the first+lass sout *ad$e with the 'nitedStates fla$ a*ove it in silver.

A!!ro!riate *ad$es for national and loal ounilmen ma" *e seured from the National eaduarters.

E@ui%met

It should be clearl! understood b! all interested in the Scout /o#ement that it is not necessar! for a bo! to

ha#e a uniform or an! other special e(uipment to carr! out the scout program. There are a great man!

troops in the countr! which ha#e made successful progresswithout an! e(uipment whate#er.


74/494

owever, for the onveniene of *o"s who wish to seure a uniform or other eui!ment, the Nationalounil has made arran$ements with ertain manufaturers to furnish suh !arts of the eui!ment as ma" *edesired *" the *o"s. Suh arran$ements have *een made with these manufaturers onl" after a $reat num*erof re!resentative firms have *een $iven an o!!ortunit" to su*mit sam!les and !ries the !ries uoted to *euniform throu$hout the ountr". )hese manufaturers


75/494

know is how to use it to the *est advanta$e. )o do this an intelli$ent understandin$ of the different knots andhow to tie them is essential. Ever" da" sailors, e?!lorers, mehanis, and mountain+lim*ers risk their liveson the knots that the" tie. )housands of lives have *een sarified to ill+made knots. )he sout thereforeshould *e !re!ared in an emer$en", or when neessit" demands, to tie the ri$ht knot in the ri$ht wa".

)here are three ualities to a $ood knotG1. Ra!idit" with whih it an *e tied.. #ts a*ilit" to hold fast when !ulled ti$ht, and

3. )he readiness with whih it an *e undone.

)he followin$ knots, reommended to souts, are the most serviea*le *eause the" meet the a*overeuirements and will *e of $reat hel! in soutraft. #f the tenderfoot will follow losel" the various ste!sindiated in the dia$rams, he will have little diffiult" in re!roduin$ them at !leasure

#n !ratisin$ knot+t"in$ a short !iee of hem! ro!e ma" *e used. )o !rotet the ends from fra"in$ a soutshould know how to @whi!@ them. )he ommonest method of @whi!!in$@ is as followsG

a" the end of a !iee of twine alon$ the end of the ro!e.


76/494

3. The +nd++)he !art he uses in leadin$.

Before !roeedin$ with the tenderfoot reuirements, a sout should first learn the two !rimar" knotsG theoverhand and fi$ure+of+ei$ht knots.

The %#erhand 2not.

Start with the !osition shown in the !reedin$ dia$ram. Bak the end around the standin$ !art and u! throu$the *i$ht and draw ti$ht.

The 'igure of +ight 2not.

&ake a *i$ht as *efore. )hen lead the end around *ak of the standin$ !art and down throu$h the *i$ht.

After these !reliminar" ste!s, the !ros!etive tenderfoot ma" !roeed to learn the reuired knots.


77/494


78/494

The Bowline.

A noose that neither Dams nor sli!s. 'sed in lowerin$ a !erson from a *urnin$ *uildin$, et.

Form a small loo! on the standin$ !art leavin$ the end lon$ enou$h for the si>e of the noose reuired. 5assthe end u! throu$h the *i$ht around the standin$ !art and down throu$h the *i$ht a$ain. )o ti$hten, holdnoose in !osition and !ull standin$ !art.

0alter, Slip, or Running 2not.

A *i$ht is first formed and an overhand knot made with the end around the standin$ !art.

Sheepshank.


79/494

'sed for shortenin$ ro!es. %ather u! the amount to *e shortened, then make a half hith round eah of the*ends as shown in the dia$ram.


80/494

'sed a*oard "ahts for *endin$ on the $aff to!sail halliards. #t onsists of two turns around a s!ar or rin$,then a half hith around the standin$ !art and throu$h the turns on the s!ar, and another half hith a*ove itaround the standin$ !art.

Timber 0itch.

'sed in haulin$ tim*er. 5ass the end of the ro!e around the tim*er. )hen lead it around its standin$ !art and*rin$ it *ak to make two or more turns on its own !art. )he strain will hold it seurel".

Two 0alf 0itches.


81/494

'seful *eause the" are easil" made and will not sli! under an" strain. )heir formation is suffiientl"indiated *" the dia$ram.

Blackwall 0itch.

'sed to seure a ro!e to a hook. )he standin$ !art when hauled ti$ht holds the end firml".

Becket 0itch.


82/494

For Doinin$ a ord to a ro!e. &a" *e easil" made from dia$ram.


83/494

'sed in unitin$ hawsers for towin$. #s easil" untied *" !ushin$ the loo!s inwards.

)urn the end of one ro!e A over its standin$ !art B to form a loo!. 5ass the end of the other ro!e aross the*i$ht thus formed, *ak of the standin$ !art B over the end A, then under the *i$ht at , !assin$ it over itsown standin$ !art and under the *i$ht a$ain at (.

T"e Mariers Com%ass

Bo?in$ the om!ass onsists in enumeratin$ the !oints, *e$innin$ with north and workin$ around the irleas followsG

NorthNorth *" EastNorth, North+east


84/494

North+east *" NorthNorth+eastNorth+east *" EastEast, North+eastEast *" NorthEastEast *" SouthEast, South+eastSouth+east *" EastSouth+eastSouth+east *" South


85/494

$OODCRAFT

$oo#loreB! +rnest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout

T"e $atc" for a Com%assLFrom @Bo" Souts of Ameria,@ *" Ernest )hom!son Seton. o!"ri$ht, 1710, *" (ou*leda", 5a$e 6

om!an" M

)he wath is often used to $ive the om!ass !oint e?atl". )husG 5oint the hour+hand to the sun then, in themornin$, half+wa" *etween the hour+hand and noon is due south. #f afternoon, one must rekon half+wa"*akward.

)husG at A. &., !oint the hour+hand to the sun and rekon forward half+wa" to noon the south is at 10. #f : 5. &., !oint the hour+hand at the sun and rekon *ak half+wa". )he south is at two oClok.

)he @half+wa"@ is *eause the sun makes a ourse of twent"+four hours and the lok of *ut twelve. #f we haa rational time!iee of twent"+four hours, it would fit in muh *etter with all nature, and with the hour+hand!ointed to the sun would make 1 oClok, noon, alwa"s south.

#f "ou annot see the sun, $et into a lear, o!en s!ae, hold "our knife !oint u!ri$ht on "our wath dial, andwill ast a faint shadow, showin$ where the sun reall" is, unless the louds are ver" heav".

Fi#i& Your *atitu#e 1y t"e Stars

)he use of the stars to the sout is hiefl" to $uide him *" showin$ the north, *ut the white man has arriedthe use a ste! fartherG he makes the 5ole+star tell him not onl" where the north is, *ut where he himself is.From the 5ole+star, he an learn his latitude.

#t is rekoned an e?!loit to take oneCs latitude from the North Star with a art+wheel, or with two stiks and *uket of water.


86/494

/f ourse, it is hard to ima$ine that the *o"s will ever *e so !laed that it is im!ortant for them to take theirlatitude with home+made im!lements *ut it is also hard to ima$ine irumstanes under whih it would *eneessar" to know that the sun is 7,000,000 miles awa". #t is ver" sure, however, that a *o" who has onedone this has a lar$er idea of the world and its $eo$ra!h", and it is likel" to hel! him in reali>in$ that there isome meanin$ to the lines and fi$ures on the *order of his shool ma!s, and that the" are not !ut theremerel" to add to his !er!le?ities.

Sundial, or hunterCs lok


87/494

LFrom ountr" ife in Ameria. &a", 170; M

)here are as man" different kinds of lo$ a*ins as of an" other arhiteture. #t is *est to *e$in with thesim!lest. )he tools needed are a shar! a?, a rossut saw, an inh au$er, and a s!ade. #t is !ossi*le to $etalon$ with nothin$ *ut an a? Lman" settlers had no other toolM, *ut the s!ade, saw, and au$er save muhwork.

For the site selet a hi$h, dr" !lae, in or near the woods, and lose to the drinkin$+water. #t should *e a

sunn" !lae, and with a view, !refera*l" one fain$ south or east. lear off and level the $round. )hen *rin$"our lo$s. )hese are more !ituresue with the *ark left on, *ut last lon$er !eeled. Ei$ht feet *" twelve feetoutside makes a $ood a*in for three or four *o"s.

ut and arr" a*out twelve lo$s, eah ten feet lon$ and twelve more, eah fourteen feet lon$. )he lo$sshould *e at least si? inhes throu$h. Soft wood is !refera*le, as it is easier to handle the four $round lo$s osills, at least, should *e of edar, hestnut, or other wood that does not rot. a" two of the fourteen+foot lo$son the $round, at the !laes for the lon$ sides, and seven feet a!art. )hen aross them, at the end, la" twoshort ones, eleven feet a!art. )his leaves a*out a foot !roDetin$ from eah lo$. Roll the last two into theirrestin$ !laes, and flatten them till the" sit firml". #t is of !rime im!ortane that eah lo$ rest immova*l" onthe one *elow. Now ut the u!!er !art of eah end lo$, to an ed$e over eah orner. LFi$. 1.M


88/494

Ne?t !ut on two lon$ lo$s, roll them onto the middle, takin$ are to han$e off, so the *i$ end at a $ivenomer ma" *e followed ne?t time *" the small end and insure the orner risin$ evenl". Roll one of theselar$e lo$s lose to where it is to *e !laed, then ut on its u!!er surfae at eah end a noth orres!ondin$with the rid$e on the lo$ it is to ride on. -hen read", half a roll dro!s it into !lae. )he lo$ should *e one tothree inhes a*ove the one under it, and should not touh e?e!t at


89/494

door and window are to *e and at that !lae, while the ne?t lon$ lo$ is l"in$ on to!, *ottom u!, ut out a!iee four feet lon$ and four inhes dee!. Roll this lo$ into !lae. LFi$. 3.M /ne more lo$ a*ove this, orertainl" two, will make "our shant" hi$h enou$h for *o"s. 5ut on final end lo$s, then two others aross theshant". LFi$. :.M Roll u! the *i$$est, stron$est lo$ of all for the rid$e Lsometimes two are used side *" sideMshould lie alon$ the middle of the four ross !iees shown in Fi$. :.

)he two ross lo$s, B and , and the rid$e lo$ should *e ver" stron$, as the roof is heav". Now we are readto ut the doorwa" and window.

First, drive in *loks of wood *etween eah of the lo$s, all the wa" down from A to the $round, and from Bdown to (, and to E. LFi$. ;.M Saw down now from A half+wa" throu$h the $round lo$ F. )hen from Bdown to half+wa" throu$h the lo$ ( now ontinue from %, uttin$ down to half throu$h the $round lo$. 'sthe a? to s!lit out the u!!er half of the $round lo$, *etween the saw+uts and also the u!!er half of the lo$ (

ew a flat !iee of soft wood, five or si? inhes wide, a*out two inhes thik, and as lon$ as the hei$ht ofthis doorwa". Set it u! a$ainst the ends of the lo$s A to F. Bore an au$er hole throu$h it into the end of eahlo$ Lthese holes must not *e in line lest the" s!lit the Dam*M, inludin$ the to! and *ottom ones, and drive inteah a !in of oak. )his holds all safel". (o the same on the other side, to E, and !ut a small one down B,(, whih is the side of the window.

Now we are read" to finish the roof. 'se the a? to *evel off the orners of the four ross+lo$s, A and B. LFi$K.M )hen $et a lot of stron$ !oles, a*out five feet lon$, and la" them lose to$ether alon$ the two sides of theroof till it is overed with !oles !uttin$ a ver" heav" one, or small lo$, on the outer ed$e of eah, andfastenin$ it down with a !in into the rid$e lo$. ut two lon$ !oles and la" one on eah of the lower ends ofthe roof !oles, as at A, B, and LFi$. IM, !innin$ them to the side lo$s.

over this roof with a foot of ha" or straw or $rass, and over e all that foot of straw down to little more than one inh, andwill make a warm and water+ti$ht roof. As the la" is ver" heav", it is wise, *efore $oin$ inside, to test theroof *" Dum!in$ on it. #f it $ives too muh, it will *e well to add a entre !ro!.

Now for the doorG ew out !lanks two should *e enou$h. Fasten these to$ether with two ross+!iees andone an$le+!iee, usin$ oak !e$s instead of nails, if "ou wish to *e trul" !rimitive. For these the holes should*e *ored !art wa" with a $imlet, and a !e$ used lar$er than the hole. )he lower end of the *ak !lank is left!roDetin$ in a !oint. LFi$. .M )his !oint fits into a hole !eked with a !oint or *ored with an au$er into thedoor+sill.

Bore another hole near the to! of the door LAM, and a orres!ondin$ one throu$h the door+Dam* *etween twolo$s. Set the door in !lae. A stri! of rawhide leather, a lim*er willow *ranh, or a stri! of hikor" !utthrou$h the au$er hole of the door and wed$ed into the hole in the Dam*, makes a trul" wild+wood hin$e. A!e$ in the front Dam* !revents the door $oin$ too far out, and a strin$ and !e$ inside answer for a lath.

)he window o!enin$ ma" *e losed with a $lass sash, with a !iee of muslin, or with the rawhide of ananimal, sra!ed lear of hair and strethed on a frame.

#t now remains to hink and !laster the !lae.

hinkin$ is *est done from the inside. on$ trian$ular stri!s and *loks of wood are driven in *etween thelo$s and fastened there with oak !ins driven into the lower lo$ till nothin$ *ut small rannies remain. Somea*ins are finished with moss !lu$$ed into all the rannies, *ut mud worked into !laster does *etter.

#t should *e !ut on the outside first, and afterward finished form the inside. #t is *est done reall" with two!lasterers workin$ to$ether, one inside and one out.


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)his om!letes the shant", *ut a *unk and fire!lae are usuall" added.

)he fire!lae ma" *e in one orner, or in the middle of the end. #t is easiest to make in the former.

Aross the orner, !e$ three an$le *raes, eah a*out three feet lon$. )hese are to !revent the himne"fallin$ forward.

Now *e$in to *uild with stone, usin$ mud as mortar, a fire!lae this sha!e. LFi$. 7.M &ake the o!enin$ a*ou

ei$hteen inhes aross arr" it u! two feet hi$h, drawin$ it in a little, then la" a lon$ stone aross the front,after whih *uild u! e of the fire!lae o!enin$, it will *e sure to draw.

)he *unk should *e made *efore the hinks are !lastered, as the hammerin$ is a!t to loosen the mud.

ut ei$ht or ten !oles a foot lon$er than "ou need the *unk ut the end of eah into a flat *oard and drivethese *etween the lon$ lo$s at the ri$ht hei$ht and !lae for the *unk, su!!ortin$ the other end on aross!iee from a !ost to the wall. 5ut a ver" *i$ !ole on the outer side, and all is read" for the *ed most

woodsmen make this of small fir *ou$hs.

)here are two other well+known wa"s of ornerin$ the lo$s++one is sim!l" flattenin$ the lo$s where the"touh. )his, as well as the first one, is known in the *akwoods of anada as ho$+!en finish. )he reall"skilful woodsmen of the North alwa"s dovetail the omers and saw them flushG LFi$. 10M

Sometimes it is desira*le to make a hi$her $a*le than that whih one rid$e lo$ an make. )hen it is madethusG LFi$. 11.M )his is as muh slo!e as a la" roof should have with an" more, the la" would wash off.

)his is the sim!lest wa" to *uild a lo$+a*in, *ut it illustrates all the main !rini!les of lo$ *uildin$. Shin$leroofs and $a*les, *road !ia>>as outside, and modern fittin$ inside, are often added nowada"s in summer

am!s, *ut it must *e lear that the more town" "ou make the a*in, the less woods" it is, and less likel" to*e the om!lete rest and han$e that is desired.

For fuller instrutions, see @o$+a*ins and otta$es.@ B". -m. S. -iks, 1700. L5u*. Forest and Stream, NY.M


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)he hei$ht of a tree is easil" measured when on a level, o!en !lae, *" measurin$ the len$th of its shadow,then om!arin$ that with "our own shadow, or that of a ten+foot !ole.

)hus, the ten+foot !ole is astin$ a fifteen+foot shadow, and the treeCs shadow is one hundred and fift" feetlon$, a!!l" the sim!le rule of three.

1; G 1;0 GG 10 G ? P 100

But it is seldom so eas", and the $ood old rule of the trian$le an *e safel" ounted onG %et a hundred ormore feet from "our tree, on o!en $round, as nearl" as !ossi*le on the level of its *ase. Set u! a ten+foot !olLA B, !a$e K;M. )hen mark the s!ot where the e?at line from the to! of the tree over the to! of the !oletouhes the $round LM. Now measure the distane from that s!ot LM to the foot of the ten+foot !ole LBMsu!!ose it is twent" feet. &easure also the distane from that s!ot LM to the *ase of the tree L(M su!!ose it one hundred and twent" feet, then "our !ro*lem isG

0 G 10 GG 10 G ? P K0

i.e., if at that an$le twent" feet from the e"e $ives ten feet elevation, one hundred and twent" feet must $ivesi?t".

To make a right angle,make a trian$le whose sides are e?atl" si?, ei$ht, and ten feet or inhes eah Lormulti!les of theseM. )he an$le o!!osite the ten must *e a true ri$ht an$le.

)o make a ri$ht an$le


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)here are man" wa"s of measurin$ distane aross rivers, et., without rossin$. )he sim!lest, !erha!s, is *"the euilateral trian$le. ut three !oles of e?atl" eual len$th !e$ them to$ether into a trian$le. a"


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)o measure the s!ae *etween two distant o*Dets, ( and E. ine A B on one, then move this ri$ht+an$ledtrian$le until F % is lined on the other, with B % in line with % . B % euals the s!ae *etween ( and Ethen.

#f the distane is onsidera*le, it ma" *e measured sometimes *" sound. )hus, when a $un is fired, a man isho!!in$, or a do$ *arkin$, ount the seonds *etween the si$ht and the hearin$ of the sound, and multi!l"*" eleven hundred feet, whih is the distane sound travels in a seond.


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)o lim* a tree that is too thik++5lae small tree a$ainst it.


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$un, fire it off twie in uik suession on "our hi$h lookout then wait and listen. (o this several times anwait !lent" lon$ enou$h++!erha!s an hour. #f this *rin$s no hel!, send u! a distress si$nal++that is, make twosmoke fires *" smotherin$ two *ri$ht fires with $reen leaves and rotten wood, and kee! them at least fift"feet a!art, or the wind will onfuse them. )wo shots or two smokes are usuall" understood to mean @# am introu*le.@ )hose in am! on seein$ this should send u! one smoke, whih means, @am! is here.@

#f "ou have a do$ or a horse with "ou, "ou ma" de!end u!on it he an *rin$ "ou out all ri$ht *ut usuall" "owill have to rel" on "ourself. )he sim!lest !lan, when there is fresh snow and no wind, is to follow "our own

trak *ak. No matter how far around or how rooked it ma" *e, it will ertainl" *rin$ "ou out safel".

#f "ou are sure of the $eneral diretion to the am! and determined to kee! movin$, leave a note !inned on atree if "ou have !a!er if not, write with haroal on a !iee of wood, and also make a $ood smoke, so that"ou an ome *ak to this s!ot if "ou hoose. But make ertain that the fire annot run, *" learin$ the$round around it and *" *ankin$ it around with sods. And mark "our ourse *" *reakin$ or uttin$ a twi$ever" fift" feet. You an kee! strai$ht *" the sun, the moon, or the stars, *ut when the" are unseen "ou mus*e $uided *" the om!ass. # do not *elieve muh in $uidane *" what are alled natureCs om!ass si$ns. #t isusual to sa", for e?am!le, that the north side of the tree has the most moss or the south side the most lim*s,et. -hile these are true in $eneral, there are so man" e?e!tions that when alarmed and in dou*t as to whiis north, one is not in a frame of mind to deide with ertaint" on suh fine !oints.

#f a stron$ west wind, for e?am!le, was *lowin$ when "ou left am!, and has *lown ever sine, "ou an *e!rett" sure it is still a west wind *ut the onl" safe and ertain natural om!ass $uides are the sun, moon, andstars.

)he 5ole or North Star, and the %reat Bear Lalso alled the (i!!er and the 5ointersM, should *e known toever" *o" as the" are to ever" #ndian. )he 5ointers alwa"s !oint out the


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ten feet ahead of me turned $ra". # ould not make it out, so went autiousl" nearer. # la" down, reahedforth, and then slowl" made sure that we were on the ed$e of a stee! !rei!ie. # *aked off, >@++and in a minute we had a fire.

-ith the hel! of the fireli$ht we now found !lent" of dead wood we made three *la>in$ fires side *" side,and after an hour we removed the entre one, then raked awa" all the hot ashes, and all la" down to$ether onthe warm $round. -hen the mornin$ ame the rain eased. -e strethed our stiffened lim*s and made foram!. Yes, there it was in !lain view two miles awa" aross a fearful an"on. )hree ste!s more on that$loom" ni$ht and we should have *een over the ed$e of that an"on and dashed to the *ottom.

Ho. to Ma7e Fire 1y Ru11i& Stic7s

@ow do the #ndians make a fire without mathesH@ asked a *o" who loved to @!la" #ndian.@ &ost of us havheard the answer to this. @)he #ndians use a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did one hundred"ears a$o, and *efore the" had flint and steel the" used ru**in$+stiks.@ -e have all read a*out *rin$in$ fireout of two stiks *" ru**in$ them to$ether. # tried it one for an hour, and # know now # never would have$ot it in a thousand "ears as # was doin$ it. /thers have had the same e?!eriene onseuentl", most !ersonlook u!on this as a sort of fair" tale, or, if the" *elieve it to *e true, the" think it so diffiult as to *e worth nseond thou$ht. All souts, # find, are sur!rised and $reatl" interested to learn that not onl" is it !ossi*le, it ieas", to make a frition e, the time in $ettin$ the first s!ark *ein$ a*out si? seonds.

&" earl" efforts were ins!ired *" *ook aounts of #ndian methods, *ut, unfortunatel", # have never "et seea *ook aount that was aurate enou$h to $uide an"one suessfull" in the art of fire+makin$. All omit onor other of the a*solute essentials, or dwell on some trivialit". )he im!ression the" leave on those who knowis that the writers did not.

)he surest and easiest method of makin$ a frition fire is *" use of the *ow+drill. )wo stiks, two tools, andsome tinder are needed.


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)he two stiks are the drill and the fire+*oard, or fire+*lok. )he *ooks $enerall" tell us that these must *e odifferent kinds of wood. )his is a mistake. # have uniforml" $otten the *est results with two !iees of thesame kind++all the *etter, indeed, if the" are !arts of the same stik.

$"at Ki# of $oo#

)his is a ver" im!ortant uestion, as woods that are too hard, too soft, too wet, too oil", too $umm", or tooresinous will not !rodue fire. )he wood should *e soft enou$h to wear awa", else it !rodues no !unk, andhard enou$h to wear slowl", or the heat is not enou$h to li$ht the !unk, and, of ourse, it should *e hi$hl"inflamma*le. )hose that # have had the *est luk with are *alsam fir, ottonwood roots, tamarak, Euro!eanlarh, red edar, white edar, /re$on edar, *asswood, "!ress, and sometimes seond+$rowth white !ine. #should alwa"s *e a dr", sound stik, *rash, *ut not in the least !unk".

#n eah !art of the ountr" there seems to *e a kind of wood well suited for fire+makin$. )he Eastern #ndianused edar the Northern #ndians, edar or *alsam fir the !lains #ndians used ottonwood or sa$e+*rush root

5erha!s the most relia*le of all is dr" and seasoned *alsam fir either the s!eies in the North woods or in th

Rokies will do. #t $ives a fine *i$ s!ark or oal in a*out seven seonds.


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3. Sim!lest kind of drill+soket a !ine or hemlok knot with a shallow hole or !it in it. 3a is under view ofsame. #t is a*out :+1 inhes lon$.

:. A more ela*orate drill+soket a !e**le emented with $um in a wooden holder. :a is under view of same

;. A ver" ela*orate drill+soket it is made of tuli! wood, arved to re!resent the )hunder*ird. #t has e"es of$reen fels!ar emented in with resin. /n the under side L;aM is seen, in the middle, a soa!stone soket let intthe wood and fastened with !ine $um, and on the head a hole ke!t filled with $rease, to $rease the to! of the

drill *efore use.

K. )he drill 1 to 1 inhes lon$ and a*out 3: inh thik it is rou$hl" ei$ht+sided so the thon$ will not sli!and !ointed at eah end. )he *est wood for the drill is old, dr" *rash, *ut not !unk", *alsam fir orottonwood roots *ut *asswood, white edar, red edar, tamarak, and sometimes even white !ine, will do.

I. Fire+*oard or *lok a*out 3: inh thik and an" len$th hand" a is noth with !it Dust *e$un, * shows the!it after one usin$ and in $ood trim for seond time, shows the !it *ored throu$h and now useless thenoth is 1 inh wide and 3: inh dee!.

. Shows the wa" of usin$ the stiks. )he *lok LaM is held down with one foot, the end of the drill L*M is !ut

in the !it, the drill+soket LM is held on to! in left hand, one end of the *ow LdM is held in the ri$ht hand,while the *ow is drawn *ak and forth.

7. #s a little wooden fire+!an, not essential *ut onvenient its thin ed$e is !ut under the noth to ath the!owder that falls.


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the *ow *ak and forth with stead", even strokes, its full len$th. )his auses the drill to turn in the !it and*ore into the wood $round+u! wood runs out of the side of the noth, fallin$ on the hi! or tra". At first it i*rown in two or three seonds it turns *lak, and then smokes in five or si? seonds it is $ivin$ off a loudof smoke. A few more vi$orous strokes of the *ow, and now it will *e found that smoke still omes from th!ile of *lak wood+dust on the hi!. Fan this $entl" with the hand the smoke inreases, and in a few seond"ou see a $lowin$ oal in the middle of the dust. L)here are never an" visi*le fl"in$ s!arks.M

Now take a li*eral !inh of the edar tinder++a*out a teas!oonful wra! this in some *ark fi*re or shredded

ro!e to es. arefull" !ile over it the shreds of *irh *ark or s!linters of fat !ine !re!are*eforehand, and the fire is made.

#f "ou have the ri$ht wood and still annot $et the fire, it is likel" *eause "ou do not hold the drill stead", ohave not ut the side noth uite into the middle !oint of the little fire !it.

)he advanta$es of learnin$ this method are threefoldG

FirstG Fire+makin$ *" frition is an interestin$ e?!eriment in woodraft.

SeondG A *o" is *etter eui!!ed havin$ learned it. e an never afterward free>e to death for lak ofmathes if he has wood and an old shoe lae.

)hirdG For the ver" reason that it is diffiult, om!ared with mathes, it tends to !revent the *o"s makin$unneessar" fires, and thus redues the dan$er of their settin$ the woods a*la>e or of smokin$ the for*iddeni$arette.

)here is suh a fasination in makin$ the ru**in$+stik fire that one of m" -estern ooks, *eomin$ ane?!ert, $ave u! the use of mathes for a time and lit his mornin$ fire with the fire+drill, and, indeed, he didnot find it muh slower than the usual wa".

-alter ou$h told me a stor" of an A!ahe #ndian who soffed at the mathes of white men, and laimedthat he ould li$ht a fire with ru**in$+stiks faster than ou$h ould with mathes. So eah made read".)he" were waitin$ for the word @$o@ when the #ndian saidG

@-ait. # see if him ri$ht.@ e $ave a few strokes with the drill, and alled++@Sto!++sto! him no $ood.@ erearran$ed the stiks, and tried a few more strokes. Just as &r. ou$h was $oin$ to strike the math, he said@Sto!++sto! him no $ood.@ e did this three times *efore he alled @Read".@ )hen the word @%o@ was $iven)he white man struk the slow, si>>lin$ math. )he #ndian $ave half a do>en twirls to the drill++the smoke*urst forth. e overed it with the tinder, fanned a few seonds, then a *ri$ht flame arose, Dust *efore thewhite man $ot his twi$s a*la>e. So the #ndian won, *ut it was *" an #ndian trik for the three times when he!retended to *e tr"in$ it, he was reall" warmin$ u! the wood++that is, doin$ a lar$e !art of the work. # amafraid that, deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair rae. Yet this inident shows at least that, in !oint ofs!eed, the old ru**in$+stiks are not ver" far *ehind the mathes, as one mi$ht have su!!osed.


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Documents

1911 Boy Scout Handbook