1861-1865

The Civil War (1861-1865)The Civil War (1861-1865)• a period of war between Northern +

Southern states– Army of the Union (U.S.)- 23 states– Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)- 11

states

• 600,000 soldiers died– More than all the deaths of our other

campaigns!– Over ½ die from disease than bullets

A Deeply Divided AmericaA Deeply Divided America• 31,000,000 citizens

–34 states (Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas)–3,000,000 slaves in South (½ of total

pop.)–Blacks born & live in filth, disease,

ignorance

• Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan were Presidents between 1849-1861–Largely ineffective - inactions helped

further the cause for war

“_____ states”“_____ states”

Differences between northern and southern states:

__________ economyindustrial

free

__________ economyagricultural

slave

A Deeply Divided AmericaA Deeply Divided America• Secession had been suggested many

times as only way to deal with slavery

• South felt slavery only way to preserve economy - didn’t know what to do w/o slaves

• Slavery had been in America so long (1619) that it was called “a peculiar institution”

• “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) - violent slavery story by Harriet B. Stowe moves many to join abolitionists

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

• “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) - violent slavery story by Harriet B. Stowe moves many to join abolitionists

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Society’s Efforts to Stop Society’s Efforts to Stop SlaverySlavery

Society’s Efforts to Stop Society’s Efforts to Stop SlaverySlavery

• “Underground Railroad” created by Harriet Tubman + conductors to evacuate slaves from South- almost 50,000 saved by “railroad”

• Tubman rescued over 300 slaves after her escape

The Issue of SlaveryThe Issue of SlaveryRACISM RULED throughout country

– Abolitionists racist by modern standards – Churches, schools, cemeteries wouldn’t accept them – workers didn’t trust them – worried about their own jobs

– Mistreated in South• Girls used + sold as breeders for more slaves• Southerners see their slaves as property,

which could be moved with them to new lands

The Wilmot Proviso (1846)The Wilmot Proviso (1846)

• Before Mexican War was over, slavery’s future in southwestern lands caused strong debate in the U.S.

• 1846: Wilmot Proviso divides country along sectional lines

An America Free, or Slave?An America Free, or Slave?

–Several attempts made to deal with slavery – NONE WERE SUCCESSFUL

–The Missouri Compromise (1820) – Maine (FREE) and Missouri (SLAVE) enter the Union

–The Compromise of 1850 – California (FREE) and Congress makes no laws regarding territories won in M/A War

Path to War (1850-1856)Path to War (1850-1856)• “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)

– Popular Sovereignty decides slavery in Kansas (Henry Clay)

– FAILED - Lawrence burned by pro-slavery radicals

– State collapsed into civil war - 200 people killed – “…a territory of mobs and gangs, of lynchings, shootings at night, rigged elections, and literally murderous rivalries.”

• Debate spills over into violence in the nation’s capital

Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision (1857) - FACTS:

• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri.

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision (1857) - FACTS:* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.

Dred Scott

A: NO

SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:

Q: Was Scott a U.S. citizen with the right to sue?A: NO

Q: Did living in a free territory make Scott a free man?A: NO

Q: Did Congress have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory?

• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.

RESULTS:• Dred Scott was not given his freedom.

Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850)

Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act)

Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

““The Final Straw” (1859-The Final Straw” (1859-1860)1860)• John Brown’s

Raid (1859)– Brown attacked

federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry - hoped to use weapons to free all slaves

– Failed- captured, hanged

Abraham Lincoln’s ElectionAbraham Lincoln’s Election

• Lincoln’s election in 1860 angers South – slaveholders call him “The Black Republican” - S. Carolina secedes on Dec. 20, 1860

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

Leadership during the Leadership during the WarWar

Abraham Lincoln (US) Jefferson Davis (CSA)

Realities of the CampaignRealities of the Campaign

• Each side made critical errors in the early years of the War

• Lincoln seriously underestimates the will of the South – not prepared for response his army receives in early years of the War

• The South wrongly assumes Britain will come to its aid – all of Europe has banned slavery by 1860

Ranking North v. South: Ranking North v. South: 18611861

RReessoouurrcceess

• Population - 22 million• 90% of industry - goods, esp. munitions• Efficient railroad system• Controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports and shutdown the South’s economy but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...)• Capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

• Confederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson

• Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)

• Farmers fight better than factory workers• Profitable eco. based on cotton exports• But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc.

3.5 million slaves)• had to import industrial goods; very little

munitions production

Weapons of the Civil Weapons of the Civil WarWar

• Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.

Destruction from Destruction from ArtilleryArtillery

• In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power.

• Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!.

• Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards.

The Monitor

Key BattlesKey Battles

• Fort Sumter (1861): War starts

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July 1861

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July 1861

• Union defeat

• Forces both sides to realize that the War will not

end quickly

Fort Donelson – February Fort Donelson – February 18621862

• Attacks by Ulysses S. Grant gave the Union its first victory of the War

Shiloh - April 1862Shiloh - April 1862

• Union Victory (24,000 casualties)

Antietam, 1862Antietam, 1862

• Union Victory – largest loss of life during the War (more than 25,000 casualties)

• January 1, 1863• Freed the slaves

only in states that seceded from the Union.

• It did not free slaves in border states.

• Constitution forbid Lincoln to free slaves in the Union

• After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army

• Initially they were only used for manual labor

• Eventually, Blacks saw live combat

• 54th regiment out of Massachusetts

William Carney

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

• Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory

• July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa.

• Confed. bombardment; Union held firm

• on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge")

• Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia

• Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.

• Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Vicksburg – July 1863Vicksburg – July 1863

• won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River

• Grant was then given control of all Union armies began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South

Sherman’s ‘Total War’ – March Sherman’s ‘Total War’ – March 18641864

• General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah – tore up rail lines, destroyed crops, burned/looted towns

Presidential

Election of 1864 – Sherman’

s Total War

Assures Victory

Presidential

Election of 1864 – Sherman’

s Total War

Assures Victory

Surrender at Appomattox – Surrender at Appomattox – April 1865April 1865

• April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army

• Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 • Terms of surrender were lenient – Lincoln didn't want a

humiliated South and further conflict

Casualties on Both Sides

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

Effects of the Civil WarEffects of the Civil War• Creation of a single unified country (nationalism)• Abolition of slavery• Increased power of fed. gov't – killed the issue of state’s

rights • To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and

intro'd income tax• In a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't

restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted

• U.S. now an industrial nation• W. lands increasingly opened to settlement• South was economically and physically devastated, w/

the plantation system crippled...

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

• Lincoln was an outspoken opponent of slavery

• Abraham Lincoln’s speeches help define people’s perceptions of basic human rights & the role of government in protecting it

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

• “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free.” - (1858)

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln“The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." - 1st Inaugural Address (1861)

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln"...that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." - Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations." 2nd Inaugural

Address (1865)