1848 The Year of 1848 The Year of RevolutionsRevolutions

France – How ‘bout another French France – How ‘bout another French Revolution?Revolution?

1848 – the government of Louis-Philippe was 1848 – the government of Louis-Philippe was known for its corruption.known for its corruption.

Francois Guizot – Louis-Philippe’s minister Francois Guizot – Louis-Philippe’s minister told the people of France to go forth and make told the people of France to go forth and make themselves rich. For anyone who was not rich themselves rich. For anyone who was not rich – it was his won fault according to Guizot.– it was his won fault according to Guizot.

French urban workers benefited little from French urban workers benefited little from Louis-Philippe’s reign.Louis-Philippe’s reign.

Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe

Francois GuizotFrancois Guizot

By 1848 there was growing discontent with Louis-PhilippeBy 1848 there was growing discontent with Louis-Philippe Poor harvest led to hunger and food shortagesPoor harvest led to hunger and food shortages The middle class wanted greater access to powerThe middle class wanted greater access to power The middle bourgeois began holding banquets that were rallies The middle bourgeois began holding banquets that were rallies

for change. February 21, 1848, the government banned such for change. February 21, 1848, the government banned such banquets.banquets.

Parisian workers took to the street – urged on by the middle Parisian workers took to the street – urged on by the middle bourgeois.bourgeois.

February 24, 1848 – Louis-Philippe fled to BritainFebruary 24, 1848 – Louis-Philippe fled to Britain

The Second RepublicThe Second Republic

At first – the workers of Paris began to influence the At first – the workers of Paris began to influence the new National Assembly representing the urban new National Assembly representing the urban workersworkers

National Workshops and poor relief were National Workshops and poor relief were implementedimplemented

BUT the April 23, 1848 vote – based on universal BUT the April 23, 1848 vote – based on universal male suffrage – did not elect a government of male suffrage – did not elect a government of workers or radicals. A far more conservative workers or radicals. A far more conservative government of the middle and upper bourgeois was government of the middle and upper bourgeois was electedelected

June Days - 1848June Days - 1848

June of 1848 – the poor and working class of June of 1848 – the poor and working class of Paris turned again to the barricades – hoping to Paris turned again to the barricades – hoping to change the governmentchange the government

Troops attacked and destroyed the barricades Troops attacked and destroyed the barricades and the rebellion. Thousands were killed – and the rebellion. Thousands were killed – social revolution was avoided.social revolution was avoided.

Louis Napoleon BonaparteLouis Napoleon Bonaparte

In the chaos of the June Days – many middle In the chaos of the June Days – many middle and upper class people of France looked to and upper class people of France looked to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte “Little Napoleon” Louis Napoleon Bonaparte “Little Napoleon” for leadership.for leadership.

He was Napoleon’s nephew – son of his He was Napoleon’s nephew – son of his brother and son of Josephine’s daughterbrother and son of Josephine’s daughter

Late 1848 – Louis Napoleon wins the Late 1848 – Louis Napoleon wins the presidential electionpresidential election

Louis Napoleon begins to argue with the National Louis Napoleon begins to argue with the National assembly as he pushes for more and more powerassembly as he pushes for more and more power

He makes himself appear to be the true supporter of He makes himself appear to be the true supporter of the peoplethe people

He wanted to run for re-election but it was forbidden He wanted to run for re-election but it was forbidden by the new constitution. When the National by the new constitution. When the National Assembly refused to change the constitution, Louis Assembly refused to change the constitution, Louis Napoleon sent troops to disperse the National Napoleon sent troops to disperse the National Assembly – on the anniversary of his uncle’s victory Assembly – on the anniversary of his uncle’s victory in the Battle of Austerlitzin the Battle of Austerlitz

Over 10,000 people who opposed his coup were transported to Over 10,000 people who opposed his coup were transported to AlgeriaAlgeria

A PLEBISCITE on December 21, 1851 approved Louis A PLEBISCITE on December 21, 1851 approved Louis Napoleon’s actions and a new constitution that gave power to Napoleon’s actions and a new constitution that gave power to Louis Napoleon. 7.5 million vs. 600,000Louis Napoleon. 7.5 million vs. 600,000

December 1852 – Louis Napoleon declares himself emperor December 1852 – Louis Napoleon declares himself emperor and the end of the Second Republic.and the end of the Second Republic.

The Second Empire was approved by plebiscite. Again, a The Second Empire was approved by plebiscite. Again, a democratic France was replaced by a monarchy. Conservative democratic France was replaced by a monarchy. Conservative bourgeois triumphed over liberals and proletariat.bourgeois triumphed over liberals and proletariat.

Napoleon IIINapoleon III

The Habsburg EmpireThe Habsburg Empire

What happens when nationalism and liberalism try to What happens when nationalism and liberalism try to take root in an empire of varied ethnic groups, take root in an empire of varied ethnic groups, religions, and political dogmas??????? Problems!religions, and political dogmas??????? Problems!

By 1848, the Habsburgs faced problems in all areas By 1848, the Habsburgs faced problems in all areas of their empire:of their empire: Vienna – liberals wanted reformsVienna – liberals wanted reforms Prague – nationalismPrague – nationalism Hungary – nationalismHungary – nationalism Italian states - nationalismItalian states - nationalism

Even Prince Klemens von Metternich – the Even Prince Klemens von Metternich – the architect of the Congress of Vienna and the architect of the Congress of Vienna and the symbol of conservative monarchial power symbol of conservative monarchial power urged some reforms.urged some reforms.

No one seemed to know how to reform the No one seemed to know how to reform the Habsburg Empire and not have those reforms Habsburg Empire and not have those reforms give a base to nationalists who wanted to break give a base to nationalists who wanted to break it apart.it apart.

The Vienna Uprising 1848The Vienna Uprising 1848

In Budapest, the capital of Hungary, the In Budapest, the capital of Hungary, the Hungarian Diet began dramatic criticism of Hungarian Diet began dramatic criticism of Habsburg/Austrian domination. Led by Habsburg/Austrian domination. Led by LOUIS KOSSUTH, a Magyar nationalist – LOUIS KOSSUTH, a Magyar nationalist – they urged independence for Hungary. Many they urged independence for Hungary. Many felt that the Habsburg emperor would still be felt that the Habsburg emperor would still be king of Hungary – but internally Hungary king of Hungary – but internally Hungary would be independent.would be independent.

Louis KossuthLouis Kossuth

Inspired by Kossuth and the Magyars, students in Inspired by Kossuth and the Magyars, students in Vienna rioted and demanded liberal reforms.Vienna rioted and demanded liberal reforms.

The army was unable to end the uprising – The army was unable to end the uprising – Metternich resigned and fled Austria – the Emperor Metternich resigned and fled Austria – the Emperor Ferdinand fled the capital with his government and Ferdinand fled the capital with his government and retreated to the countryside.retreated to the countryside.

A committee of over 200 people began to run Vienna A committee of over 200 people began to run Vienna and began addressing the economic problems of the and began addressing the economic problems of the urban poor. (Liberal reforms addressing urbanization urban poor. (Liberal reforms addressing urbanization and industrialization)and industrialization)

Ferdinand IFerdinand I

Many serfs in the countryside began an Many serfs in the countryside began an agricultural uprisingagricultural uprising

The Imperial Government quickly The Imperial Government quickly emancipated the serfsemancipated the serfs

The Hungarian Diet quickly emancipated The Hungarian Diet quickly emancipated serfdom in Hungaryserfdom in Hungary

***Once emancipated – the former serfs saw ***Once emancipated – the former serfs saw little reason to support the uprising in the little reason to support the uprising in the capital***capital***

The Magyar RevoltThe Magyar Revolt

The uprisings in Vienna further encouraged The uprisings in Vienna further encouraged Kossuth and the MagyarsKossuth and the Magyars

The Magyar liberals were supported by the The Magyar liberals were supported by the Magyar nobles – the liberals wanted reform Magyar nobles – the liberals wanted reform and the nobles wanted to secure their positions and the nobles wanted to secure their positions of power against Habsburg powerof power against Habsburg power

The Hungarian Diet passed the MARCH The Hungarian Diet passed the MARCH LAWS of 1848LAWS of 1848

The March Laws called for:The March Laws called for: Equality of religionEquality of religion Jury trialsJury trials Election of a lower chamber to the DietElection of a lower chamber to the Diet A more free pressA more free press Payment of taxes by the nobilityPayment of taxes by the nobility

Faced with so many problems in Vienna, Faced with so many problems in Vienna, Ferdinand approved the March LawsFerdinand approved the March Laws

The Magyars hoped to create an autonomous The Magyars hoped to create an autonomous Hungary within the control of the Habsburg Hungary within the control of the Habsburg emperor but NOT the Austrian political emperor but NOT the Austrian political leaders.leaders.

Magyar Nationalism vs. LiberalismMagyar Nationalism vs. Liberalism

Hungary tried to annex other parts of the Hungary tried to annex other parts of the Habsburg Empire into its domainHabsburg Empire into its domain TransylvaniaTransylvania CroatiaCroatia Other eastern parts of the Habsburg EmpireOther eastern parts of the Habsburg Empire This would have brought Romanians, Croats, and This would have brought Romanians, Croats, and

Serbs under Hungarian control – they resisted.Serbs under Hungarian control – they resisted.

MAGYARIZATION – Hungarians wanted to enlarge MAGYARIZATION – Hungarians wanted to enlarge their lands and to make ethnic non-Magyars more their lands and to make ethnic non-Magyars more Hungarian. The Hungarian language was imposed on Hungarian. The Hungarian language was imposed on some people.some people.

The people of the eastern Habsburg Empire sought The people of the eastern Habsburg Empire sought greater connection and protection from Vienna as greater connection and protection from Vienna as they feared the growing power of Budapest. Armed they feared the growing power of Budapest. Armed forces helped stop the process of Magyarization.forces helped stop the process of Magyarization.

Czech NationalismCzech Nationalism

The peoples of Bohemia and Moravia - The peoples of Bohemia and Moravia - mainly the Czechs – saw the growing mainly the Czechs – saw the growing autonomy of the Magyars and sought to create autonomy of the Magyars and sought to create an autonomous land for the Slavs in the an autonomous land for the Slavs in the Habsburg Empire.Habsburg Empire.

The Czechs summoned a congress of Slavs – The Czechs summoned a congress of Slavs – Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, and Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs to Prague in June 1848.Serbs to Prague in June 1848.

PAN-SLAVIC CONGRESS June 1848 – issued a PAN-SLAVIC CONGRESS June 1848 – issued a manifesto calling for equality for the Slavs in the manifesto calling for equality for the Slavs in the Habsburg Empire. They urged that Slavs under Habsburg Empire. They urged that Slavs under German, Austrian, Hungarian and Ottoman control be German, Austrian, Hungarian and Ottoman control be liberated form oppression.liberated form oppression.

Riots against the Habsburgs started in Prague on June Riots against the Habsburgs started in Prague on June 12, 1848. Troops put down the rebellion – aided by a 12, 1848. Troops put down the rebellion – aided by a middle class that did not want war and ethnic middle class that did not want war and ethnic Germans living in Bohemia who wanted to be ruled Germans living in Bohemia who wanted to be ruled by Austria rather than a Slavic state.by Austria rather than a Slavic state.

Rebellion in Northern ItalyRebellion in Northern Italy

While the Habsburgs were busy putting down While the Habsburgs were busy putting down insurrections in Vienna, Budapest and Prague – the insurrections in Vienna, Budapest and Prague – the Italian states under Austrian control began to rebel.Italian states under Austrian control began to rebel.

March 1848 – Liberals and nationalist Italians in the March 1848 – Liberals and nationalist Italians in the city of Milan began a rebellion against the city of Milan began a rebellion against the Habsburgs. They were aided by King CHARLES Habsburgs. They were aided by King CHARLES ALBERT of Piedmont (the House of Savoy) – the ALBERT of Piedmont (the House of Savoy) – the land that today is along the present French-Italian land that today is along the present French-Italian border.border.

Charles AlbertCharles Albert Piedmont-SardiniaPiedmont-Sardinia House of SavoyHouse of Savoy

After a few losses – Austria reclaimed Lombardy (the After a few losses – Austria reclaimed Lombardy (the region in which Milan is the capital)region in which Milan is the capital)

December 1848 – after continued rebellion and the December 1848 – after continued rebellion and the bombardment of his own capital of Vienna – Emperor bombardment of his own capital of Vienna – Emperor Ferdinand reclaim control of Austria – but abdicates Ferdinand reclaim control of Austria – but abdicates in favor of his nephew EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPHin favor of his nephew EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH

January 1849 – Austrian troops – aided by +200,000 January 1849 – Austrian troops – aided by +200,000 Russian forces end all rebellion in HungaryRussian forces end all rebellion in Hungary

Franz JosefFranz Josef

The Italian StatesThe Italian States

Italian liberals saw the brief Piedmont-Austrian War Italian liberals saw the brief Piedmont-Austrian War of 1848 as the start of the process of Italian of 1848 as the start of the process of Italian unification under the leadership of the Piedmont unification under the leadership of the Piedmont monarchs.monarchs.

The Papal States and Rome were controlled by Pope The Papal States and Rome were controlled by Pope Pius IX who had a reputation as a liberal.Pius IX who had a reputation as a liberal.

November 1848 – the Pope’s leading government November 1848 – the Pope’s leading government minister was assassinated and demonstrations for minister was assassinated and demonstrations for radical (not liberal) reform forced the Pope to flee the radical (not liberal) reform forced the Pope to flee the Vatican for Naples.Vatican for Naples.

Pius IXPius IX

February 1849 – Roman Radicals declared the Roman February 1849 – Roman Radicals declared the Roman RepublicRepublic

Italian nationalists such as GIUSEPPE MAZZINI and Italian nationalists such as GIUSEPPE MAZZINI and GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI went to Rome – hoping GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI went to Rome – hoping that this was the start of Italian unification.that this was the start of Italian unification.

Radicals in Piedmont forced King Charles Albert to Radicals in Piedmont forced King Charles Albert to renew the fight against Austria. Piedmont quickly renew the fight against Austria. Piedmont quickly lost and Charles Albert abdicated in favor of his son lost and Charles Albert abdicated in favor of his son VICTOR EMMANUEL II. VICTOR EMMANUEL II.

Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II

The French under Louis Napoleon feared a The French under Louis Napoleon feared a united and strong Italy united and strong Italy

10,000 French soldiers marched on Rome and 10,000 French soldiers marched on Rome and lay siege to the city. July 3, 1849 – Rome fell lay siege to the city. July 3, 1849 – Rome fell and the pope was restored to political power. and the pope was restored to political power. French troops remained in Rome until 1870.French troops remained in Rome until 1870.

Pius IX became an archconservative – fighting Pius IX became an archconservative – fighting all liberal reforms as un-Catholic.all liberal reforms as un-Catholic.

German LiberalismGerman Liberalism

March 1848 – popular uprisings in Berlin and March 1848 – popular uprisings in Berlin and Prussia. Frederick William IV believed they were Prussia. Frederick William IV believed they were started by foreigners – so he was so to react.started by foreigners – so he was so to react.

There was bloodshed between troops and the people.There was bloodshed between troops and the people. Frederick William IV called for a written constitution Frederick William IV called for a written constitution

and gave the impression that Prussia would lead and gave the impression that Prussia would lead German unification. The monarchy appeared to be German unification. The monarchy appeared to be moving to the liberal side.moving to the liberal side.

Frederick William IVFrederick William IV

As time passed – Frederick William IV As time passed – Frederick William IV replaced a moderate cabinet of ministers with replaced a moderate cabinet of ministers with a conservative one. a conservative one.

April 1849 – Frederick William IV issued his April 1849 – Frederick William IV issued his own constitution – dividing the franchise into own constitution – dividing the franchise into three classes:three classes: The top 5% of taxpayers elected 1/3 of the The top 5% of taxpayers elected 1/3 of the

Prussian ParliamentPrussian Parliament

The Frankfurt ParliamentThe Frankfurt Parliament

In May 1848, representative from all of the German In May 1848, representative from all of the German states met at Frankfurt and revised the GERMAN states met at Frankfurt and revised the GERMAN CONFEDERATION. The Frankfurt Parliament set CONFEDERATION. The Frankfurt Parliament set about to write a liberal constitution for a united about to write a liberal constitution for a united GermanyGermany

They alienated conservatives who feared unification They alienated conservatives who feared unification and the working class that wanted radical reform. and the working class that wanted radical reform. Liberals believed in the free market – while the Liberals believed in the free market – while the working class was becoming more working class was becoming more socialist/communist in nature.socialist/communist in nature.

The working class began riots in the streets of The working class began riots in the streets of Frankfurt.Frankfurt.

Who should be included in unification – Who should be included in unification – especially what to do with Austria?especially what to do with Austria?

With Austria was called GROSSDEUTSCHWith Austria was called GROSSDEUTSCH Without Austria was called KLEINDEUTSCHWithout Austria was called KLEINDEUTSCH The Habsburgs feared unification would The Habsburgs feared unification would

destroy their empire. Liberal Austrians destroy their empire. Liberal Austrians wanted unification with Germany.wanted unification with Germany.

March 1849 – the Frankfurt Parliament offered March 1849 – the Frankfurt Parliament offered the crown of Germany to Frederick William the crown of Germany to Frederick William IV. He refused to recognize the right of a IV. He refused to recognize the right of a Parliament o make a monarchParliament o make a monarch

Troops and disillusionment ended the Troops and disillusionment ended the Frankfurt reforms.Frankfurt reforms.