1800-1914. European Industry and Empire The 19 th century was Europe’s greatest age of global...
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China, The Ottoman Empire and Japan 1800-1914
1800-1914. European Industry and Empire The 19 th century was Europe’s greatest age of global expansion - became the center of the world economy - millions
European Industry and Empire The 19 th century was Europes
greatest age of global expansion - became the center of the world
economy - millions of Europeans moved beyond Europe - explorers and
missionaries went nearly everywhere - much of the world became part
of European colonies Industrial Revolution fueled much of Europes
expansion - demand for raw materials and agricultural products -
need for markets to sell European products - European capitalists
often invested money abroad - foreign markets kept workers within
Europe employed
Slide 3
European Industry and Empire Mass nationalism in Europe fueled
expansion - Italy and Germany unified by 1891 - colonies became a
status symbol Industrial advances aided overseas expansion -
steamships - underwater telegraph - quinine - breech-loading rifles
and machine guns
Slide 4
Quinine Quinine is used alone or with other medications to
treat malaria (a serious or life-threatening illness that is spread
by mosquitoes in certain parts of the world)
Slide 5
A New Perception of others In the past Europeans viewed others
in terms of religion and often mingled with their elites The
industrial age promoted a secular arrogance among Europeans -
sometimes combined with a sense of religious superiority -
Europeans increasingly despised other cultures - African societies
lost status in European eyes - earlier: were regarded as nations
led by kings - nineteenth century: became tribes led by chiefs
Slide 6
Slide 7
Racism Grows Prominent New kind of racism, expressed through
science - scientific proof of some peoples inferiority - creation
of a hierarchy of races - view of race as determining intelligence,
moral development, and destiny - view that inferior peoples
threatened Europeans with their diseases A sense of responsibility
to the weaker races - duty to civilize them - bringing them
education, health care, Christianity, good government, etc., was
regarded as progress and civilization
Slide 8
Social Darwinism Social Darwinism: an effort to apply Darwins
evolutionary theory to human history - regarded as inevitable that
the unfit races should be displaced or destroyed This is the
legitimization for a second wave of imperialism
Slide 9
Herbert Spencer Spencer coined the phrase survival of the
fittest. He was a pioneer of social Darwinism.
Slide 10
Scramble for Africa
Slide 11
Chinas Century of Crisis China was, to a large degree, the
victim of its own success - population grew from about 100 million
in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853 - but China didnt have an
accompanying Industrial Revolution - growing pressure on the land,
impoverishment, starvation Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace
with growing population - central state gradually lost control of
provincial officials - corruption became endemic - harsh treatment
of peasants
Slide 12
Chinas internal crisis: The Taiping Uprising Taiping Rebellion
18501864 - leader Hong Xiuquan (18141864) proclaimed himself the
younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a heavenly kingdom of
great peace - called for radical equality - even planned to
industrialize China - Taiping forces established their capital at
Nanjing (1853) - rebellion was crushed by 1864
Slide 13
Aftermath of Taiping Resolution of the Taiping rebellion
consolidated the power of the provincial gentry even more
(provincial leaders put it down) - intense conservatism, so Chinas
problems werent resolved - the massive civil war had seriously
weakened the Chinese economy - 20 million30 million people died in
the rebellion
Slide 14
Opium and Open Markets The Opium Wars show the transformation
of Chinas relationship with Europe - opium had been used in China
for centuries - British began to sell large quantities of Indian
opium - Chinese authorities recognized the dangers of opium
addiction, tried to stop the trade - European merchants bribed
officials to smuggle - 1836: the emperor decided to suppress the
trade - Commissioner Lin Zexu campaigned against opium use - seized
and destroyed over three million pounds
Slide 15
The Opium Wars British responded with the first Opium War (1839
1842) - forced Chinese to accept free trade and proper relations
among countries - Treaty of Nanjing (1842): i. China agreed to pay
a $21 million indemnity ii. China ceded Hong Kong, opened more
ports iii. foreigners received the right to live in China under
their own laws iv. tariffs fixed at a low rate
Slide 16
The Second Opium War Second Opium War (18561858) - Europeans
vandalized the imperial Summer Palace - more treaty ports were
opened to foreigners - China was opened to foreign missionaries -
Western powers were given the right to patrol some of Chinas
interior waterways China was also defeated by the French (1885) and
Japanese (1895) unequal treaties inhibited Chinas
industrialization
Slide 17
Opium Wars Political Cartoon
Slide 18
China. Conservative Modernization Chinese government tried to
act against problems - Confucianism, limited borrowing from the
west - efforts to improve examination system - restoration of rural
social and economic order - establishment of some modern arsenals
and shipyards, some study of other languages and sciences
Slide 19
Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion (1900): - militia organizations
killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians, besieged foreign
embassies in Beijing - Western powers and Japan occupied Beijing to
crush the revolt - imposed massive reparation payments on
China
Slide 20
Qing Loses the Mandate of Heaven Organizations to examine the
situation and propose reforms Growing drive for a truly unified
nation in which more people took part in public life Chinese
nationalism was against both foreign imperialists and the foreign
Qing dynasty The government agreed to some reforms in the early
twentieth century, but not enoughthe imperial order collapsed in
1911
Slide 21
The Ottoman Empire: Both China and the Ottoman Empire: - felt
that they did not need to learn from the West - avoided direct
colonial rule, but were diminished - attempted defensive
modernization - suffered a split in society between modernists and
those holding traditional values In 1750, the Ottoman Empire was
still strong
Slide 22
Ottoman Expansion
Slide 23
Ottoman Decline By 1900, the Ottoman Empire was losing
territory - Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria,
and France - Napoleons 1798 invasion of Egypt was especially
devastating - Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Rumania attained
independence
Slide 24
Ottoman Decline
Slide 25
Ottoman Empire: The Sick Man of Europe Central Ottoman state
had weakened - provincial authorities and local warlords gained
more power, limited the governments ability to raise money - the
Janissaries had become militarily ineffective The economy was hit
hard by Western developments - Europeans achieved direct access to
Asia - cheap European manufactured goods harmed Ottoman artisans -
foreign merchants won immunity from Ottoman laws and taxes
Government came to rely on foreign loans to finance economic
development efforts - Western European countries controlled all of
the finances
Slide 26
Ottoman Reform Ambitious reforms, going considerably further
than the Chinese - didnt have an internal crisis on the scale of
China - did not have to deal with explosive population growth -
rulers were Turkic and Muslim, not like foreign Qing Late
eighteenth century: Selim III tried to establish new military and
administrative structures - sent ambassadors to study European
methods - imported European advisers - established technical
schools
Slide 27
Further Reforms After 1839: more far-reaching measures
(Tanzimat, or reorganization) emerged - beginning of an extensive
process of industrialization and modernization - acceptance of the
principle that all citizens are equal before the law - challenged
the Islamic character of the state - more Christians attained high
office - tide of secular legislation and secular schools
Slide 28
Identity Supporters of reform saw the Ottoman Empire as a
secular state - reform created a new class of writers, etc.the
Young Ottomans - urged creation of a constitutional regime -
modernism: accepted technology/science not materialism Sultan Abd
al-Hamid II accepted a new constitution in 1876 - almost
immediately suspended it - turned to decisive autocracy in the face
of a Russian invasion - continued many educational, economic, and
technical reforms - reactivated claim that the Ottoman sultans were
caliphs and spoke for the whole Islamic world
Slide 29
Identity Opposition coalesced around the Young Turks (military
and civilian elites) - advocated a militantly secular public life -
shift to thinking in terms of a Turkish national state Ottoman
Empire fell apart during WWI Distinction between Muslim and
non-Muslim subjects
Slide 30
Comparing: China and the Ottoman Empire By 1900, both were
semicolonies Both gave rise to a new nationalist conception of
society China: the imperial system collapsed in 1911 a. followed by
a vast revolution b. creation of a Communist regime by 1949, within
the same territory Ottoman Empire: collapsed following World War I
- a new, smaller nation-state created Turkey Chinese
revolutionaries rejected Confucian culture much more than Turkish
leaders rejected Islam
Slide 31
Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa shoguns had ruled since about 1600
- main task was preventing civil war among rival feudal lords(the
daimyo) - Japan enjoyed internal peace from 1600 to 1850 - daimyo
were strictly regulated but retained considerable autonomy - Japan
wasnt unified by a single law, currency, or central authority that
reached to the local level - hierarchical society: samurai at the
top, then peasants, artisans, and merchants at the bottom
Slide 32
Tokugawa Period
Slide 33
Change in the Tokugawa period Samurai evolved into a
bureaucratic/administrative class Great economic growth,
commercialization, and urban development By 1750, Japan was perhaps
the most urbanized country - 10 percent of population lived in
cities or towns - Edo (Tokyo) had a million residents High literacy
rates (40 percent of males, 15 percent of females) - some samurai
turned to commerce - many merchants prospered - many peasants moved
to cities, despite edicts Corruption was widespread - uprisings of
the poor, both rural and urban
Slide 34
The Meiji Restoration U.S. sent Commodore Perry in 1853 -
demand better treatment for castaways - right to refuel and buy
provisions - the opening of trade ports The shogun gave in to
Perrys demands - the shoguns spinelessness triggered a civil war
1868, a group of young samurai from the south took over - they
claimed to be restoring the 15-year-old emperor Meiji to power -
aimed to save Japan from the foreigners by transformation of
Japanese society rather than resistance West wasnt as interested in
Japan as it was in China
Slide 35
Meiji Restoration
Slide 36
Japanese Modernization First task was creating national unity -
attacked power and privileges of the daimyo and the samurai -
dismantled the Confucian-based social order, almost all Japanese
became legally equal Widespread interest in many aspects of the
West, from science to hairstyles - official missions were sent to
the West, hundreds of students studied abroad - translation of
Western books into Japanese
Slide 37
Japanese Modernization Eventually settled down to more
selective borrowing from the West - combined foreign and Japanese
elements, e.g., in the 1889 constitution Feminism and Christianity
made little progress Shinto was raised to the level of a state
cult
Slide 38
Industrialization State-guided industrialization program -
established model factories, built railroads, created postal,
telegraph, and banking systems - many state enterprises were then
sold to private investors - accomplished modernization without
acquiring foreign debt
Slide 39
Social Effects of Industrialization Society paid a heavy price
- many peasant families were impoverished - countryside suffered
infanticide, sale of daughters, and famine - early urban workers
received harsh treatment - efforts to organize unions were
repressed - labor movements was crushed by end of 1901 -
authorities emphasized theme of service to the state and ideas of
the enterprise as a family
Slide 40
Japan and the World By the early twentieth century, Western
powers readjusted treaties in Japans favor Anglo-Japanese Treaty of
1902 recognized Japan as an equal Japanese empire building - wars
against China (18941895) and Russia (1904 1905) - gained colonial
control of Taiwan and Korea - won a foothold in Manchuria Japans
rise was widely admired Colonial policies were more brutal than
Europeans
