1800-1870

Chapter 25

1798 – Bonaparte invaded Egypt Quickly defeated Mamluk forces under

Ottoman control Napoleon returned to France and named

himself emperor

French rule in Egypt didn’t understand the region cut off from France by British in the

Mediterranean withdrew in 1801

Muhammad Ali 1805 - took the place of the Ottoman

governor 1811 - took privileges and land from

the Mamluks adopted Fr. practices sent forces against the Saudi Kingdom

to take Mecca and Medina for the Sultan

conscription (draft) used to replenish the army

established military schools even sent some officers to France for

training 1824 – first newspaper in the Islamic

world Built factories Forced farmers to sell crops at fixed

prices Made huge profits selling to Europe

during the Napoleonic Wars Ibrahim

Muhammad’s son Took Syria

British naval bombardments of Syria’s coast Egypt withdrew from Syria Due to debt owed to the Br. Limited his power

Militarily and economically

Sultan Selim III intelligent ruler created European style military units strengthened the central government

provincial governors under control of central govt.

tax reforms

these reforms failed janissary opposition

against the creation of new military units interested in preserving economic privileges

sometimes military uprisings in Serbia janissaries were governors the people (especially Orthodox

Christians) complained that they were cruel rulers

Selim planned to move them to Istanbul

the Janissaries revolted, massacred Christians in Serbia

Serbia gained independence

ulama, or Muslim religious scholars, opposed reform distrusted secularization of law and taxation that

Selim proposed Selim suspended his program in 1806 Military uprising and Selim was imprisoned

then executed

Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) Selim’s cousin began reinstituting the reforms

Greek independence Greek nationalists fought for Greek independence

from the Ottomans Even with the help of the Egyptians, the Ottomans

lost Was seen as Ottoman weakness

Mahmud was able to make changes Trained a new artillery unit Dissolved the Janissary corps 1839

Serbian forces under Ibrahim Pasha attacked

The Ottoman Navy decided to support Egypt

Mahmud died

Tanzimat series of reforms introduced by Abdul Mejid,

Mahmud’s son in 1839 endorsed by European ambassadors public trials and equal protection

under the law whether Muslim, Christian or Jew

equal eligibility for men to be drafted changed the tax system, ended tax

farming Seen as “the dawn of thought and

enlightenment in the middle east.” Christians and Jews tended to be

happier about it than Muslims Also seen as the beginning of

unchecked Authoritarianism when religious leaders lose political power

Law overtime more and more secular sharia became used only in matters

of family law Education

military school at Istanbul became a university 1838 – first medical school usually European teachers French became the language of

education 1831 – first Turkish newspaper

Military uniforms became more modern no more facial hair brimless hats so Muslims could touch their

heads to the ground the fez

European dress became fashionable Traditional dress was seen as

religious or rural All men became eligible for military

service, even non-Muslims All of the Tanzimat reforms applied

ONLY to men family life was still based on the

sharia

Economy silver from the Americas

led to pay in cash rather than goods women lost jobs to machines (weaving)

Women continued to be able to own and manage property until the 1820s

Russia had been trying to take Ottoman land for over a century

Russia claimed to be the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire

felt they could claim them as subjects because Russia helped the Ottoman Empire in 1833 when Syria was being attacked by Egypt

1852 – Ottoman Empire named France Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem

made Russia angry they invaded

The Crimean War 1853-1856 Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Italy,

France and Britain Overpowered the Russians

The Eastern Question Who would control the Ottoman

Empire??? Britain did not trust Russia Afraid they would keep them from

India

Alliance Britain, France and the Ottoman

Empire Stopped Russian expansion into Europe

and the Middle East

Effects Russian tsar was discredited British Newspapers gave the impression that

the Ottomans did not fight well French Newspapers increased unity

between French and Turkish culture

transition from traditional to modern warfare high casualty count due to mechanized vs. non-

mechanized Ottoman economy became more integrated

with European commerce Ottoman gold coins were correlated to the

British pound Ottoman empire became urban

Ottoman government became dependent on European loans Low agricultural yields meant less

money Europeans were allowed

extraterritoriality allowed to live in their own regions

within Istanbul and other commercial regions

were subject to European law rather than Ottoman law

1860’s and 1870’s Reform groups demanded a

constitution Wanted universal male suffrage

Young Ottomans Young urban men Liberal Wanted Ottoman independence from

Europe Modern views of Islam Developed a constitution

Was in effect from 1876-1877

Tsar Alexander (r. 1801-1825) Absolute ruler Making reforms Trying to improve industry

Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) Suspicion of modern ideas

1700 – 3% of people lived in cities 1850 – 6% lived in cities

agricultural society

major cities were seaports internal transportation was bad (like

the Ottoman Empire) 1817 – good roads began to be built 1843 steam ships on the Volga 1837 – began working on railroad

tracks This slow start compares to Egypt

many different languages British help set up textile mills

Czar Nicholas I kept the peasants in serfdom did not want educated people

afraid of western ideas of revolution did not want a middle class to

oppose him fear of change kept him from truly

modernizing the country continued to buy manufactured

goods and export raw materials

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet made Russia more like European nations

not as foreign as Arabic Westernizers wanted technical

advances and govt. reform Slavophiles believed in the tsar’s

absolute rule

Pan Slavism, a militant doctrine wanting all Slavs to join together

Russophobia developed in the west Russia seen as a geostrategic threat British opposed serfdom serfs were released in 1861

Russia began expanding east and southward

Inferior army compared to Europeans, but were more advanced than Asian armies

1860 – developed a military port on the Pacific at Vladivostok

took over many territories with different languages and religions

created political friction with Qing China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire

partially due to refugees into those areas Britain afraid of Russia getting all the way

to British India

Had contact with western Europe since Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725)

Some knew European languages Peter the Great encouraged Western style

education systems Some wanted to free the serfs

Alexander I died in December 1825 reformers tried to revolt and take

over the government the Decembrist revolt failed

Russia was forced to return lands to the Ottoman Empire after the Crimean war

how embarrassing!

Alexander II (Nicholas’s son) emancipates the serfs in 1861

gave them property rights authorized joint stock companies railroad system education expanded political activism was prohibited

authors still wrote books that encouraged liberalism and socialism

The Qing had brought stability to China in the 1600s

Rulers had encouraged agricultural growth and improvement to the road and canal systems

1650-1800, the population doubled

Increased population led to strain on the land and a large homeless population

Minority populations began to resent the government.

Internal conflicts fought by city militias swept through China in the 1800s.

European and Americans merchants were making fortunes smuggling Opium into ChinaThe western powers were using silver

gained from this trade to fund industrialization

The Qing made opium illegal, but addiction spread to all levels of society

The Qing banned the importation of Opium in 1839The British saw this as a threat to their

economyThey sent a naval fleet to the south China

coast, beginning the Opium War.

The Bannermen, or traditional hereditary soldiers of the Qing Empire, were found to be obsolete.

The Chinese foot soldiers were no match for the well armed British Navy. They even used gunships that allowed them to

travel up the Yangzi River

The Treaty of NankingEnded the Opium WarOpened four more treaty ports in

addition to CantonThe island of Hong Kong became a

British colonyBritish residents in China gained

extraterritoriality rightsBritain also received Most Favored

Nation Status

1860 – a new treaty legalized the import of opium

Foreign missionaries were allowed to travel easily throughout China

More treaty ports were establishedSmall colonies formed in Qing territory

Foreigners built neighborhoods, bars and restaurants and prohibited the Chinese

Christian missionaries sponsored hospitals, shelters, and soup kitchensStill, some Chinese viewed the

Christians as evil

Civil warSpurred by social unhappiness and foreign

intrusionBegan in the Guangxi region

Unstable agricultureSocial divisions

Hong XiuquanFounder of the Taiping movementSaw himself as the younger brother of

JesusFelt God had sent him to build a new

kingdom by removing the Manchus from power

Soon had followers that believed they could walk on air

They said the Manchus were creatures of Satan

Became a militaristic movement

The Taipings took Nanjing and called it the capital of their “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”

Qing responseHad to rely on civilian and professional

militaryBegan to use modern weaponry

The Taipings were able to hold Nanjing for over a decade

1856 – Britain and FranceDone with the Crimean WarShould they stop the Taipings?Should they attack the Qing?

1856 – the British and French begin to attack the coast of China The Arrow War (1856-1860)Eventually they join with Qing forces and stop

the Taipings

The Taiping Rebellion aftermathBloodiest civil war before the 1900sBetween 20 and 30 million dead

Mostly of starvation and diseaseAlso, a lot of material and cultural destruction

The Qing were in great debtBritons and Americans worked for the Qing

as advisers and ambassadorsProvincial governors became more powerful

A Qing emperor continued to stay on the throne, but true power rested with the local governors and China was broken into large zones of power