Name Class Date

Modern Chapter 18 The Terms of Peace

Guided Reading Strategies 27.4CHAPTER 27

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Holt World History: The Human Journey 116 Guided Reading Strategies

READING THE SECTION As you read the section, complete the graphic organizers bysupplying the main points of each of the following.

POST-READING QUICK CHECK After you have finished reading the section, explainhow Woodrow Wilson felt about Germany as compared to the other Allies.

The Fourteen Points

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________________________

The Armistice

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

Demands at the Paris Peace Conference

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

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Detail E: Italy entered the war againstGermany and Austria-Hungary.

Post-Reading Quick CheckAnswers will vary, but should mention the factthat the Balkans provided an outlet to the seaand played a part in Pan-Slavism.

SECTION 2Reading the Section1. Central Powers: the alliance of German,

Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and theOttoman Empire

2. Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, andtheir partners

3. British navy: the largest in the world atthat time.

4. U-boats: submarines which caused exten-sive losses to Allied shipping

5. trenches: served to counter machine gunsand artillery

6. airplanes: new weapons used for observ-ing enemy troop movements

7. total war: a war in which nations turn alltheir resources to the war effort

8. propaganda: use of selected bits ofinformation to gain support for war

9. Battle of the Marne: France’s success inthis battle changed the nature of the war.

10. Gallipoli: Allies’ failed attempt to takeContantinople via the Gallipoli Peninsula

11. Lusitania: passenger liner sank by GermanU-boats, killing many Americans

12. Woodrow Wilson: United States presidentwho denounced the attack by German U-boats.

13. war of attrition: a slow wearing-downprocess in which each side was trying tooutlast the other

14. Arthur Zimmerman: German officialsecretly proposing an alliance betweenGermany and Mexico

Post-Reading Quick Check1. heightened trade with the Allies due to the

British blockade of Germany2. the effect of British propaganda about

German war atrocities3. Germany’s attempted alliance with Mexico4. resumption of unrestricted submarine

warfare by the Germans

5. Russian revolutionaries’ overthrow of theczarist government, making it a warfought for democratic ideals

SECTION 3Reading the Section1. poorly supplied2. the Ottoman Empire3. government reforms4. army5. more radical6. economic equality7. Bolsheviks8. Communist Party9. Allies

10. did not

Post-Reading Quick CheckLenin envisioned a socialist government led bya small group of leaders.

SECTION 4Reading the SectionThe Fourteen Points(Six of the points contained plans for a generalfuture)1. no secret treaties2. freedom of the seas for all nations3. removal of all economic barriers such as

tariffs4. reduction of national armaments5. adjustment of colonial claims to make

them fair6. establishment of “a general association of

nations.”

The Armistice1. Germany canceled the Brest Litovsky

treaty with Russia2. Germany had to give up a large part of its

fleet.3. The Allies would occupy German territory

west of the Rhine.Demands at the Paris Peace Conference1. France insisted on moving its border east-

ward to the Rhine.2. Italy claimed the Tirol region.3. Belgium wanted two small portions of

German territory along the border.Other possible answers:Great Britain wanted Germany’s African colonies.Japan wanted German colonies in the Pacific.

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ANSWER KEY

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Post-Reading Quick CheckThe Allied leaders wanted Germany to bearthe cost of war. Woodrow Wilson wanted toset up an organization to maintain peace.

SECTION 5Germany:1. Germany had to abolish its military draft;

was allowed an army of just 100,000 men.2. Germans were not allowed to manufac-

ture artillery, tanks, or military airplanes.3. The German navy could have a few

warships, but not submarines.Ethnic populations:1. problems of national self-determination,

especially to Austria and Hungary2. Armenians were brutally oppressed;

Bulgarians were punished.New nations formed with lands from theOttoman Empire:1. Palestine2. Transjordan3. Syria4. Iraq

Post-Reading Quick Check1. to promote international cooperation2. to keep peace among nations3. three main agencies would conduct

League business: an assembly, a council,and a secretariat

Chapter 28(Modern Chapter 19) SECTION 1 Reading the SectionLiteratureNew Techniques: examined unconscious moti-vations; reflected on the era’s mood of decayand sadness; portrayed life in a dreamlike wayMajor Figures: Gertrude Stein, ErnestHemingway, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann,Franz KafkaMusic and PaintingNew Styles (music): different instrumentsplaying in different keys at the same time; jazz,or a fusion of styles from West Africa andLatin AmericaNew Styles (painting): cubism, dadaism

Major Figures: Igor Stravinsky, ArnoldSchoenberg; jazz artists like Louis Armstrongand Billie Holiday; painters like Pablo Picasso,Georges Braque, Salvador Dali, WassilyKandinsky, Piet MondrianArchitectureNew Styles: functionalismMajor Figure: Frank Lloyd Wright

Post-Reading Quick CheckEntertainment: movies became popular;movie industry introduced soundConsumer Culture: luxury goods becameaffordable; advertising began; use of creditexpandedSocial Values: The younger generation beganto challenge “proper” societal norms.

SECTION 2Reading the Section1. Effect: Farmers made very little money.2. Cause: high American tariffs3. Effect: more stocks are bought and they

become overvalued.4. Effect: Stock prices dropped.5. Cause: Bankruptcy6. Cause: worldwide Great Depression7. Effect: American workers who lost their

jobs had to rely on savings or charity.8. Cause: Franklin D. Roosevelt immediately

created a program of relief and reform.9. Effect: The United States became deeply

involved in the welfare of its citizens.

Post-Reading Quick Check1. The New Deal granted money to each

state to provide clothing, food, and shelterto the needy.

2. Public works programs created jobs.

SECTION 3Reading the Section1. Solution: rebuilt its army and constructed

the Maginot Line2. Solution: organized a government called

the Popular Front that persuaded industryleaders to grant pay increases, then put theweapons industry under government control

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ANSWER KEY

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