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ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
SocialDiversityandJudiciaryinIndia:AComparativeStudywithBhutan
VibhudiVenkateshwarlu1
Abstract:
Keywords: Appointments, Judges, Influential factors, Law and Society, Religious values,
andSocialdiversity
There aremany sources forwellbeing in a given society including culture, beliefs
values, practices off course religion, inmodern times executive, legislation and judiciary
alsohavinggreatroletoprotecthappinessinthesociety,buttheseinstitutionsultimately
depending on the religion, culture, belief, tradition and practices of particular society.
Judiciaryisconsideredassacredinstitutionhavinghonorableplace,itisdirecting,guiding
remaining institutions forwellbeing of society, therefore, there is a need to select good,
quality,andefficientjudgeshavingallkindofsocial,cultural,includingsubjectknowledge
aboutaparticularsociety.
ThereisnouniformhistoryforIndia,infactIndiaisanewword.Itwascalledwith
variousnames;thereweresmallkingdoms,therewerediversecultures,traditions,values,
beliefsandpracticesaccordingtotheirrequirements.Historyispredominantlyinfluenced
bythepolitical&religioussources.Thedominantreligioussourceanddominantpolitical
practicebecomepopular inaparticularareaandgetprotectionby thekingsorstatesor
governmentswhichcanbenoticedfromHarappan,Sindhtimestopresentday.Thesociety
isregulatingbyvarioussourcesoflaws,accordingtoAustinlawiscommandofsovereign
backed by sanction, according to him there are two kinds of source of laws which are
regulatethesociety,oneisdivinelawsecondishumanlaw,whichmeansdivinecommand
andhumancommand.
1 Research Scholar, Department of Law, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
Law is a command; it may be express or implied, written or unwritten, which
controls behavior of human beings. There are various sources for law through which
behavior of human beings is controlled, regulated and prevented like religion, culture,
traditions, values, beliefs and practices. In Indian sub-continent, there were diverse
religions,cultures,traditions,values,beliefsandpractices,andalsodiverselanguages,food
cultures, dress cultures.Within the religion, therewere different sects, castes and class.
Eachsub-continenthasitsownbeliefsystem,cultures,traditionsandpracticeswhichare
differentfromoneanother,forexampleBhutanisacountryhavingitsownreligiousvalues,
cultures,beliefs,practices,accordingtotheirbeliefcuttingoftree,huntingandtheftisasin
andtheirbeliefsmakeanationaspeacefulandhappiness.
The philosophy of religion is to ensure equality, liberty, justice, fraternity to its
followers but yet at the same time the same religion is responsible for the corruption,
inequality, suppression, injustice, inhumanity in the particular society. In India, the
dominant religion philosophically led to corruption, inequality, suppression, injustice,
inhumanity and it has become impossible for it to achieve equality, liberty, justice and
fraternity.Here, every organ or institutionpromotes corruption, inequality, suppression,
injustice,inhumanityinthesociety.
The judiciary ispartof thesociety.All thereligious,cultural, traditionalbeliefs,practices
andvaluesreflectonthejudiciaryalso.Thejudiciaryisnotindependentofsociety.Itisthe
partofsocietyandallthebestandbadprinciplesfollowedinsocietyreflectinthejudiciary.
Judges,Advocates andother staffs of the courts are coming from the same society.They
functioninthecourtwiththeirreligiousvaluesandbeliefswhichreflectintheirfunctions
whethergoodorbad.
Methodology:
Doctrinal methodology has been adopted for this work. Books, articles and
judgmentscouldreferforcompletionthiswork;thisworkwouldbegivenconclusionsfor
therealunderstandingofsocietyanditsimplicationsinIndiaandBhutan.Thispaperfocus
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
on critiqueonpresent judiciary in its function, representation, and appointment system,
thisworkcriticizingpresentjudiciarybecause,presentjudiciaryisnotacceptingmajority
of people, they are not ready to approach for their grievances, simply they are adopting
traditional methods of dispute solving systems. Therefore, this paper simply rejecting
present judiciary and criticizing it, bywhich transform of judiciarymay be happened in
future.Thispaperhasbeen favouredwith transform, if judiciary transforms,majorityof
peoplewillgetbenefitedandincludedintothejudiciary,butothersidesomeofpeoplewho
arebenefitingwithpresentjudiciarytheydon’twanttoreformortransformthejudiciary
becausetheyaresectariansandtheywantretainpresentsystemandfunctionofjudiciary.
According to Austin, law is command of sovereign backed by sanction, but this
definitionundergonecritique.HeresociologicaldefinitionaboutlawasperthePoundLaw
is body of principles recognized or enforced by public and regular tribunals in the
administrationofjustice2.AccordingtoidealisticdefinitionaspertheSalmondthelawmay
be difined as the body of the principles recognized and applied by the state in the
administration of justice3. The term lawmeans and includes different things in different
societies.Thecorrespondingwordof the term law inHindusystem isDharma in Islamic
systemit isHukuminRomanit isJusinFrenchit isDroit,andGermanit isRicht4.These
wordsconveydifferentmeaningsand ideas.Law ingeneralsense lawmeansanorderof
theuniverse,ofevents,ofthingsoractions.Initsjudicialsense,lawmeansabodyofrules
of conduct, actionorbehaviororperson,made andenforcedby the state. It expresses a
ruleof humanaction.All thedefinitionswereundergoing critique, but from thepoint of
viewofsocietylawmeansjustice,morality,reason,order,righteousnessetc5.inthiswork
findingabout lawinthepoint toreligiouspointofviewthat lawmeansReligiousbeliefs,
customs, traditions, and practices of particular religion in particular time in particular
place.
2 Dr. S. R. Myneni (2005). Jurisprudence (legal Theory), Asia Law House, Hyderabad, p.53. 3 Ibid.4 Ibid. 51 5 Ibid. 51.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
According to Austin there are two kinds for source of laws which regulate the
society,oneisdivinelawsecondishumanlaw,whichmeansdivinecommandandhuman
command. Another positivistic jurist Salmond, divides source of law into formal and
material6. Formal Sources of Law is the will of the state as manifested in statutes or
decisionsofcourts.Itisthatforcewhicharuleofloanderivesitsforceandvalidity.These
arethesourcesfromwhichlawderivesitsforceandvalidity,alawenactedbytheStateor
Sovereign falls into this category. Second isMaterial Sources of Law is that source from
whichlawderivesnotitsvaliditybutthematterofwhichitiscomposed.Materialsources
are divisible into two classes – legal and historical7. It refers to the material of law. In
simplewords, it isallabout thematter fromwhere the lawsarederived.Customs fall in
this category of law. But it was criticizes by Allen Solmond for his attaching little
importance to the Historical source, Keetan to criticized too Salmond’s classification of
formal sources. According to him, inmodern times, the only formal source of law is the
Sate.Because,theStateisonlysourceforenforcingthelawandtechnicallythereisnolaw8.
AccordingtoHartthecombinationofprimaryrulesandsecondaryrulespreparea
legalsystem;thisexplainsthenatureoflaw.Accordingly,heexplainedthatprimaryrules
aredutyimposingruleswhilesecondaryrulesarepowerconferringrules.Accordingtothe
naturaliststhinkoflawinthetimeframeofcontinuumisthattheythinkitofdivineorigin
andapplicableinallagestotheuniverse.Theybelievedthatallgenerationsshouldfollow
thenaturallaw.Whilepositivistsbuilduptheirtheoryoflawasthecommandofsovereign.
The sovereign changes from time to time and his command may also change. As it is
bindingdutytofollowthecommand,itshouldbejustinpresent.Itmaychangeinfuture.
So, it isnotpossible forpositivists to think law in the time frameof continuumbutonly
present. Therefore, law is developed simultaneously man made law and historical
continuumthesearetheregulatingsourceforthehumanbeings,historicallaw/secondary
law/informal law/divine law is influencingeverymovementof individual, itdealwithall
aspects human beings, from times immemorial, therefore, historical law, custom, belief,
6 Dr. S. R. Myneni (2005). Jurisprudence (legal Theory), Asia Law House, Hyderabad, p.137. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. p.138.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
practicearemorestrongerthanmanmadelaworprimarylaw,orformallaw,positivelaw,
oranalyticallaw,sohistoryisthemainandbiggersourceoflaw.
ThereisnouniformhistoryforIndia;infactIndiaisanewword.Itwascalledwith
variousnames;thereweresmallkingdoms,therewerediversecultures,traditions,values,
beliefsandpracticesaccordingtotheirnecessities.Historyispredominantlyinfluencedby
the political & religious sources. The dominant religious source and dominant political
practicebecomepopular inaparticularareaandgetprotectionby thekingsorstatesor
governmentswhichcanbenoticedfromHarappan,Sindhtimestopresentday.
Law is a command; it may be express or implied, written or unwritten, which
controls behavior of human beings. There are various sources for law through which
behavior of human beings is controlled, regulated and prevented like religion, culture,
traditions, values, beliefs and practices. In Indian sub-continent, there were diverse
religions,cultures,traditions,values,beliefsandpractices,andalsodiverselanguages,food
cultures, dress cultures.Within the religion, therewere different sects, castes and class.
Eachsub-continenthasitsownbeliefsystem,cultures,traditionsandpracticeswhichare
differentfromoneanother.
The philosophy of religion is to ensure equality, liberty, justice, fraternity to its
followers but yet at the same time the same religion is responsible for the corruption,
inequality, suppression, injustice, inhumanity in the particular society. In India, the
dominant religion philosophically led to corruption, inequality, suppression, injustice,
inhumanity and it has become impossible for it to achieve equality, liberty, justice and
fraternity.Here, every organ or institution promotes corruption, inequality, suppression,
injustice,inhumanityinthesociety.
HindureligionisthepopularanddominantreligionforIndiawhichwascreatedfor
retaindominanceinthesociety,wherethesocietyishavingcastesysteminitsphilosophy.
Which encouraging religion high and low status in social, economic and political
institutionsbasedonthecasteidentityandthecasteidentityisbasedonthebirth,where
thebirthisnotaaccidentbutimportant;thereare6747castes,peoplearedividedintoas
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
many as 6747 castes and there are 22 constitutionally recognized languages, but apart
from it there are 1,625 dialects, some having origin from Dravidian (Pracrutam) and
Sanskritlanguages,andmostofthemareneitherDravidiannorSanskrit,whicharetribal
languages.
The Hindu religion emerged with principles of inequality, suppression, injustice,
inhumanity in thenameofpurityand impurityconcept, lowandhighsocialstatus,some
casteshavingmorerespectedbasedontheirsocialstatus(caste),majoritycastesarehighly
humiliated, suppressed based on their low social status (caste). The dominant religion
created and constructed inequality, suppression, injustice, inhumanity in society, the
societyisregulatingorcommandingmoreunwritten(effective)lawsthanthewrittenlaws
bywhichthebehaviorofhumanbeingsarecontrolled,regulatedandprevented.
The judiciary is part of the society. All the religious, cultural, traditional beliefs,
practices and values reflect on the judiciary also. The judiciary is not independent of
society.Itisthepartofsocietyandallthebestandbadprinciplesfollowedinsocietyreflect
inthejudiciary.Judges,Advocates,andotherstaffsofthecourtsarecomingfromthesame
society.They function in thecourtwith theirreligiousvaluesandbeliefswhichreflect in
theirfunctionswhethergoodorbad.InthesocietylikeIndia,whichishavingcorruption,
suppression, injustice, inhumanity consciousness in the culture, tradition, beliefs, values
andpractices,howisitpossibleforajudgetobeindependent,unbiased,andseparatefrom
thesociety.Ifheorsheisalientothislandorforeigner,howcanaforeignergivejustice,if
he or she is not a local and is not well versedwith local culture, beliefs and practices?
Influenceofthereligion,culture,tradition,beliefs,practicesareresponsibleforcorruption,
delays,pendencyofcases,commercializationofcourtsandthesereflectincourtsbywayof
judgments,ordersanditsfunctions,processesetc.
AftertheBritishruleinIndiacameonelaw,theywereintroduceduniformlawsfor
India,Indiawasadoptedcolonialknowledgeoflawandfollowingthesamee.g.I.P.C.,C.P.C.,
Cr. P. C., Evidence Act, Contract Act so on. It is imperial knowledge of law, which was
derived fromWestbasically theirCulture,beliefs;practicesaredifferent fromthe Indian
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
realities. The same argumentmade by SwapanDas Gupta9 that self image of the Indian
intellectualwas the confusion overwhere he stood in relation to India. At one level, he
observed,nearlyallofwhatcertainIndianintellectualsrefertoasmodernthoughtcomes
to them through England and the medium of English. At the same time, there was the
reality of life in a traditional and largely Hindu milieu. It would not be an outlandish
exaggeration to say that it is impossible for a Indian of Hindu descent to cease to be a
Hindu10. TheBritish colonial rulewas imposed their imperial knowledge forcefully into
IndianTerritory, itwasadoptedby the Indiansafter independence.Therefore, there is a
contrary to IndiancultureandBritish culture, religious,belief, tradition, andpractice for
India,thesameisresponsibleforthehugependencyofcases,lackofjudgesanddiversityin
India.
After Independence, the Constitution of Indiawas adopted by the people of India
themselvesundertheconstituentassembly,theyframedabouttheappointmentofjudges
of High Courts and Supreme Court of India. Article 124 of the Constitution enabling
provisionforappointmentofjudgesinIndiaaccordingtoArticle124(1)Thereshallbea
SupremeCourtof IndiaconsistingofaChief Justiceof Indiaand,untilParliamentby law
prescribes a largernumber, ofnotmore than sevenother Judges. (2)Every Judgeof the
SupremeCourt shall be appointed by the President bywarrant under his hand and seal
afterconsultationwithsuchoftheJudgesoftheSupremeCourtandoftheHighCourtsin
theStatesasthePresidentmaydeemnecessaryforthepurposeandshallholdofficeuntil
heattainstheageofsixty-fiveyears:
ProvidedthatinthecaseofappointmentofaJudgeotherthantheChiefJustice,theChief
JusticeofIndiashallalwaysbeconsulted:Providedfurtherthat—
(a)aJudgemay,bywritingunderhishandaddressedtothePresident,resignhisoffice;
(b)aJudgemayberemovedfromhisofficeinthemannerprovidedinclause(4).
[(2A)TheageofaJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshallbedeterminedbysuchauthorityandin
suchmannerasParliamentmaybylawprovide.]
9 Published an Article in Times of India., Daily English News Paper, Dated 18-10-2015. p.15.10 Swapan Das Gupta (2015). Our culture Wars are more a clash of lifestyles than ideas, Times of India English Daily News Paper, Dated 18-10-2015. p.15.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
(3)ApersonshallnotbequalifiedforappointmentasaJudgeoftheSupremeCourtunless
heisacitizenofIndiaand—
(a)hasbeenforatleastfiveyearsaJudgeofaHighCourtoroftwoormoresuchCourtsin
succession;or
(b) has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two ormore such
Courtsinsuccession;or
(c)is,intheopinionofthePresident,adistinguishedjurist.
ExplanationI.—Inthisclause"HighCourt''meansaHighCourtwhichexercises,orwhichat
anytimebeforethecommencementofthisConstitutionexercised,jurisdictioninanypart
oftheterritoryofIndia.
Explanation II.—In computing for the purpose of this clause the period during which a
personhasbeenanadvocate,anyperiodduringwhichapersonhasheldjudicialofficenot
inferiortothatofadistrictjudgeafterhebecameanadvocateshallbeincluded.
(4)AJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshallnotberemovedfromhisofficeexceptbyanorderof
thePresidentpassedafteranaddressbyeachHouseofParliamentsupportedbyamajority
ofthetotalmembershipofthatHouseandbyamajorityofnotlessthantwothirdsofthe
membersofthatHousepresentandvotinghasbeenpresentedtothePresidentinthesame
sessionforsuchremovalonthegroundofprovedmisbehaviourorincapacity.
(5)Parliamentmaybylawregulatetheprocedureforthepresentationofanaddressand
for the investigationandproofof themisbehaviouror incapacityofa Judgeunderclause
(4).
(6)EverypersonappointedtobeaJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshall,beforeheentersupon
his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that
behalfbyhim,anoathoraffirmationaccordingtotheformsetoutforthepurposeinthe
ThirdSchedule.
(7)NopersonwhohasheldofficeasaJudgeoftheSupremeCourtshallpleadoractinany
courtorbeforeanyauthoritywithintheterritoryofIndia.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
TheSupremeCourtheldandcreatedanewprincipleinSupremeCourtAdvocates-
on-RecordAssociationv.Unionof India11popularlyknownas second judge’s case.Main
argument in first judges and second judges cases that politicians or legislatives and
executiveheadstateareappointingpoliticallymotivatedadvocatesas judges intohigher
judiciary therefore, the independence of judiciary influenced with political motivated
activities.The legislatorsarenothavingcommitment, theyarenothigh-qualitypeople to
selectajudge,therefore,theindependenceofjudiciaryisaffected.
Mainargument in thiscontext is thataccordingtoPreambleof theConstitutionof
India, India is Republic means the king shall be elected by the people of the country
whether directly or indirectly, people are real authority to appoint executive head,
including judges whether directly or indirectly. In second judges case12 Judges of Apex
Court were suspected people representatives and their decision, but in textual spirit of
Constitutionpeopleofcountryhavingrealsovereignpowerintheirhands,itmeansjudges
aresuspectingsovereignauthorityandpeopledirectioninIndiatherefore,itcanbecallit
as judgesmisinterpreted,misused and theywere suspected their powermoreover they
havemisinterpretedandcreatedcollegiumsystemwithirresponsiblemannerandthatis
continuingwithoutrectification.
In theyear2013UPAGovernment introducedandpasseda legislationofNational
JudicialAppointmentCommission(NJAC)accordingto the2013Act thePresidentwho is
executive head shall consult NJAC consisting of LawMinister and two eminent persons
equal to the CJI in recommending appointments as CJI, Judges of Supreme Court, Chief
JusticesandotherJudgesoftheHighCourts,whichisgivingfairchancesallthesectionsof
societywhoishavingskill,qualityinsubjectknowledgeandsocialunderstandinginIndian
context who may enter into Higher Judiciary and also having chance to SC, STs, OBC,
Minority, Disabled, Transgender sections of Indian society. Theremay ample chances to
check quality and merit of judges, and it will also give fair competition among all the11 Supreme Court Advocates-on- Record Association Vs UOI reported in 1993 (4) SCC 441 and Special Reference 1 of 1998 reported in 1998 (7) SCC 739 12 Ibid.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
candidatesfromallthesectionsofsociety.ButtheNJACwasscrapedoutwiththeverdictof
SupremeCourtofIndia13.
SupremeCourtAdvocates-on-RecordAssociationandanotherv.UnionofIndiathe
SupremeCourtofIndiaheldthattheNJAC14.Thereisalsonomeritinthecontentionthatin
thepresentcasemerealterationinaconstitutionalprovisiondoesnotamounttodamage
of a basic feature. It is not a case of simple amendment to iron out creases. Its impact
clearlyaffectstheindependenceofjudiciary.Asalreadymentioned,appointmentofjudges
hasalwaysbeenconsideredintheschemeoftheworkingoftheIndianConstitutiontobe
integraltotheindependenceofjudiciary.Itisforthisreasonthatprimacyinappointment
of judges has always been intended to be of the judiciary. Pre-dominant role of the
Executive is not permissible. Such primacy comprises of initiating the proposal by the
judiciary and final word being normally with the CJI (in representative capacity). This
schemeisbeyondthepowerofamendmentavailabletotheParliament15.
[In thenewscheme, theChief Justicesof theHighCourtshavenotbeenprovided
anyconstitutionalsay.TheChiefJusticeoftheHighCourtisinabetterpositiontoinitially
assess the merit of a candidate for appointment as judge of the High Court. The
constitutionalamendmentdoesnotprovideforanyroletotheChiefMinisteroftheState.
This may affect the quality of the candidate selected and thereby the independence of
judiciary.ThestatutoryprovisionintheNJACActwillbegoneintoseparately]16.[Iwould
concludethatthenewschemedamagesthebasicfeatureoftheConstitutionunderwhich
primacyinappointmentofjudgeshastobewiththejudiciary.Underthenewschemesuch
primacyhasbeengivenago-bye.Thustheimpugnedamendmentcannotbesustained].
13 Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13 of 2015 14 Ibid.15 Ibid. 16 Ibid.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
ValidityoftheNJACAct:
[Inviewofmyconclusionabout theamendmentbeingbeyond the competenceof
theParliament,IdonotconsideritnecessarytodiscussthevalidityoftheNJACActingreat
detail as the said Act cannot survive once the amendment is struck down. However,
consistentwithmyearlierviewthatprimacyofjudiciaryinappointmentofjudgescannot
becompromisedandonthatgroundnotonlySection2oftheAmendmentdispensingwith
the mandatory consultation with the judiciary as contemplated under the unamended
provisions,Section3conferringpowerontheNJAC(underArticle124B)andprovidingfor
compositionof theCommissionunderArticle124Agivingarole to theLawMinisterand
two eminent persons equal to the CJI in recommending appointments as CJI, Judges of
Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of the High Courts and recommending
transferofChiefJusticesandJudgesoftheHighCourtsareunconstitutionalbutalsoArticle
124CgivingpowertotheParliamenttoregulatetheprocedureandtolaydownthemanner
ofselectionwasalsounconstitutional,theimpugnedActhastobestruckdown.Itgoesfar
beyondtheproceduralaspects.InSection5(2)‘suitabilitycriteria’islefttobeworkedout
byregulations.SecondprovisotoSection5(2)andSection6(6)givevetototwomembers
oftheCommissionwhichisnotcontemplatedbytheAmendment.Section5(3)andSection
6(8)provideforconditionsforselectiontobelaiddownbyregulationswhicharenotmere
proceduralmatters.Section6authorizestherecommendationsforappointmentasjudges
oftheHighCourtswithouttheproposalbeingfirstinitiatedbytheChiefJusticeoftheHigh
Court.Section6(1)providesforrecommendationforappointmentofChiefJusticeofaHigh
Court on the basis of inter se seniority of High Court Judges. This may affect giving
representation to asmanyHighCourts as viable as, in inter se seniority,many judges of
only oneHigh Courtmay be seniormost. Section 6 (2) provides for seeking nomination
fromChief Justices ofHigh Courts, but Section 6 (3) empowers the Commission itself to
make recommendation for appointment as Judge of the High Court and seek comments
fromChiefJusticeaftershortlistingthecandidatesbyitself.Section8enablestheCentral
Government toappointofficersandemployeesof theCommissionand to laydown their
conditionsofservice.TheSecretaryoftheGovernmentistheConvenoroftheCommission.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
Section13requiresallregulationstobeapprovedbytheParliament.Theseprovisionsin
theActimpingeupontheindependenceofjudiciary.Evenifthedoctrineofbasicstructure
isnotappliedinjudgingthevalidityofaparliamentarystatute,independenceofjudiciary
and rule of law are parts of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution and absence of
independenceofjudiciaryaffectsthesaidFundamentalRights.TheNJACActisthusliable
to be struck down]17. There aremany positive provisions to protect diversity but in the
nameof independent judiciary itwas struckdownand this order is critiquebyWomen,
disabled,Transgender,BCs,SCsandTribesinIndia.
Somanath Charterjee Criticised by stating that legislators deciding their salaries
themselvesandjudgesareappointingtheirsuccessorsthemselves18Thereisnosystemis
like this therefore these systems are unaccountable to people of the country these two
systemsshallbemakeaccountableotherwise, thesearecontinuedundemocratically.And
he argued about Indian Judiciary following words [“today deprecated attempts by the
Supreme Court to “arrogate all powers” in appointments to higher courts and said the
Executiveshould“notgiveup”attemptstosetthingsright,whileavoidinga“runningfeud”
withtheJudiciary.TheformerParliamentarian,whooftenfoughtagainstattemptsbythe
judiciarytoencroachuponthelegislature’sturf,saysitwastimethejudiciaryengagedin
some introspection in thewakeof the SupremeCourt judgmentwhichbrought back the
collegiumsystem.Chatterjee,whoisabarristerandwasasenioradvocateintheSupreme
Court for several years,saidtheExecutive should “not giveup” its attempts to set things
rightinjudicialappointments,“butshouldnothavearunningfeudwiththejudiciary]”.
[Noting that one of the judges on the apex court bench has voiced dissent to the
majorityjudgment,hewantedtheExecutivetomoveslowly“inapropermannerandata
proper time”. “It is time for introspection for judiciary.Executiveshouldnotgiveup,but
should not have a running feudwith the judiciary. It should proceed ahead in a proper
17 Ibid. 18 India is unique. It is the only democracy where judges can appoint judges and MPs can decide their own salaries” was the lament of Somnath Chatterjee, then speaker of the Lok Sabha. On the appointment of judges, Parliament did try to “correct” the interpretation that had brought in the collegium system. But the apex court’s verdict on the constitutional validity of the new system is awaited.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
manner at a proper time. Already one judge has dissented,” he said. He said India is
perhapstheonlycountrywherejudgesappointjudgesandthattheyare“tootouchyabout
thisarrogationofpowertothemselves.”“ThisauthorityisneitherthereintheConstitution
nor in law,butby judgments theyhavedecided that judgeswill beappointedby judges.
Howmanycountriesintheworldfollowthispractice.Itcouldhavebeenfollowedbyone
ortwobananarepublics.Idon’tknow.Someonecanteachme,”hesaid.Chatterjeesaidhe
wasneverinfavourofcollegiumsystemandwonderedifitwasfool-proof.“Questionisto
get the best people appointed by thosewho have been authorized to do so,” he said. It
needstobeseenwhethercollegiumsystembroughtextraordinarybenefitstothejudiciary
or to judicial appointments. “On theotherhand, therearea lotofallegations. I ammore
concerned…Every Indian would have been beholden if they had tried to help people of
India, if expeditious justice at not much cost was really meted out to them,” he said.
ChatterjeesaidnotmanypeopletodaycanaffordtoapproachtheSupremecourtandhire
anadvocatetoagitatetheirmatter.“WhattheSupremeCourtisdoingforordinarycitizens
of India? Courts have arrogated allwisdomandpower. Even after the entire Parliament
unanimouslyapprovedthenewlaw,itwasstruckdown,”hesaid.Healsowonderedasto
why the SupremeCourtwashearing thematteron the issueof improving the collegium
systemwhen“judgesknoweverything”].
The Supreme Court of India struck down law of Parliament for National Judicial
AppointmentCommissionagainandagain, the contentionof SupremeCourt is clear that
the MPs coming from criminal back ground and they are sending their kith and kin
advocatesas Judges toHighCourtsandSupremeCourt.But inmypoint is thatpeopleof
this country having sovereign authority and they are sending their representatives to
Parliamentandtheexecutive, judiciary including legislatorsshall followpeopleswillbut,
judiciaryisnotrespectingpeoplewillandsuspectingtheirselection(voting).Thereasons
canunderstandwithstudyingIndiansocialandculturalhistory.
ThispaperwaspresentedfortheInternationalConferenceonGrossNationalHappinessonGNH,held inParo,Bhutanfrom4-6November2015
Thepresentjudiciaryisnotforthepeople,ofthepeople,andbythepeopleasitis
notdemocratic, it isanti-people19andit isnotrespectingaspirationsofthepeopleofthe
country. Indian jurisprudence is not indigenous but adopted from West; those are not
relevant to Indian reality and aspirations. The Indian diversity as it is a set of diverse
religions,cultures,traditions,beliefs,valuesandpractices.Thedominantreligiousculture,
tradition, belief, value and practice became popular and its values, beliefs and practices
became general for all. The modern judiciary is successor of English judiciary; it was
introducedforthecontrol,regulation,administrationofnativeIndians.Basically,thelaws
andjudiciaryofEnglishwasagainstIndiannatives,thosewereintroducedforexploitation
of resources from India. The ways were followed, practiced but those laws were not
relevanttoIndianrealityandthoselawsandjudiciarycontinuedevenafterindependence,
naturally those laws and institutions are anti people continuing with suppression of
commonman.
IndianJudiciaryandotherchallenges:
ThreetirestructurehavingforthefunctioningofjudiciaryinIndia,SupremeCourt,
HighCourtandLowerJudiciary.It isnothingbuttheHinduphilosophicalsocialstructure
(varna),itisreplicaofvarnastructureconstructedandfollowedbythedominantreligious
rulingcastesinIndiansociety,processisverycomplex,languageisEnglish,whichmajority
of people do not understand, there are varies stages and procedures for filing cases,
appeals etc. A commonman cannot effort to get the justice; in fact, they are unable to
approachthemodernjudiciary.Theoperationis,atthetopissupremecourthavingmore
discretionary powers, middle is high court having normal discretionary powers, lower
judiciary is having low discretionary powers so it is same replica or traditional social
structure,processandoperationofHinduculture.
19 Vibhudi Venkateshwarlu (2014). Social Diversity and Judiciary in India, Theses submitted in the Department of Social Exclusion Studies, EFL University, Hyderabad
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Themodern judiciary is not addressing aspirations of people because of delay of
cases, huge amount of pendency of cases in various courts, sky rocketing expenses to
approachthecourts,andcorruptionofcourtsaretheproblemsformodernjudiciary.The
modern judiciary of India is not democratic and it is anti-people. Even appointments of
Judgesarenottransparentandwithoutdiversity.ThereisnodiversityinIndianJudiciary
recently, the Government of India tried to introduce National Judicial Appointment
CommissionwhichwillgivefairchancetoallthesectionspeopleinIndiatobecomejudges
intheHigherJudiciary,butitwasstruckdownmerelybeingamonopolyofupperstrataof
societyleadingtocorruption,delay,pendency,costlyetc.Thecommonmanisscaredofthe
modern judiciary; in fact, they are following and settling their disputes with their
traditionalmethodsandpractices.Themodernjudiciaryisnotrespectingtheaspirationsof
all people of society and it isworking for the few sections,which are elite, politically&
religiouslydominantinIndiansociety.
Vacancies in various courts leading to injustice to the parties in India, 24 High
Courts have 397 vacancies for judges20; what’s more eight of them have acting chief
justices,inalltheHighCourtsinIndia397Judgesarevacantoutof1,017postsofjustices
theHigh Courts are lying vacant that’s a vacancy level of 39%, a serious shortfallwhen
lakhsofcasesarepending in theHighCourts21. It isacommonsaying that Indiancourts
movesoslowlythatthegrandsonendsupfightingthecourtcasethathisgrandfatherfiles.
Whatdoesthismeanfortheinheritancewewillleaveourchildren?Over3.15crorecases
are pending across India. This suggests over 3 crore plaintiffs or petitioners. After
accounting for the large number of cases instituted by government, defendants could
numberaround9croreassumingeachlegalcaseinvolves3-5defendants.That’s12crore
litigants. Assume each litigant has 3 family members. This implies that a staggering 36
croreIndiancitizensaredirectlyorindirectlyinvolvedinlitigationatanypointoftime22.
20 Shankar.Raghuraman (2015). The Times of India English Daily News Paper, Dated 18-10-2015, P.1 (main page). 21 Ibid. 22 Naval Choudary, The Times of India (2015). A Little Less Litigation, dated 27-10-2015, p.14.
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In otherwords, today every fourth person in our society is a litigant (directly or
indirectly)andinanother20yearsorsothisnumbercouldswelltoeverysecondperson.
That’s thekindofsociety Indiansarecreatinganationof litigants.This isbecauseof the
waylawhasbeenpracticedforthelast67years23.Indianhaveabout16,000judgestodeal
with 66,000pending cases across the apex court, 45 lakh in the 24 high courts, and 2.7
croreacrossthedistrictandsubordinatecourts.Howfastisthismountainofpendingcases
likelytobedealtwith?
TheSupremeCourtwasconstitutedin1950andithasdelivered40,000judgments
in 65 years that comes to 600 judgments per year. If it nowdelivers 1,000 judgments a
year,thatwillstilltakeover60yearstodealwithcurrentlypendingcasesnotaccounting
for new cases. Assuming a high court judge would deliver 2 judgments per day or 500
judgmentsperyear,all24highcourtswith640 judgesmay take15years to tackle their
pendingcases.Asforthedistrictandsubordinatecourts,with15,000judgestheymaytake
about10years todealwith their2.7 crorepending cases assumingevery judgedelivers
200 judgments a year24. These are staggering time frames to deal with ever mounting
litigationinIndia.
There are many recommendations were given by various committee’s that, to
employmorejudgesandcreatemorecourts.Thecurrentjudgetopopulationratiois just
10.5to10lakh.TheLawCommissionhasrecommended25itshouldbe50to10lakh.This
can be accomplished over 3 years as India has 12 lakh registered advocates, 950 law
schools, 4-5 lakh law students, and 60,000-70,000 law graduates joining the legal
professioneveryyear. Surely thispool canbe tapped to recruit judges for all the courts.
Thiswillprovidegainfulemploymenttolegalprofessionalswhilemakingthemountainof
pendingcasesmanageable.Increasethenumberofworkinghoursandworkingdaysforall
courts. FormerChief Justice of IndiaRMLodhahad once observed thatwhenhospitals,
23 Ibid.24 Ibid. 25 The 121 Law Commission Report (1987) Headed by Desai D.A. (Charman). A New Forum for Judicial Appointment of India.
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airlines and trains can work 24×7, why can’t the courts? This single measure can
dramaticallyreducebacklog26.
Thestaffof thecourtalwaysexpectbribe fromthe litigants,evenadvocatesevery
timetheyareaskingmoneyforassistanceincases,infact,theysalariedemployeesinthe
courtswhycan’ttheirworkismonitoredbyCCCameras,whycan’ttakelegalactionagainst
them. Courts must also punish those providing false evidence and false testimony,
includinglawyers.Thisagainwilldiscouragelawyersdraggingcasestoeternity.Finally,all
courtsshouldfollowtheSupremeCourt’sadviceto limit lengthyargumentsbyadvocates
withinagreedtimelimits.Thegoalmustbe“lean,tothepointjudgmentsdeliveredinquick
time”27.
Bhutan:
InmountainousBhutan,geographical isolation(landlockedcountry)hashelped in
conservinglocalculturesandtraditionsinisolatedpockets.Thesmallpopulationofabout
700,000(SevenLakhs)issaidtospeak19livinglanguages.Manyofthesecommunitiesare
smallinnumbers,economicallyandsociallymarginalized,andliveinremoteregions.With
road access and penetration of global forces like the media and international markets,
manyofthesecommunitiesareintransitionandtheirdistinctiveculturalpracticesarein
seriousdangerofbeinglostwithouthavingbeendocumented28.
Archeologicalevidencesuggests thatBhutanwas inhabitedasearlyas2000B.C.E.
Oral tradition indicates that at the beginning of the first millennium, the country was
inhabited by semi-nomadic herdsmenwhomovedwith their livestock from foot hills to
grazinggroundsinhighervalleysinthesummer.LikeotherinhabitantsoftheHimalayan
region, theywere animists,many ofwhom followed theBon religion,which held sacred
trees,lakes,andmountains.26 Ibid.9 27 Ibid.28 Kunzang Dorji, Kesang Choden & Walter Roder(2013). Diversity in Food Ways of Bhutanese Communities Brought About by Ethnicity and Environment, Journal of Bhutan Studies Vol 28, Summer 2013.
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By theeighthcenturyC.E.,with theadventofBuddhismin theeasternHimalayas,
Bhutan’shistorybecamecloselyentwinedwithreligiousfiguresandthemythsandlegends
associated with them. Buddhism practiced in Bhutan. But there are still some isolated
pockets in the country where the Bon religion, with its shamanistic practices, lives on.
Bhutanesecultureremainsbothdeeplyspiritualandrobustlyearthly,owingmuchtothe
religioustraditionsthathaveinfluencedthecountryformorethanathousandyears.
Today, more than 2,000 temples and monasteries throughout Bhutan and the
ubiquitous presence of red-robed monks indicate the important role that Buddhism
continuestoplayinalmosteveryaspectofBhutaneselife.Everydistrictinthecountryhas
a dzong, which houses the official local monastic community, and several temples. And
everyvillagehasatemple,aroundwhichthelifeofthecommunityrevolves.Publicculture
in Bhutan has since the earliest historical times revolved around community life and
religion.ThetwowereinterlinkedinBuddhistteachingsbroughttoBhutanfromTibetby
monksinsearchofconvertsinwhatwereoncewildernessareasoftheHimalayas.
ThethirdDrukGyalpo,HMJigmeDorjiWangchuck,(1952-1972)wasthearchitect
ofmodernBhutan.Hisrulehasbeendedicatedtoreformandrestructuringoftheexisting
politicalandeconomicsystemtoallowthekingdom,inaworldthatwaschangingrapidly
outside,toadapttonewchallenges.Asfarasinstitutionswereconcerned,heseparatedthe
judiciary from the executive by establishing a High Court and re-organized the judicial
systemonmodernlines.
AftercreatingtheTshogdu(NationalAssembly)in1953,heprogressivelyincreased
itsroleandpowers.In1965,theKingalsoestablishedtheLodoiTshogde(RoyalAdvisory
Council) and in1968, he createdwhatbecame the first council ofministers inBhutan29.
Recently,thejudiciaryofBhutanhasalsoinstitutionalizedtheprocessofdraftinglawsand
29 Thierry Mathou, March (1999). Bhutan: Political Reform in a Buddhist Monarchy, Journal of Bhutan Studies.
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regulations with support from foreign experts provided by UNDP30. Those lawsmay be
influencedwiththehistoricalandreligious,beliefs,practiceswhicharebasicallyBhuddist
dominantprinciplesvalues,beliefsandpractices.
According to Lyonpo SonamTobgye,who served as the Chair of the Constitution
DraftingCommittee,31 ‘[t]hereisnomentionofreligionandcultureinanyconstitutionof
any other country except in theConstitution ofBhutan.Religion and culture play a vital
role. Religion provides values and moral thread at the same time as culture exhibits a
separate identityandunity.’32Thesewouldpredictablybe interpretedasobstructions to
individual liberty. According to the wisdom of liberal democracy, these types of
constitutionalclausesriskleavingthedefinitionofa‘goodsociety’inthehandsofthefew
whomayarticulateparticularisticinterests33.Decisionsthattheymakeshouldbebasedon
reasonandsupportedbyempirical(collectingfromthepeopledirectly)dataifavailable34.
Incaseofpublic issues, lawsandpoliciesshouldbe framedthroughcollectivediscussion
andreasoningthatneedstobejustifiedtothepublicwhoaresourceofpoliticalauthority.35
Bhutanese appear to be treacherous robbers, a cruel and treacherous race and
absolutelywithoutshamewhodistinguishedthemselvesbytreachery, fraud,andmurder
andwereanidlerace,indifferenttoeverythingexceptfightingandkillingoneanother,in
which they seem to take real pleasure36. For a Bhutanese crime was the only claim to
distinction and honour37 and their nation had no ruling class, no literature, no national
30 Ibid.p.143. 31 The drafting committee was formed in November 2001 at the authorization of the King. It consisted of thirty-nine representatives from different sections of the society (the central monk body, the twenty districts, the judiciary, and government administration), with Chief Justice, Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye as the chairperson.32 Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye, “The Making of the Constitution,” Kuensel newspaper, November 3, 2012. 33 Katsu Masaki (2013). Exploring Bhutan’s ‘Natural Democracy’: In Search of an Alternative View of Democracy, Journal of Bhutan Studies Vol 28, Summer 2013. 34 Sangay Chophel (2010). Culture, Public Policy and Happiness (Researcher, The Centre for Bhutan Studies. Correspondence: [email protected]). 35 Ibid. p.91. 36Dr. Sonam B. Wangyal(). A Cheerless Change: Bhutan Dooars to British Dooars, Dr. Sonam B. Wangyal is an Indian doctor running a clinic in Jaigaon, a border town abutting Phuentsholing. He was a columnist for Himal, The Himalayan Magazine (Kathmandu) and The Statesman, NB Plus (Siliguri & Calcutta). He currently runs a weekly column in a Sikkim daily, Now and a Kalimpong fortnightly Himalayan Times. 37Eden, Ashley: Report on the State of Bootan, and the Progress of the Mission of 1863-64, in a combined volume titled Political Mission to Bootan (Henceforth PMTB), Majusri Publishing House, New Delhi, 1972 (1865), pp.15,
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prideinthepastoraspirationsforthefutureandthattherewerenoreliablehistory,and
verylittletradition.38Eden'sunlimitedscornofBhutanisdifficulttoabsorbevenifoneis
charitably blessedwith a soft and spongymindset.Of the revenue systemhe concluded,
Strictlyspeakingthereisnosystem.TheonlylimitontheRevenuedemandisthenatural
limitof thepowerof theofficial toextortmore.39Commentingon the Judiciaryhescoffs
that, the Bhutanese have no laws, either written or of usage and where religion was
concerned he berates that the Bhutanese only nominally profess the Buddhist
religion…theirreligiousexercisesaremerelyconfinedtothepropitiationofevilspiritsand
genii,andthemechanicalrecitalsofafewsacredsentences.40
Onemeasureofhappiness,then,becomesthedegreetowhichpublicpolicymaking
demonstrates diversity (in terms of age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, views, etc) in
deliberation.Deliberationshouldnotbebasedonlyonquantitativedatabutalsoonvalues.
If rightpoliciesare framedand implemented then it is likely thatsocietywouldnavigate
towards happiness. This entails formulation and implementation of programmes and
projects based on these policies. Even programmes and projects should be subjected to
democratic consensus. Bhutan’s fourth king, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, coined the term
GrossNationalHappinessinthelate1980sarguingthatGrossNationalHappinessismore
important than Gross Domestic Product.41 His vision was to create a GNH society: an
enlightenedsociety inwhichhappinessandwellbeingofallpeopleandsentientbeingsis
theultimatepurposeofgovernance42.
Bhutanconstitution:
Article 21: (4) of the Constitution of Bhutan the Chief Justice of Bhutan shall be
appointedfromamongtheDrangponsoftheSupremeCourtorfromamongeminentjurists
bytheDrukGyalpo,bywarrantunderHishandandsealinconsultationwiththeNational 57, 87, 115, 130, 123. 38Ibid. 39Ibid. 40 Ibid.41As cited by Ura 2008, para.1. 42Ibid. Para.2.
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JudicialCommission.AccordingtotheconstitutionalprovisionsofBhutantheKingwhois
executive head appointing High Court and Supreme Court judges with consultation of
NationalJudicialCommissionofBhutan,theKinghasdiscretionarypowerwhileappointing
thejudges.TheNJChaveagreatroletoassistingkinginappointmentofjudges.
NationalJudicialCommission:
AccordingtoArticle21:(17)ConstitutionofBhutantheDrukGyalposhallappoint
members of the National Judicial Commission bywarrant under His hand and seal. The
NationalJudicialCommissionshallcomprise:
(a)TheChiefJusticeofBhutanasChairperson;
(b)TheseniormostDrangponoftheSupremeCourt;
(c)TheChairpersonoftheLegislativeCommitteeoftheNationalAssembly;and
(d)TheAttorneyGeneral.
(18) Every person has the right to approach the courts in matters arising out of the
Constitutionorotherlawssubjecttosection23ofArticle7.
There are minority religions Islam, Christian, and Hindu people are having fair
chances along with Bhuddist people of Bhutan to enter into Higher Judiciary, but some
people fromMuslim, Christian andHinduminority people basically non citizens are not
having right to enter into the Judiciary. Recently, Bhutan courts are equipped with
computers and computers havebeen in use especially in the case of Judiciary ofBhutan
fromearly1990’s.TheJudiciarywithathreelevelofappealsystem,theHighCourtinthe
apex,theDistrictandSub-DistrictCourtsassubordinateiswellequippedwithcomputers
madeavailableboththroughRGOBfundingandsupportfromUNDPandDANIDAprojects.
TheJudiciaryretainstheobjectivesthattheInformationtechnologyisapowerfulresource,
for the court system to function as being accessible, fair, accountable, transparent, and
effectiveandtimely(theconceptofdueprocess)intheadministrationofjustice.Fordetail
reportssee‘RoyalCourtofJustice,StrategicITPlan43.
43 Drew Jackson, Umesh Pradhan and Bob Mortgenthaler, 5 May, 2000, High Court of Bhutan, Thimphu.
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Religiousmoralityisnotallowedtohunt,cuttingoftrees,steal,lieandhurtothers
no need to regulate them, the religion is the biggest regulation of society, the religious
moralityisgoverningthepeople,andpeopleinnermoralityisalwaysconsciouslyguiding
the people that hunting is sin, cutting of tree is sin, and stealing is sin, then no need to
police, and administration of justice. Mainly, the court role is very less. Ultimately, the
religiousmoralityleadstohappinessinthesociety,notonlyinBhutaniffollowthesemoral
principlesthesocietywillremainshappyandthepeoplewillremainshappy.Compareto
Indiamajoritypeoplenearly75%arefollowingHindureligion,andotherreligionsIslam,
and Christianity influenced with Hindu practices and beliefs. Where the people inner
morality is allowing hunting, stealing, lying, and hurt others, the religious philosophy is
giving justification for those acts44, required more police, courts and administration of
justice,peopleareleadingmechanicallife.
Conclusions:
TheWesternconceptof Independenceof Judiciary ismyth for India.Thereligious
values, beliefs, practices are responsible every acts of the human society like India and
Bhutan,whatevergoodandbadnotionsofreligiousvalues,beliefsandpracticesseeninthe
judiciaryalso, judiciary isnot independent to societyandstate ratherpartof thesociety
Judges,advocates,otherstaffofcourtscomingfromthesocietyandfunctioningforitwith
theirprenotions.
Diversity is comes from the religious values, practices and beliefs where the
diversity is not allowed in their religion it is not possible into the judiciary also. Simple
statementsandwritingintheConstitutionoranyotherlegaldocumentsisnotpossibleto
bringdiversityintothejudiciary.
44 Hindu Sacred Texts Bhagavat Geeta and Manu Code, the first one is having religious philosophy and second one is governing text for Hindu religious society, these texts were written by Veda Vyas and Manu respectively and strictly implemented during Gupta dynasty period and continuously followed the same still 1950, when Indian Constitution was introduced.
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Social reforms are verymuchnecessary for the Indian society for achievement of
political reforms, modern judiciary will not success, it is almost failure system for the
Indian society and people are not interested to approach to judiciary in India. Indian
commonman isnothappywithmodern judiciaryof India.Because,of corruption,delay,
pendency of cases, language barrier, lack of representation from all the sections in the
society.
Appointmentswillnotaffectindependenceofthejudiciary,appointmentsarepurely
consideredadministrativeaction it isnot judicial function, thereshouldbeacreator that
creator should be third person. Finally the diversity will give trust; real representation
ultimatelyleadshappinessorwellbeinginthesociety.
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