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17 cm
6 mm
Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletiiHabitat: Rocky reef/kelp forests. Partial migration offshore during winter?
Carnivorous predator and scavenger.
Radula at end of feeding proboscis used to drill through animal shells (e.g., snails, bivalves, etc.) and excavate concealed prey (e.g., tube worms).
Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletiiPreyed upon by…
Sea otters
Octopus
Lobster?
Elasmobranchs (bat ray, sharks)??
Their shell is remarkably thick!
Monterey, CA
Kellet’s whelk, Kelletia kelletiiSpring/summer breeding season.
Mating & internal fertilization.
Females lay 100+ egg capsules/year.
Capsule = 1000+ eggs.
Larvae (veliger) hatch out of capsules after 30 days.
Lecithotropic veliger in plankton for ~50 days.
Mean Dd ~ 100 km (Siegel et al. 2003; U = 0; σu = 10cm/sec)
Settlement cue not known.
Reproductively mature after ~6 years.
Juveniles:
Found in highly varying densities and across a wide range of depth gradients within the nearshore system.
Economic value:
Excellent for lawn art (match gnomes beautifully!)
Economic value:
Focus of developing fishery (by-catch in lobster traps)
Sold to US domestic Asian market (mostly in LA)
Mean price = $1.43/kg = ~$0.15/whelk
Ase
ltin
e-N
eils
on
et
al.
200
6
RANGE
Expansion since ~1980
Bahia Asuncion
Catalina Island (southern)
Northern Channel Islands
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00
Whelk density (#/transect)
Isla San Roque
Punta Baja
Isla San Martin
La Bufadora
Salta Verde
Dana Point
Naples
Anacapa South
Yellowbanks
Frazer Point
Rhodes Reef
Jalama
Whaler's Cove
McAbee
Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.
POPULATION GENETICS STUDY
COI: Cytochrome Oxidase I gene in mtDNA
mtDNA: circular, ~16K basepairs long
COI sequence: 528 basepairs long
One sequence per individual adult
N = 15 – 35 samples/site
N = 16 sites, spanning entire range
COI
COI sampling sites Expansion
since ~1980
Bahia Asuncion
Range expansion
Bahia Asuncion
Diversity
Site Hap Nuc
MA 0.9076 0.0034
WC 0.9048 0.0026
DC 0.9191 0.0044
HR 0.9181 0.0042
RR 0.8807 0.0038
GI 0.8762 0.0032
YB 0.7664 0.0027
NR 0.8246 0.0031
IV 0.8840 0.0030
SV 0.7966 0.0030
PV 0.8891 0.0035
DP 0.9025 0.0036
PL 0.8723 0.0033
SQ 0.8123 0.0028
TT 0.7277 0.0025
BA 0.8303 0.0034
Regionwide genetic structure statistics
Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA):
Fst = 0.012 (P = 0.001)
Pairwise differences between sites:
Fst range: 0.02 – 0.05 (P < 0.05)
Bonferroni: (120 pairs)(0.05) = 6 expected by chance.
19 found.
Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance (SAMOVA):
Fst = 0.02 – 0.03 (P = 0.002)
Non-equilibrium
stirred
Stepping stone
Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect
No correlation
No correlation?
Positive correlation
Equilibrium
P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 16 sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.16 (two-sided; R2 = 0.5; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 13 sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.23 (two-sided; R2 = 0.05; n = 10 sites; Mantel test)
Doh!
(Hu
tch
ins
on
& T
em
ple
ton
19
99
)
Expanded range
Expansion, followed by isolation
Regional equilibrium
Regional non-equilibrium
Expanded rangeRegional equilibrium
At large scales, drift >
Relative dominance of gene flow vs. genetic drift varies with scale
Non-equilibrium
stirred
Stepping stone
Genetic isolation by geographic distance: what to expect
IBD signal only present at small scales
EquilibriumPeriodic regional disturbance due to el Nino
Sill in IBD curve reached at ~125 km
Fst = 0.0041*Ln(distance) – 0.0112
R2 = 0.07
P = 0. (two-sided; R2 = ; n = sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.04 (two-sided; R2 = 23; n = 6 sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.14 (two-sided; R2 = 0.77; n = 4 sites; Mantel test)
Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km
Palumbi 2003
12 km
site aggregate
Kij dispersal connectivity
Pai
rwis
e F
st
P = 0.13
P = 0.11
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)
June 2000 SST
(Ocean Data Center, UCSC)
TT
BA
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.03 (P = 0.001)
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.014 (P = 0.001)
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
Fst = 0.013 (P = 0.001)
Don’t forget: Giacomo’s surf perch
Catalina Island (southern)
Northern Channel Islands
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00
Whelk density (#/transect)
Isla San Roque
Punta Baja
Isla San Martin
La Bufadora
Salta Verde
Dana Point
Naples
Anacapa South
Yellowbanks
Frazer Point
Rhodes Reef
Jalama
Whaler's Cove
McAbee
Density: mainland > islands. Baja highest.
Thanks!
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
Fst = 0.03
P = 0.002
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
Fst = 0.029
P = 0.002
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
Fst = 0.026
P = 0.002
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
Fst = 0.023
P = 0.002
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
SAMOVA geographic delineations
Fst = 0.017
P = 0.002
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
1 MA
2 DC
3 HR
4 RR
5 GI
6 YB
7 IV
8 SV
9 PV
10 DP
11 PL
12 SQ
13 TT
14 BA
1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA
1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA
1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA
1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA
1 MA
2 WC
3 DC
4 HR
5 RR
6 GI
7 YB
8 NR
9 IV
10 SV
11 PV
12 DP
13 PL
14 SQ
15 TT
16 BA
P = 0.45 (two-sided; R2 = 0.027; n = 12 sites; Mantel test)
P = 0.058 (two-sided; R2 = 0.136; n = 9 sites; Mantel test)
Slope = ~0.01 – ~0.5 Fst/1000 km
