1666 OFF

DOEINVII 0972--66

111 11 Ill1 1 I1 ll1lllll1ll11l11111 Ill GSB WW07

I A Class Ill Cultural Resources Survey of the U. S. Department of Energy

Gasbuggy Stimulation Test Site Rio Arriba County,

New Mexico

December 1 993

Environmental Restoration I

1 A Class Ill Cultural Resources Survey of the U. S. Department of Energy

Gasbuggy Stimulation Test Site Rio Arriba County,

New Mexico

December 1993

t \

Environmental Restoration

A Class Ill Cultural Resources Survey of the U.S. Department of Energy Gasbuggy Stimulation Test Site Rio Arriba County, New Mexico

Prepared Under Contract for: DOE Nevada Operations Office Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-8518

Prepared by: lT Corporation

4330 S. Valley View, Suite 114 Las Vegas, Nevada 89103

and

Mariah Associates, Inc. 8417 Washington P ~ C E Suite A Albuquerque, New Mexico 871 13

USDA Forest Service Special Use Permit (442)

Work Pedo~mcd Under Contract No.: DOE-ACOS-92NV 10972

December 1993

A Class Ill Cultural Resources Survey of the U.S. Department of Energy Gasbuggy Stimulation Test Site Rio Arriba County, New Mexico

Prepared Under Contract for: DOE Nevada Opcracions Officc Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-8518

Prepared by: Wendy Jones Poaguc

Grace E. Wawkins Mariah Associates, Inc.

Submitted by: Deni J. Seymour, Ph.D.

Principal Investigator

Mariah Associates, Inc. 8417 Washington Place NE Suite A Albuquerque, New Mexico 87 1 13

and

IT Corporation 4330 S. Valley View, Suite 114

Las Vegas, Nevada 89103

USDA Forest S m i c e Special Use Permit (442)

Work Performed Under Contract No.: DOE-ACOS-92NV 10972

December 1993

Abstract

The following report summarizes the results of a Class I11 (100-percent pedestrian) cultural

resource survey of 160 acres at the U.S. Departmen[ of Energy (DOE) Gasbuggy Gas

Stimulation Test Site in Rio Arriba County, north-central New Mexico. The cultural resource

survey was conducted as pan of compliance with thc National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA).

Cultural resources observed during the survey include t h e newly recorded sites, three

previously recorded sites, and four isolated occurrences. One ol' the newly recorded sites, LA

100872, is a prehistoric scatter located just outside of the project area.

Of the five sites within the project area. four are prehistoric artifact scatters, and one is

historic. Three sites (LA 16429, LA 100871. and LA 81355) are recommended as eligible for

inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places ( N W P ) under Title 36 C.F.R. $60.4 criterion "d" of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. One site (LA

100870) is not considered eligible to the NRHP. The Gasbuggy Gas StimulaLion Test Site

(LA 81356) is recommended as eligible to the NRHP under Title 36 C.F.R. $60,4 criterion

"a" of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. because Gasbuggy

represents the first peaceful use of nuclear devices oriented towards commercial and domestic

efforts.

Archaeological clearance is recommended for the isolated occurrences and LA 100870. The

other sites (LA 16429, LA 100871, LA 81355, and LA 81356) may be impacted by any

proposed activities. If possible these sites should be avoided. If avoidance is not possible, a

testing and mitigation plan should be implemented to document existing cultural resources.

The isolated occurrences consist of prehistoric chipped stone artifacts and a modern campfire

ring associated with a tent pad. No additional scientifically useful information can be

collected from these isolated occurrences, and, therefore, no further work is recommended.

Table of Contents

... Abstract 111

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List OF Tables vi

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 Project Description 1-1

I . 1 Project Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I - I 1.2 Project Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 Environmental Setting 2-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 Cultural Overview 3-1

3.1 Paleoindian~Early Archaic (pre-1800 B.C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.2 Late ArchaicIEarly Basketmaker Periods (1800 B.C.. A.D. 400) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.3 Basketmaker IILlPueblo I Periods (A.D. 400-900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.4 Pueblo I1 Period (A.D. 900-1 150) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.5 Pueblo 111 Period (A.D. 1150-1300) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.6 Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1500-1780) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

3.7 Historic Period (A.D. 1780-1 940) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 Research Design 4-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 Project Methods 5-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Records Search 5-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Field Methods 5-1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Field Conditions 5-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Field Recording 5-2

Table of Contents (Continued)

6.0 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1.1 LA 100870lAR 03-02-03-644 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1.2 LA 16429lAR 03-02-03-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1.3 LA 10087 11AR 03-02-03-645 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

6.1.4 LA 813551AR 03-02-03-386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

6.1.5 LA 100872lAR 03-02-03-646 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

6.1.6 LA 81356lAR 03-02-03-387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

6.2 Isolated Occurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12

7.0 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

8.0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Appendix A . Correspondence with the Jicarilla Apache Tribe and Navajo Nation . . . . . A-1

Appendix B . Flake Size Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B- 1

Appendix C . USFS Site Forms and Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

List of Figures

Figure Title Page

1 . 1 Location of Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

1-2 USGS Map Showing Location of Inventoried Area and Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6- 1 Site Plan for Site LA 100870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6-2 Site Plan for Site LA 16429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4

6-3 Site Plan for Site LA 100871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

6-4 Site Plan for Site LA 81355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

6-5 Site Plan for Site LA 100872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

List of Tables

Table Title Page

I - 1 Project Area Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

6- 1 Isolated Occurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

7- 1 Eligibility Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARMS Archaeological Records Management System BLM Bureau of Land Management C.F.R. Code of Federal Regulations cm centimeters DCA Division of Conservation Archaeology DOE U.S. Department of Energy ft Feet in, I 0 IT

inches isolated occurrence IT Corporation

km2 square kilometers m meters m2 square meters NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NHP A NRHP NMSRCP SHPO USDA USFS USGS UTM

National Historic Preservation Act National Register of Historic Places New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties State Historic Preservation Officer U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Forest Service U.S. Geological Survey Universal Transverse Mercator

1.0 Project Description

1.1 Project Background Mariah Associates, Inc. (Mariah). rccently conducted a Class I site files chcck and a Class 111

( 100-percent pedestrian) cultural resource survey of 160 acres of land at the Gasbuggy Gas

Stimulation Test Site located in Rio Aniba County, north-central New Mexico, This survey

was requested by Lucy Hackett Bambrey of IT Corporation (IT). The U.S. Department of

Energy (DOE) proposes to conduct sitc investigations to determine the extent of any

necessary environmental remediation activities at the Gasbuggy Site. The cultural rcsource

survey was conducted as part of compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) and the National Historic Preservation Act (NRPA). Sevcral types of environmental

reconnaissance activities were performed to ascertain the resources present and the activities

required as a pact of environmental restoration at the site. The survey was conducted June 21

through 23. 1993, by Deni Seymour, Wendy Jones Poague, Grace Hawkins, and Brandy

Gunderson of Mariah and Lucy Hackett Bambrey of IT, who scrved as the client contact for

the project. Deni Seymour, Ph.D.. served as Principal Investigator for Mariah. Field notes,

maps, background information, and the final report are on file at Mariah's Albuquerque. New

Mexico, office under Project 1015. The survey was conducted from June 21 to June 23.

1993, in compliance with applicable federal lcgislation and procedures designed to identify

and record nonrenewable cultural resources, including the NHPA of 1966. as amended, the

NEPA of 1969, and Executive Order 11593. The survey was conducted under a U.S.

Department of Agriculture Forest Service Special Use Permil for Nondisturbing Use

(No. 442).

1.2 Project Location The project area encompasses 160 acres located in the SW VI of Township 29 North (T29N),

Range 4 West (R4W), Section 36 in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico (Figures 1-1 and 1-2).

The Gasbuggy Test Site is situated on U.S. Forest Service (USFS) land withdrawn by the

DOE (previously, the Atomic Energy Commission). The survey area encompasses the entire

quarter-section and is bisected by Forest Road J10. The corresponding U.S. Geological

Survey (USGS) 7.5' quad map is Leandro Canyon, New Mexico (1963, photorevised 1982).

Table 1-1 presents the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for the project area.

Figure 1-1 Location of Project Area.

, 5 t S N O

SITE rn ISOIATED OCCURRENCE . PROJECT AREA i i 3~ :COP :OCo ,COO .OCO ,CCT I

I I I

Figure 1-2 USGS Map Showing Location of Inventoried Area a d Cultural Resources. Taken from Leandro Canyon, New Mexico Qdrangle (1963, photorevised 1982). 7.5' Series (1:24,000 Scale). UTM Zone 13.

Table 1-1

Project Area Location

UTM (Zone 13)

Points E N

Northwest corner 302150 406 1680

Northeast comer 302950 4061650

SOU F ast corner ,jpu-fk~1"d 302 140 4060870

s o u p e s t corner ,j'&lw ~ j f 302930 4060850

2.0 Environmental Setting

The project area is located in the northeastern pan of the San Juan Basin. easl of the

community of Gobernador, Ncw Mexico. It is situated on [he Carson National Forcst,

Jicarilla Ranger District. immediately west of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation. Located on

the western slope of the Continental Divide. Lhe elevation of the area ranges from 7,160 feet

(ft) (2,170 meters [m]) to 7,345 ft (2.226 m). The study area is bisected by Leandro Canyon.

This region has been known since the early 1900s as an archaeolopically rich zone for early

Anasazi and Navajo occupation (Kidder 1920, Carlson 19651. Modcrn settlement in the area

today is quite sparse, consisting mainly of ranchers of Hispanic descent. The Jicarilla Apache

Reservation is located to the east. Energy dcveioprnent is now the dominant economic

activity in much of the region. Coalbed methane gas exploitation of underground reserves in

the Fruitland Formation is presently undergoing a boom (Brown and Evaskovich 1993).

This area lies in the northeastern comer of the San Juan Basin of the Colorado Plateau. Most

of the San Juan Basin lies within the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. The Carson National Forest,

where the parcel is located, is characterized by high mesas and plateaus. Average annual

precipitation is 13 inches (in.), and the growing season averages IS0 days. Three vegetative

communities, forest. scrubland, and grassland. are prcsent in the Gasbuggy Test Site area

(DOE 1993a). The Rocky Mountain Conifer Forest type is dominated by ponderosa pine

(Pinus ponderosu), piAon pine (Pinus edulis), and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus

scopularum). This community is found on the steep slopes of the area and is soinetirnes

dense as understory shrubs, including Garnbel's oak (Quercus jiambelii) and big sagebrush

(Artemisia tridenteta), On the hilltops of the area, the soils are shallow. rocky, and drier.

Few conifers exist here due to the dryness: instead, a Great Basin Montane Scrub community

type thrives. Dominant species are similar to the understory shrubs of the previous

community. Along the lower margins of the forest, a grassland community dominates. Big

sagebrush and wheatgrasses (Agropyron, spp.) thrive in the Grcat Basin Shrub-Grassland,

Sagebrush Series. Apparently, as a result of range developments, sagebrush has been

removed, and wheatgrasses have been seeded (DOE, 1993a). The area directly around the

Leandro Canyon drainage is an open meadow and comprises 30 percent of the study area.

The area has been heavily grazed by cattle, and an unknown portion of the area was disturbed

hy activities associated with the Gasbuggy Test Site.

3.0 Cultural Overview

The Eollowing cultural overview is based largely on previous work by Stuart and Gauthier

(1984) and Hogan et al. (1991). These authors provide a detailed cultural resource overview

for the San Juan Basin area in general and for the Fruitland arca. which straddles the San

Juan and Rio Arriba Counties, in particular.

3.1 PaleoindianEarly Archaic (pre- 1800 B. C.) Early Paleoindian traditions (Clovis and Folsom) employed a hunterlgatherer strategy geared

primarily towards big game hunting (Stuart and Gauthier 1984:28-29). The Paleoindian

period is characterized by skilled stone working. Whereas the entire Paleoindian temporal

span documented in the Grcat Plains is known to occur in the San Juan Basin. Palcoindian

rcmains are relatively rare. especially within the Fruitland area where only four Paleoindian

components have been documented (Hogan et al. 1991).

The Archaic period is characterized by a shift in subsistence techniques, which is typified by

a less specialized economy in which large game played a much smaller role in subsistence.

Archaic peoples depended to a much greater degree on small and medium-sized game and the

gathering of wild and domesticated plants, a trend which became increasingly more

pronounced throughout the Archaic (Hogan et al. 1991536). Although Archaic sites are

quite common in the San Juan Basin. no definite Early or Middle Archaic sites occur in the

Gobernador district according to the Archaeological Records Management System (ARMS)

(Kearns 1992).

3.2 Late ArchaicEarly Basketmaker Periods (1BW B.C.- A.D. 400)

Studies of Archaic sites in the San Juan Basin (cf. Rehcr 1977: Moore and Winter 1980) have

concentrated primanily on the areas south of the San Juan River. Due to the density and

visibility of Archaic sites in the southern San Juan Basin. coupled with a low frequency of

pueblo sites, the south has been viewed as the center of Archaic use (Hancock et al. 1988).

During the Late Archaic, slowly increasing population density led to the gradual adoption of a more sedentary existence. This co-occurred with a growing dependency on agriculture and

eventually culminated in the transition to early Basketmaker (Stuart and Gauthier 1984:36).

Several sites classifiable as Late Archaic and Baskeunalter II have been identified in the

Fruitland vicinity (Hogan et al. 1991).

3.3 Basketmaker III/Pueblo I Periods (A.D. 400-900) Dates for the Basketmaker III/Pueblo I transition are not well defined in the project area. Thc

Anasazi tradition in ihe San Juan Basin area is described as beginning with the Basketmaker 11

period at approximately A.D. 1 and ending with the Pueblo I11 period at A.D. 1300.

Traditionally, the beginning of the early Basketmaker period has been piaced at A.D. I , although samples taken from recent excavations at Basketmaker-like pithouses that contained

no ceramics have produced dates within the last millennium B.C.

Basketmaker I11 sites in the San Juan Basin area are often overlain by masonry structures.

These sites typically consist of shallow pithouses. wattle-and-daub surface rooms, numerous

intramural and extramural storage pits. hearths. and. at some sites. a large, dctached,

presumably ccremonial, structure. Artifacts generally consist of Lino Gray; small projectile

points suggestive of how and arrow technology; various strains of corn, beans. and domestic

turkeys; and the first occurrence of trough rnetates. Sites are generally located on alluvial

lerraces, on the first bench above rivers. or on ridges and bluffs overlooking drainages. The

widespread association of villages with drainages and the abundance of associated storage pits

are generally taken as indicative of an increasing emphasis on agriculture and agricultural

surplus for subsistence. In the northern San Juan Basin. Basketmaker I11 populations appear

to have been concentrated at Chaco Canyon. in the Chuska Valley, and in the Navajo

Reservoir area.

Pueblo I sites are distinguished from Basketmaker III sites by the presence of consistent

cranial deformation of burials. neckbanded ceramics, deeper pit structures, and contiguously-

walled true masonry rooms. Villages typically consist of arcs of jacal surface rooms with

masonry footings fronted by pithouses. Some pithouses have architectural features

transitional to kivas. In the San Juan Basin arw, Pueblo I sites are uncommon and small

when compared to southwestern Colorado. This pattern may reflect the undesirability of

basin lowlands for agriculture during this period (Cordell 1982). Alternately, it may reflect

an unsuccessful attempt by Pueblo I peoples to expand into this area in the face of

Basketmaker resistance (Stuart and Gauthier 198438-40). Pueblo I site density is greatest

along the northern periphery of the San Juan Basin, in the upper La Plata River Valley,

Navajo Reservoir, and Gobernador areas. Other areas of higher site density are the Nageezi- Carrizo area on the eastern edge of the basin. the Chuska Valley on the western edge, and

Chaco Canyon (Hogan 1986: 14-15).

3.4 Pueblo 11 Period (A.D. 900-1150) Pueblo 11 sites are characterized by both pithouses and surfacc structures. Masonry generally

replaced jacal construction on surface structures. Kivas appear. as well as Red Mesa black-

on-white pottery, associated with neckbanded grayware during the beginning of Pueblo 11 and

corrugated grayware by the end of that period. Anasazi populalions cover their largest

geographic area in the San Juan Basin during this period. The greatest site density is located

at Chaco Canyon, in the Chuska Valley and elsewhere in the northwest, and in the Red Mesa

Valley in the southeastern basin (Hogan 1986: 15- 16).

Pueblo Bonito. Pehasco Blanco. and Una Vida. all of which consisted of a line of large

circular pit structures in the plaza backed by large arc-shaped multistoried structures, were

constructed in Chaco Canyon in the Pueblo I1 per~od. The rnultistoried structures contain a

row of ramada-living rooms on the plaza, an interior row of featureless rooms. and an outer

row of smaller storage rooms. At Pueblo Bonito. each pit structure is associated with two or

three surface room units, suggesting that the luge sites were massive scaled-up versions of

the smaller. more common Pueblo I1 sites in the basin. The nature of the relationship

between the large town sites at the confluences of major canyon drainages with the Chaco

River and smaller sites remains murky.

The second period of construction dates between A.D. 1020 and A.D. 1050. At Pueblo

Bonito, enclosures with storage rooms occur. Towns were constructed at Chetro Ketl and

Pueblo Alto. These new towns share a common rectangular. rather than arched, pattern.

Neither Chetro Kctl nor Pueblo Alto has associated small sites. Between A.D. 900-975,

outlying villages were characterized by a great house structure with Chacoan masonry, kiva,

and surrounding community of eight or more small residential sites within 8 square

kilometers (kmz). Outlying villages appear earlier in the Cibola region on the southern edge

of the basin, and Red Mesa ceramics dominate in Pueblo I1 deposits at Chaco Canyon. For

these reasons, it is believed that the Chacoan people seem to have focused more of their

attention towards the south between A.D. 920 and 1020. After A.D. 1020, Chuska Valley

materials dominate at Chaco Canyon (Hogan 1986:15-16). Pueblo I1 sites are notably rarein

the project vicinity.

3.5 Pueblo 111 Period (A. D. 1150-1300) Pueblo I11 sites are dispersed evenly throughout the basin, with dense concentrations in Chaco

Canyon. Lobo Mesa. and the Chuska Valley. The Pueblo III period is characterized by a

concentration of populations in a few localities with the consequent abandonment of the Four

Corners region after the failure of the Chacoan system. During this period nomadic and

seminomadic peoples may have tiltered into the San Juan Basin area (Stuart and Gauthier

1981:42). By Pueblo IT1 times. there is no permanent settlement apparent anywhere in the

Navajo Reservoir or Gobernador districts.

3.6 Protohistoric Period (A. D. 15W-1780) A substantial hiatus has long been assumed between the Anasazi and Navajo occupations of

the San Juan Basin, Pueblito and other Navajo sites in the Gobernador district reflect a fairly

intensive occupation during the 1700s. Recently, however. work in the Navajo Reservoir area

and the La Plata district has produced evidence of the Dinetab phase (1550-1700), a period

which predates the Pueblo Revolt. Dinetah-phase sites exhibit evidence of agriculture,

pottery. and other traits that might be attributable to Puebloan influence. Dinetah- and

succeeding Gobernador-phase sites (1650-1775) are difficult to differentiate; however,

Gobernador-phase sites tend to cluster around streams and perennial drainages as opposed to

Dinetah sites, which tend to occur near drainages and in upland areas. Protohistoric Navajo

occupation after A.D. 1700 became focused on the Largo and Governador areas, continuing to

shift toward the west and south during the 1700s. By 1800, Navajo occupation occurred

mainly in the prcsent-day Navajo Indian Reservation (Dittert ct al. 1961:145).

3.7 Historic Period (A. D. 1780-1940) In the east, the Jicarilla Apache Reservation was established in 1874, and in the north, the

Southern Ute Agency was formed in 1877 (Brown and Evaskovich 1993). Although a lack of

historical records exists from 1870-1940, it appears that the Navajo had largely abandoned the

region during this time period as Hispanic families moved in. This time period is known as the Lucero phase and is characterized by homesteading, ranching, and sheepherding by

Hispanic families. Herding began to replace farming as the central focus of the Navajo

(Bailey and Bailey 1986). These extensive and mobile land-use practices are characteristic of

the occupation of the Historic period (Brown and Evaskovich 1993).

4.0 Research Design

The research design for this project is cultural ecological in orientation. 11 is based on the

research design proposed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the State Historic

Preservation OFficer (SHPO) for the Fruitland area. This design (Hogan et al. 1991) provides

a coherent research framework that can be applied to any cultural resource studies in the San

Juan Basin. Research for the region can be organized around five problem domains:

environment, chronology, subsistence, settlement patterns. and social organization.

Environmental research (changes in the modern and paleo-environment) is necessary as a

means of understanding adaptive strategies of past inhabitants of the region. Adaptive

strategies of prehistoric and modern groups ~nclude settlement and subsislence systems along

with other aspects of cultural development and change (Hogan et al. 1991). The research

design advocates reconnaissance for packrat middens. alluvial stratigraphic research. and

dendroclimatology.

Chronological control of the archaeological database is crucial to most useful archaeological

studies. Artifact typologies in the area are not rigorously defined and, therefore, do not

provide conclusive information. The addition of chronometric dates from a precisely defined

cultural context should help to identify and establish an absolute chronology encompassing

the Archaic, Anasazi, and early Navajo occupations in the San Juan Basin. The refined

chronology provides a basis for investigating site structure, subsistence, and settlement

patterns at specific sites.

Analysis of changes in subsistence patterns over time can indicate a great deal about native

groups, including their culture and behavior. Variation in the intensity of agricultural

production can be contrasted with paleo-environmental reconstructions and aggregation

models. Subsistence can be documented through macrobotanical and palynological studies

and the documentation and analysis of artifactual assemblages and features.

Settlement patterns can be reconstructed by examining site types and distributions.

Traditionally, sites were typed by site location rather than site function. A combination of

data from site-structure analyses, artifacts, and archaeobiological studies can be used to

accurately classify sites as to Function and then to reconstruct setdement patterns. Subsistence

and seasonality data are a large component for determining site function.

Social organization is one of the more difficult questions for archaeologists to address as it

involves the identification and organization of social units. This problem can be partially

solved by initially identifying habitation structures and to chronologically associate features

located on the sile with these strucrures. Social aggregation of multiple households may be

identified by utilizing spatial patterning analyses of settlcmcnts. Economic and exchange

relationships are intertwined with social interaction and may be exhibited through the distribution of nonlocal and stylistic goods (Brown and Evaskovich 1993). Thus, economic

organization is more accessible to archaeological analysis than social organization.

5.0 Project Methods

5.1 Records Search A Class I archaeological survey (site records check) was conducted to determine the presence

and nature of known cultural resources in the prqject m a . On June 15. 1993, Jon Young,

Forest Archaeologist for the Carson National Forest, was contacted for pre-field notification

and a records chcck. The archaeological crew visited the Jicarilla Ranger Station on June 21,

1993, to check in with Ranger Phil Settle and to review the maps and site forms for the

project area. A search of the Forest Services records revedcd two previously recorded sites

in the project area (AR 03-02-03-386 and AR 03-07-03-387). Three surveys have been

previously conducted in the general area. and nine sites have been recorded.

A search OF the ARMS revealed the presence of 73 archaeological sites within a one-mile

radius OF Section 36, which encompasses the project area. Three of these sites are located

within the project area, LA 16429 (AR 03-02-03-78), LA XI355 (AR 03-02-03-00386). and

LA 81356 (AR 03-02-03-00387).

A search of the National Register of Historic Places ( N W P ) and the New Mexico State

Register of Cultural Properties (NMSRCP) revealed no sites located within the project area.

The Jicarilla Apache Tribe and Navajo Nation were contacted to determine that there were no

sites of religious or ceremonial significance within the project area (Appendix A). No such

sites are known to exist.

5.2 Field Methods Field work and travel were completed in a single three-day session lasting from June 21,

1993, through June 23, 1993 (9.3 person days). A total of 160 acres was surveyed. The

survey area was composed of a single contiguous quarter-section.

The project area is located in a mixed woodland region with several intermittent drainages.

Transects were spaced at 15-rn intervals or less. Areas of dense vegetation around drainages

caused minor variation in survey intervals. Parallel transect lines were marked with

biodegradable flagging by the outside surveyor. At the end of a transect, surveyors reversed

orientation and followed the flag line back in the opposite direction. Transects were oriented

north-south. By this method, the project area was systematically examined. ,

5.3 Field Conditions Weather during the field session was warm and sunny with occasional clouds. Ground

visibility in the projcct area ranged between 0 and 90 percent. depending on vegetation.

Ground surface was generally fairly clcar, although visibility was poor near drainages and

under dense trce cover.

5.4 Field Recording All cultural materials more than 50 years old or less than 50 years old with significant

cultural importance were recorded as sites or isolated occurrences (TOs), depending on their

size and extent. All sites and 1 0 s encountered were recorded and plotted on the USGS

quadrangle map. Five sites and four 10s were recorded.

Sites were evaluated in accordance with the USFS classificat~on system. Sites arc defined as

loci containing one or more of the following:

(1) One or more fcatures (including "isolated" hearths, cairns. or mine prospects).

( 2 ) One formal tool if associated with other cultural materials. or more than one formal tool.

(3) An occurrence of cultural materials that contains one or more of the following:

(a) Three or more types of artifacts or materials

(b) Two types of artifacts or materials in a densiry ol' at l e a t 10 items per 100 square meters (m2)

(c) A single type of artifact or rnatcriai in a density of at least 25 items per 100 m2.

When cultural materials were discovered, they were assessed in accordance with the above

criteria. Site boundaries were defined by a total lack of observable artifacts.

Each site was plotted on a USGS quadrangle map and recorded. Recordation consisted of an

intensive survey of the site to locate boundaries, features, and diagnostic artifacts. NO

subsurface testing or collection occurred (see rationale below). A USFS site form was

completed. a sketch map was prepared, black and white prints and color slides were taken,

and an aluminum tag impressed with the site number was attached to a metal datum stake that

was driven into the ground. The datum served as a primary reference point during mapping

of the site. as well as a means of reloca~ing and identifying the site. A sample of artifacts at

each sitc was analyzcd in the field. Attributes recorded included artlfact type, material,

counts, and descriptions.

The 10s consist of associated cultural materials with limited information potential beyond that

recorded in the field. Isolates consist of cultur~l materials SO years of age or more that did

not meet the site definition. Recordation consisted of analysis and descriptions of these

materials. including type, material, size, sketches of diagnostic artifacts. and plotting of isolate

location on a USGS quadrangle map. The flakes were analyzcd by size using a 0.5-cm

graduatcd square template. Each flake was placed on the template so that one edge fit into

the corner. The farthest edge of the flake from that comer was then noted as the flake size.

This is a quick and accurate method of measuring general flake size (Appendix B).

Analysis and documentation of cultural materials in the field were important aspects of

recordation. Attributes recorded for lithic artifacts included artifact type, material, and

evidence of utilization or retouch. Attributes recorded for ground stone artifacts included

material, condition, and number of ground surfaces. Attributes recorded for ceramic artifacts

included type, color, and presence of a rim segment or drilling.

Due to the past activities conducted by the DOE at the Gasbuggy Test Site, project-specific

restrictions were written into the health and safety plan and followed by the Mariah crews.

Previous activities at the Gasbuggy Site consisted of the use of radioactive materials and

various hazardous chemicals. Presently. there is no evidence that surface activities on the site

pose a threat to human health; however, Occupational Safety and Health Act regulations in

Title 29 C.F.R. $1910.120 were followed.

Consequently, no surface collections were made, no artifacts were extracted from the ground,

and no subsurface testing occurred in the present survey. The recordation of the sites was as

complete as possible given these restrictions. Enough data were collected from this surface

examination to enable the DOE to make primary recommendations for the significance and

eligibility of the sites for inclusion in the National Register under Section 106 of the National

Historic Preservation Act.

6.0 Results

Three previously recorded sites, three previously unrecorded sitcs, and four previously ~~nrecorded 10s were recorded during the Gasbuggy survey. Five sites were prehistoric

ceramic and lithic scatters, some with associated features. One site was a post-World War I1 Euro-American site. Three 10s were lithic isolates, and one was a modern campfire ring and

tent pad with an associated modern can. Site and I 0 locations are presented in Figure 1-2.

Site forms and notes are located in Appendix C.

6.1.1 LA 100870/AR 03-02-03-644

Field Number: MA1 1015-1

Site Type: Prehistoric Artifact Scatter

Cultural Affiliation: Lithic unknown

Size: 10 x 15 m

Site LA 100870lAR 03-02-03-644 is a prehistoric use area consisting of a single fragment of

ground sandstone associated with a single white chalcedony flake fragment. The site lies at

the southwest-facing edge of a valley in Leandm Canyon a couple of hundred meters

northeast of the main drainage (Figure 6-1). The site measures 10 rn NIS by 15 m EIW with

an approximate area of 115 m' at an elevation of 7.260 ft (2.200 m). No artifact

concentrations or features were noted on this site.

This site is a limited activity artifact scatter with minimal potential for depth. Low density

and diversity of artifacts indicates that rhis site is probably surficial. Also, the area appears to

have been disturbed by grazing and by vegetation clearing, suggesting the site possesses no

additional information.

6.1.2 LA 1642QLAR 03-02-03-78

Field Number: MA1 1015-2

Site Type: Prehistoric Habitation Site

Cultural Affiliation: Pueblo I Size: 112 x 157 m

Figure 6-1 Site Plan for Site LA 100870.

6-2

Site LA 16429lAR 03-02-03-78 i s a large prehistoric habitation site consisting of a depression

indicative of a pit structure, human remains, a moderate artifact scatter. and other associated

Ceatures. The site is located on the top and northeast slope of a small hill on the southwest

edge of Leandro Canyon (Figure 6-2). Thc sitc measures 112 rn NUSW by 157 m SENW

with an approximate area of 17,000 m' at an elevation o f 7,300 ft (2.212 m).

In July OF 1975, this site was originally recorded by the San Juan County Museum

Associalion. Eastern New Mexico University, Division of Conservation Archaeology (DCA).

According to Jim Tensfield of the Carson National Forest, the site was discovered when a

burial was cxposed by a road grader. Mr. Tensfield confirmed that this was thc sitc where

rhe human burial was removed. Field inspection revealed evidence of bone in the road,

verifying the approximate location or the burial. This site. however, was misplotted by the

DCA in T28N, R4W, Section 12. The proper legals are T29N. R4W. Section 36. Site

information was updated during the present project.

The site includes a widely dispersed artifact assemblage with two loci consisting of artifact

concentrations. Artifacts include cortical and non-cortical flakes, shatter and retouched flakes.

brownware, orangeware, redware, grayware, and black-on-white ceramics, ground sandstone

(primarily unifacially worked, both shaped and unshaped), and human bone. Sandstone

building material is scattered throughout the site. Seven features were also observed. These

features include a probable pithouse depression. a rock alignment, and five ash or charcoal

stains. Road construction ha^ impacted the central portion of thc sitc. The site also suffers

from some water erosion.

Feature I is an alignment of five small sandstone cobbles in a I-m by 1-m area. These

stones may represent part of a structure. This feature is located within 10 m of Forest Road

3571.

Feature 2 is a small charcoal stain in the middle of Forest Road 3571. The feature, a possible

hearth or burned post, is approximately I m by I m with some scattering of charcoal and ash

due to vehicle traffic.

Figure 6-2 Site Plan for Site LA 16429.

6-4

Feature 3 is a lxge, discontinuous area of irregularly shaped ash and charcoal staining in

Forest Road 3571. The fe~ture. a possiblc hearth or midden m a , is approximately 8 m NIS

hy 5 m E N . Vehicle traffic has scattered some ma~erial.

Fcature 4 is a discontinuous area of irregularly shaped a s h and charcoal staining in Forest

Road 3571. The feature, a possible midden or hearth area, is approximately 5 rn NIS by 4 m

EIW. Vehiclc traffic has scattered some material.

Feature 5 is an ash and artifact scatter in an ephemeral drainage adjacent to Forest Road 3571

and in close proximity to Feature 3. The feature. a possible midden, is approximately 20 m

E/W by 15 m NIS. Associated artifacts include grayware, orangeware. and brownware

ceramics, as well as chert and chalcedony non-cortical flakes.

Feature 6 is a small area of ash staining with a high concentration of chipped stone artifacts

and ceramics. The feature, a possible midden, is approximately 5 m by 5 m. A I-m by I-tn

area within this feature contains some burned sandstone and associated unburned human (?)

bone. Artifacts include grayware, brownware, and black-on-white ceramics, as well as

obsidian, chalcedony, and chert non-cortical flakes and a chert retouched flake.

Feature 7 is a possible pithouse depression approximately 9 m in diameter. A few fragments

of fire-cracked rock and a quartzite biface were found in association with the depression. The

eastern edge of the pithouse was removed during construction of Forest Road 3571.

Artifact and feature assemblages at the site indicate that activities canied out include a wide

range of activities associated with habitation. Potentially arable land is located in a meadow

a few dozen meters northeast of the site. This site probably dates to the Pueblo I occupation

of the area based on the pithouse feature noted and the artifacts observed in the field. A high

potential for intact subsurface deposits exist for the site. Road grading activities continue to

advessely affect the site, and avoidance or mitigative measures are recommended to minimize

the impact to this cultural resource.

6.1.3 LA 100871/AR 03-02-03-645 Field Number: MA1 1015-3

Site Type: Prehistoric Artifact Scatter

Cultural Affiliation: Ceramic unknown

Size: 260 x 120 rn

Site LA IOO871lAR 03-02-03-645 is a large c e m i c . chipped stone, and ground stone scatter

located on the top and southeast slope of a ridge (Figure 6-3). The site measures 260 m

NEISW by 120 m SEINW with an approximate area of 23.200 m' at an elevation of 7,250 ft

(2,197 m). It is bounded on both sides by drainages.

Three loci of artifact concentrations were recorded. These loci were recorded on the gentle

southeast slope of the ridge. A flat area along the southeastern edge or the sitc has been

cleared mechanically. Consequently, two of these loci have become exposed and are

beginning to erode downslope. Locus A has been severely eroded by this clearing and by

cattle grazing in the area. Locus B has been slightly eroded by the clearing and cattle

grazing. Locus C has been slightly eroded by cattle grazing. There is still a high potential

for subsurface deposits in all of these loci despite erosion.

Locus A is a 50-m NWSW by 30-m SUNW scatter of approximately 300 artifacts. The

artifacts consist of ceramics and flakes. Ceramics include grayware, brownware, and black-

on-white. Lithic material types include chalcedony, chen. and quartzite. Some sandstone

building material occurs in the locus, but may be naturally eroded.

Locus B is a 20-m NEJSW by 15-rn S U N W scatter of approximately 100 artifacts. The

artifacts consist of ceramics and flakes. Ceramics include grayware, brownware, and black-

on-white. Lithic materials include chalcedony, quartzite, and obsidian.

Locus C is a 5-rn by 5-m scatter of approximately 25 artifacts. Ceramics include grayware,

cord-impressed grayware, and brownware. Lithic flakes are manufactured from chalcedony.

Several fragments of ground sandstone are also present.

M N U A 5ITt BOUHWRY -.-.- LOCUS BOUHO*RT --------- WE-D 5

3 R u W E /'"\

COW P A N

CONmUR INILRVAL: I m

Figure 6-3 Site Plan for Site LA 100871.

6-7

The artifact inventory at the site indicates that food preparation activities and habitation

occurred at the site. The large density and diversity of arrifacts on this site indicate a high

potential for significant subsurface deposits.

6.1.4 LA 81355LAR 03-02-03-386 Fieid Number: MA1 1015-4

Site Type: Prehistoric Artifact Scatter

Cultural Affiliation: Ceramic unknown

Size: 165 x 60 m

Site LA 81355lAR 03-02-03-386 is a previously recorded ceramic. chipped stone. and ground

stone scatter of approximately 50 to 100 artifacts located on the top of a ridge overlooking

Leandro Canyon (Figure 6-4). The site measures 165 m NElSW by 60 m SE/NW with an

approximate area of 9,000 m2 at an elevation of 7.160 ft (2.197 m). Mariah's update of the

site consisted of remapping, extending the boundarics of the site. and compiling additional

artifact information.

The site includes two small ceramic and chipped stone concentrations in an otherwise diffuse

artifact scatter. Ceramics include brownware and grayware. Lithic material types include

chert, chalcedony, quartzite, and obsidian. Ground stone includes a vesicular basalt metate

fragment and a possible shaped sandstone mano.

Locus A is a concentration of artifacts containing ceramics and flakes. Ceramics include

grayware and brownware. Lithic materials include quartzite, obsidian. and chert. A dark soil

stain, possibly the originally recorded hearth, Is present in this locus. The sandstone monar,

which was originally recorded in this area, could not be relocated.

Locus B is a concentration of ceramics and flakes containing brownware and grayware

ceramics, and chalcedony, chert, and obsidian flakes.

Activities carried out at this site likely included food preparation and short-term habitation.

This site is fairly extensive, and the overall anifact assemblage is diverse. The high density

of artifacts in the concentration areas suggests that there is potential for undisturbed

subsurface deposits.

Figure 6-4 Site Plan for Site LA 81355.

6-9

6.1.5 LA 1008721AR 03-02-03-646 Field Number: MAI 1015-5

Site Type: Prehistoric Artifact Scatter with Features

Cultural Affiliation: Ceramic unknown

Size: 75 x 60 m

Site LA 100872lAR 03-02-03-646 is a ceramic. chipped stone, and ground stone scatter of

approximately 200 artifacts located on the top and southeast slope of a hill (Figure 6-5). The

site measures 75 m NWISE by 60 m SWINE with an approximate area of 4,000 m' at an

elevation of 7,320 ft (2,218). This site was discovered during the present survey although it

is located outside of the project area.

The site includes one feature and one artifact concentration in an otherwise diffuse artifact

scatter. Ceramics include grayware, brownware, cormgated brownware, cord-impressed

hrownware, and black-on-white. Lithics include chalcedony, chert. quartzite, and obsidian

flakes and a gray chert thumbnail scraper.

Feature 1 is a rock ring/circle approximately 110 centimeters (cm) NIS by 80 crn E/W

composed of shaped sandstone slabs. There i s a possiblc area of grindingluse wear on one

slab suggesting that this may be a shaped metate.

Locus A consists of a dense concentration of flakes rrnd ceramics in a IS-m by 12-rn &a.

Ceramics include brownware, grayware, and black-on-white sherds. Lithic material types

include chalcedony, chert, and quartzite.

The artifact assemblage suggests that activities carried out at this site include food preparation

and short-term habitation. Density and diversity of artifacts suggest that there is a good

potential for significant subsurface deposits.

MIUY

511E B O U H W

L O N $ BOUNLURI

SHERD

LlMIC OCWITME

L IME TOOL

CROUHO STONE

R O e i S

COHrOUR I*1t€W*C:

Figure 6-5 Site Plan for Site LA 100872.

6-1 1

6.1.6 LA 8 1356/AR 03-02-03-387 Field Number: None

Sitc Type: Nuclear test site. Gasbuggy Gas Stimulation Test Site

Cultural Affiliation: Recent historic

Size: Monument: Approximately 40 cm (L) x 30 cm (W) x 20 cm (H) Total Site: 160 acres

Site LA 81356lAR 03-02-03-387 is the Gasbuggy Gas Stimulation Test Site. Tt is a 160-acre

site located on USFS (Carson National Forest) land that is withdrawn by the DOE in Rio

Arriba County, north-central New Mexico. Gasbuggy is situated on the edge of a meadow in

Leandro Canyon at an elevation of 7.7W ft, approximately 200 rn southwest of the main

drainage. The DOE (previously the Atomic Energy Commission). as well as other parties,

have conductcd activities on the 160-acre parcel since the early 1960s. Gasbuggy was one of

four joint govemment-industry experiments under the Plowshare Program designed to develop

peaceful uses for nuclear explosions. Experiments were carried out to ascertain the economic

feasibility of using nuclear explosions to fracture underground rock formations and stimulate

the flow of natural gas. On December 10, 1967, a nuclear device was detonated underground

(4,400 ft [1,333 m] below ground surface) at Gasbuggy with the hope of fracturing the

bedrock and releasing natural gas for commercial and domestic use. Subsequent tests were

performed in 1968, 1969, and 1973. During the 1960s and 1970s, grading, tilling, and other

types of ground disturbing activities were camed out. Site demobilization was conducted

during August and September of 1978. The land is currently being leased out for cattle

grazing and oil and gas operations (DOE 1993b).

A small concrete pedestal monument containing a bronze plaque marks the location OF the test

shaft. The title of the monument reads: "Project Gasbuggy Nuclear Explosive

Emplacernent/Reentry Well (GB-ER)." The site is also marked by a USFS sign as a "point of

interest."

6.2 Isolated Occurrences Four isolated occurrences were recorded during the Gasbuggy survey. These 10s are

described and legal descriptions are provided in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1

Isolated Occurrences

UTM Location (Zone 13)

No. Isolated Occurrences Easting Northing

I White chalcedony core fragment. size 302570 4061360 class 3.

2 Obsidian non-cortical flake. size class 4. 302720 4061610

3 Obsidian non-cortical flake. size class 3. 302230 406 1660 and obsidian bifacially flaked core tlilke, size class 4.

4 Hearthlcampfire ring, I-m diameter. with 302 170 406 1660 an associated steel Miller Beer can. church key opened. A duff-covered 3.5-171' by 2-m%ent base 0.25 rn high is located on a slight slope nearby. Dates to late 1950s. early 1960s.

7.0 Recommendations

Three previously recorded sites, thrce previously unrecorded sites. and four prcviously

unrecorded 10s wcre discovered and documented during the 160-acre Gasbuggy survey. Five

sites were prehistoric artifact scatters, three with associated fcatures. Occupation of these

sites appears to date to the early Pueblo 1 period. One site was a post-World War I1 Euro-

American site. Three 10s included one or two chipped stone artifacts, and one I 0 was a

modern campfire ring and tent pad with an associated modem can.

The data potential of the 10s is considered to have been fully recorded by field

documentation. Eligibility recommendations for sites are provided in Table 7-1. One of the

newly recorded sites. LA 100870lAR 03-02-03-644. is considered to bc sufficiently

documented by in-field recordation. and no further investigation is required. This site is not

considered to be eligible to the NRNP. Archaeological clearance is recommended for LA

100870lAR 03-02-03-644 and the 10s. One newly recorded site. LA 100872lAR 03-02-03-

646, was not located within the project area and will have no bearing on the proposed project.

However, it is considered eligible for inclusion in the NRHP.

Three of the remaining sites contain additional information not fully documented through

surface recording. These sites retain sufficient integrity or information to address pertinent

research design issues. Therefore, these three prehistoric sites, LA 16429lAR 03-02-03-78,

LA 100871lAR 03-02-03-645. and LA 81355lAR 03-02-03-386, arc rccommended as

significant cultural resources eligible for inclusion in the NRBP under Title 36 C.F.R. $60.4

criterion "d" of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and the NMSRCP since they

may yield information important to prehistory and history.

Preservation plans for these sites include avoidance of the site areas in the event of any

ground-disturbing activities. Prior to any disturbance, the site boundaries should be clearly

marked. If avoidance is not possible, testing and data recovery are recommended to recover

information on these valuable cultural resources.

The Gasbuggy Site, LA 81356lAR 03-02-03-387, is recommended as a significant cultural

resource eligible to the NRHP under Title 36 C.F.R. 660.4 criterion "a" of the NHPA of 1966

Table 7-1 Eligibility Recommendations

UTM Location (Zone 13) NHRP

LA No. USFS No. Easting Northing Recommendation

-9 LA 100870 AR 03-02-03-644 302740 4061630 Not eligible

LA 16429 AR 03-02-03-78 302680 406 1040 Eligible

LA 10087 1 AR 03-02-03-645 302360 4061 140 Eligible

LA 81355 AR 03-02-03-386 302240 4061530 Eligible

LA 100872 AR 03-02-03-646 m* Eligible aob0517

LA 8 1356 AR 03-02-03-387 302740 4061210 Eligible

and the NMSRCP as it pertains to a significant event in American history. We recommend

that this site, along with the other three Plowshm Program sites (Rio Blanco Gas Stimulation

Test Site [5R82307] and Rulison Gas Stimulation Test Site [5GF1656] in Colorado and

Gnome-Coach Test Site [LA 432813 in New Mexico) be nominated as a group under criterion

'5." Although each of these sites is less than 50 years old, the use of nuclear explosions for

peaceful purposes is an important component of Cold War Era research. The Plowshare

Program represents a unique event in history, thereby making it important for understanding

the broad patterns of history. As a result, each of these four joint government-industry

experiments under the Plowshare Program should be considered significant and nominated as

a group to the NRHP. However, only the actual monument marking the test location with a

100-ft (30-rn) radius buffer should be considered as part of the nomination and be avoided.

8.0 References

Bailey, Garrick A., and Roberta Glenn Bailey, 1986, A History of the Nava;os: The Reservation Years. School of American Research Press. Santa Fe.

Brown, Gary M., and John A. Evaskovich. 1993. Cultural Resource Inventory oj' Williums Field Services Trunk "D" Loop Naturul Gus Pipeline. Rio Arriha County New Mexico. MA1 Report 809, Mariah Associates, Inc., Albuquerque.

Carlson, R.L., 1965, Eighteenth Century Fortresses of the Cobernador District (the Earl Morris Paper No. 2) University of Colorado Series in Anthropolo~y 10. Boulder.

Codc of Federal Regulations. Title 36, "Parks, Foresu, and Public Property," Part 60.4, "National Park Service. Department of Interior.'' Washington. DC.

Cordell, Linda, 1982, The Pueblo Period in the San Juan Basin: An Overvicw and Some Research Problems. In The Sun Juan Tomorrow: Plnnnin~for the Conservation of Cultural Resources in the Sun Juan Basin, edited by Fred Plog C1 Walter Wait. pp. 59-83. National Park Service. Albuquerque. and School of American Research, Santa Ec.

Dittert, A.E., J.J. Hester, and F.W. Eddy, 1961. An Archeological Survey of the Navajo Reservoir District, Northwestern New Mexico Monographs of the School of American Research and the Museum of New Mexico 23. Santa Fe.

Executive Order 1 1593, "Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment," 36 Federal Register 8921, May 13, 1971, Washington, DC.

Hancock, Patricia M., Timothy M. Kearns. Roger A. Moore. Margaret A. Powers, Alan C. Reed, Linda Wheelbarger, and Penelope A. Whitten, 1988, Excavations in the Middle La Plafa Valley for Sun Juan Coal Company. Studies in Archaeology No. 6, Division of Conservation Archaeology, F m n g t o n .

Hogan, Patrick, 1986, Overview, Research Design, and Data Recovery Program for Cultural Resources Within the Bolack Exchange Lands. Submitted to Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque, Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Hogan, Patrick, Jannette M. Elgea, and Peter N. Eschman. 1991, Overview and Research Design for the Fruitland Coal Gus Development Area. Proposed for the Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque District, Office of Contract Archeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

Kearns. Timothy M., 1992, The Prcceramic Archaeology of the Upper San Juan River in Northwest New Mexico and Southwest Colorado. In Cultural Diversity and A&ptation. The

Archaic. Anusazi, and Navajo Occupurion rf the Upper Sun Jum Basin, edited by Lori Stcphens Reed and Paul F. Reed, Bureau of Land Management. Santa Fc.

Kidder, Alfred V., 1920, Ruins of the Historic Period in the Upper San Juan Valley. New Mexico. Americcriz Anthropologist 12(4):327-329.

Moore. James L., and Joseph C. Winter (editors), 1980. Human Adaprations in a Marginal Environment. The UII Mitigation Project. Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. Public Law No. 91-190: 83 Stat. 852, 42 E.S.C, 4321. Washington, DC.

National Historic Preservation Act of October 15. 1966, Public Law No. 89-665: 80 Stat. 915; I6 U.S.C. 470, Washington, D.C.

Reher, C.A. (editor), 1977. Settlement and Subsisfence Along the Lower Chaco River: The CGP Survey, University OF New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Stuart, David E.. md Rory P. Gauthier. 1984. Prehistoric New Mexico: Background for Survey, State of New Mexico office of Cultural Affairs. Historic Preservation Division, Santa Fe.

U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, 1993a, Sensitive Species Survey results for DOWNV Off-Sires in New Mexico, DOENV 10972--54. Las Vegas Nevada.

U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office. 1993b. Survey Plans for DOWNV Sites Ourside of Nevada. Las Vegas, Nevada.

Appendix A

Correspondence with the Jicarilla Apache Tribe and Navajo Nation

Departrnont of Enugy Nevada Ofxrationa Onice

P.O. Box 98618

Las Vegns, NV 891938518

Allen Downer, Director Historic Preservation Program Navajo Nation P.O. Box 2798 Window Rock. Arizona 86515

REQUEST FOR COMMENTS ON CULTURAL RESOURCES PROJECT

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) continues to monitor the Gasbuggy Gas Stimulation Test Site in a portion of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico and, in the future, will be conducting characterization activities to determine what rernediation. if any, may be required at the site. In June 1993, in preparation for thnc activities which may involve drilling, geophysical surveys, and the collection of environmental samples, DOE commissioned a cultural resources survey. The area, which is near the homeland of the Navajo Nation. is located in the Carson National Forest approximately 20 miles southwest of Dulce, New Mexico, in Township 29 North, Range 4 W u f Section 36 (Los Medanos and Remuda Basin. 7.5' U.S. Geological Survey quad maps).

The survey was conducted by Mariah Associates, Inc. and IT Corporation (under a U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Special Use Pennit). Six sites and four isolated occurrences (10s) were located dur~ng the survey. Three of these sites were newly identified and three had been previously recorded. Five of the sites occur within the 160 acre project area. The sixth site was located near. but o u u ~ d e the project area. Four are prehistoric and one was recent historic. Four of the sites contin lithic debitage while three contain ceramics. One site is a large habitation site of the Pueblo I cultural affiliation. The 1 0 s consist of two flakes and a core fragment. The fourth I0 is a campsite dating to the 1950s or 1960s. No materials were collected during the surveys.

Preliminary recommendations are that five of the sites are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places and the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties under (36 C.F.R. 60.4) Criterion "d" of the National Historic Prsscrvation Act of 1966, as amended. DOE'S preferred option is to avoid disturbing cultural resources sites whenever possible. If scientific or technical requirements do not permit avoidance. then data recovery would be commenced following the appropriate consultations.

DOE requesm the comments of the Navajo Nation regarding the significance to the people of the project area surveyed. If there are any potential sites of historic, religious, or ceremonial significance that might be adversely affected by future alteration of'the present

Allen Downer

ground surface, please contact me by November 29, 1993, so that this information can be included in our report.

If you have any questions, please contact Frank R. Maxwell. of my staff, at (702) 295-1050. Thank you for your consideration of this request.

Envtronment~l Restoration Division

cc: Jon Young. USFS, Taos. NM David Cushmnn, HPD, Santa Fe. NM L. A. Bambrey, IT, Denver. CO M. L. Brown. IT, Las Vegns. NV

Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office

P.O. Box W518 La6 Vognu, NV 89193-8518

Leonard Atole. President Jicarilla Apache Tribe P.O. Box 507 Dulce. New Mexico 87528

REQUEST FOR COMMENTS ON CULTURAL RESOURCES PROJECT

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) continues to monitor the Gasbuggy Gas Stimulation Test Site in a portion of Rio Arriba County. New Mexico and, in the future, will be conducting characterivltion activities to determine what remediation, if any, may be required at the site. In June 1993, in preparation for these activities which may involve drilling, geophysical surveys, and the collection of environmental samples, DOE commissioned a cultural resources survey. The area, which is near the homeland of the Jicarilla Apache People, is located in the Carson National Forest approximately 20 miles southwest of Dulce, New Mexico. in Township 29 North. Range 4 West, Section 36 (Los Medanos and Remuda Basin, 7.5' U. S. Geological Survey quad maps).

The survey was conducted by Mariah Associates. Inc. and IT Corporation (under a U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Special Use Permit). Six sites and four isolated occurrences (10s) were located during the survey. Three of these sites were newly identified and three had been previously recorded. Five of the sites occur within the 160 acre project area. The sixth site was located near, but outside the project area. Four are prehistoric and one was recent historic. Four of the sites contain lithic debitage while three contain ceramics. One site is a large habitation slte of the Pueblo I cultural affiliation. The 1 0 s consist o f huo flakes and a core fragment. The fourth I 0 is a campsite dating to the 1950s or 1960s. No materials were collected during the surveys.

Preliminary recommendations are that five of the sites are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties under (36 C.F.R. 60.4) Criterion "d" of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. DOE'S preferred option is to avotd disturbing cultural resources sites whenever possible. If scientific or technical requirements do not permit avoidance, then data recovery would be commenced follow~ng the appropriate consultations.

DOE requests the comments of the jicarilla Apaches regarding the significance to the people of the project area surveyed. If there are any potential sites of historic, religious, or ceremonial significance that might be adversely affected by future alteration of the present

Leonard Atole

ground surface. please contact me by November 29, 1993. so that this information can be included in our report.

If you have any questions, p luse contact Frank R. Maxwell. of my staff, at (702) 295-1050. Thank you for your consideration of this request.

Stephen A. Mellingt Acting Director NT tc: Jon Young, USFS, Taos, NM David Cushman, HPD, Santa Fe, NM L. H. Bambrey. IT, Donvsr, CO

'&f. L. Brown. IT, Las Vegas, NV

f l Environmental Restoration Division

Appendix B

Flake Size Template

Appendix C

USFS Site Forms and Notes

.

.

En*uonmenW Siu h h l m 4- #~I<-I 1 Sht b i m h :

u Y b b Y -RE AREA -WED AREA

&I* Sum 1 I I i 1 51 0 !I* &*RE rnr.5 b ? Y Y U r 4 I U Y Y . b Y W H

D-: L.rrlrh+,m. E d w r a m . . f l a v % - h # 8 f a h> mm m

A R T l F A m OBSERVED:

;

. . 12

1b

Sit. S m i f i i Inlormrtion 1 h . d $31 n RMW of Sit* Owmtb h Y m 8.C. (1950)

D m h 8 d O n : <.n-., IZ

FEATURES: . la I. IS

-

I 30 3 1 3 i

i IM. *-*dm

-

41

.i u

ARTIFACTSMATERIAL f D L L E m :

Crrmmn

timn

%

P 0 l h r

F h r n i @ -I v* - b7 Y

Llulli Eomanma: .,

CULTURAL C W l f IUTlW: .- [ ~ l u l h I s k $ l I I I I ] 1 j I 1 I 1 I I j u U Y U W w m n m i t n m 4 76 n 17 14 7* &x

* A c t I

C o m p l e t e d b y DJ < r \ , r r . c ~ , n r D a t e b / ~ i L / C 7 3 Addit ional remarks. observations or comnents. The l i s t e d cat8gories must be addressed when completing t h i s form. The back o f t h i s page may also be used.

1) Ceramics N o n e h o i + d - .

2 ) Lltnlm ,*,ha[ r * d o n v c n r * L i ~ k e C,Rqm,n+ hiJ-h

edn c l a w , 5 . 6 1 J I /

J J

1- 9 f l O d s + o n * of014 n d . ~ + o n r r q e e r d - k , ' L e P ~ . n ( Fact+& rhrr r r i + r r : l ~ > l - c c r ( oA 0 ' Z..d L.

31 Architecture N O ~ P ' n o + r d . .

4) Features N o &?n+r~rr.S n - o k d . C - fsw m ; d c r o h b l * , : of ~ ~ ~ d s t o n r

( 0 s ~ I S r w h - y r i n v k ~ ' I 0 - 0 i ma,, t n 4 i r n t r h ; ~ h / y -,- nu r ./is t-u r k c d 4Fq h . 4 d . L O W F V I L ,

5) Site Conditipn . r 4 ; e a A n o d I , , , ,L , -J

6) General Artifactual Y>,, (, <, r / - ' . fl r . </ cr. .- L +,A " ..,, ..\ . ,

7) Settlement Characteristics - 1 f l * - /! , , ..-4

8) R ~ 6 r c h Potential of Site

Photographs taken / , I P S - :I k . r:rVq g d giQLWted h e r e hlnri Ah h r ~ o r ~ r k h ~ I W L % M P ~ ~ ; L G ,du

1 . C C E N O - 0 5 1" OARIV

UClCRS S I E SDUPlOYtl A

I N LITHIC DEBNEE LO

EWVlO O N E CS

C O N W R IHTEWU: I

,- ..-- I

1- ../---/-

I__.' / J '

,/" /

*IORIH Pwmctr ARC* BOUNW L~NE

**------*.-.

./"'

/

T ,A

Site Plan for Site LA 100870. A R # O ~ - O L - L Y ~

I I ! I

L E G E N D !

SITE Ga I 5 W T E O OCCURREMCE - PROJCCT ARE*

1 0 0 0 ?OW YIW WW woo 1111

I

. .

.- USGS Map Showing Loation of Inventoried Area and Cultural Resources.

fore t+ s r r v i c r # / L O + Taken from h n d r o Canyon, New Mexico Quadrangle (1963, photorevised . -. -. . -. . -. .. . +982), 7.5' Series (1:24,000 Scale). UTM Zone 13. -

a R , ,,3-. L 7 ~ - L Y ~ - Ln 1 0 0 5 7 0 5 3 - o l - 7 8 ' Lb lL' f27

, 3 . J L -,,q5 : Lrr 100E71

0 3 - o x - 3 r d - L A 8 1 3 5 5 J j . o z . b Y 1 . - Ln l o d a q r

t5UCHEOLOGICAI. ANI )

HISTORICAL SlTE !NVENTORY

(Ref: FSH 2361) (Inruucbmc Culknl R - r m Ccdlng G u d c l -

LEGAL: I /L " * S E

, L-tiorul and CAM lnfo4ation (6.m #1)

'I

I State N e w IV\e x i LO R I ~ l i r r - 1 ~ ~

18 18 20 21 a2

ZONE NORTlilNG GVTI NG 1 U n h l Tn- M- Loeation m-m m m 1 - m 1-

73 24 25 26 27 28 W M 31 32 33 24 35 15 37

Other rump andlor numbar: M A I 1 0 / 5 2 Ln 1 6 4 2 9

1 R IM Nurnbcr (Cia5 1 Sitn): Site Eykrtation lFSM 2361.1) Bv Pmfcsiorvl Cultunl Rewrurec Spe*list Onlv.

MaplAaial 5Q Photo:

S i i Condition Percent of Disturbance ~ e a n d r n C > n r ~ , 1 5 '

I .51 52 E4

i n y r a site "rked 17 S i i File Check ~d~ on Ground c Expcirdsd

55 s 57 5a s3 on S l t t 61

Date Site Irrvatorid:

YEAR FOREST NUMBER MONTH DAY YEAR

62 a M 65 66 67 a 69 70 71 n 73 7r 75 76 '17 78 79 80

LANDFORM

El 21 n

ON SlTE TOPOGRAPHY A S P K 7 AVERAGE SLWE

N E OF SITE (IN DEGREES)

23 14 25 26 27 28 B 30 _..

ELEVATION (IN FEET1

L9 29

I Nurcn Agicultunl Land: TYPE pq-q D I ~ E ~ I O ~ m] OtrrANCE (IN <MI r l . ml u 45 4 4 7 4a 4 9 50 51

CONTINUED

CORE AREA DISPERSED AREA

Sire Size ( 3 1 0 ( 0 1 1 1 I 7 0 0 0 I N SOUARE METERS 57 58 59 60 ,61 62 63 M 65 66 67 68

Dimensions: Length 175 - m. wamll'j P, m. Height m. Dcmh m.

ARTIFACTS OBSERVED: Flaked Stcnc Ground S t m a k.mi- f i ~ 70 71 --

Bone , I Other P r t h i s ~ H i s ~ Cermmia 72 $3 , >4 75

76 77 78 70 80

Site Specific Information (Cad #31

Range o f Site Ocarmtion in Ycarr 8.P. (19501 l r n m 2 3 4 G 6 1 8 0 10 11

Date 8.4 On: tt Tcx r/? i ( 5 12

FEATURES: Subsurlaa Rooms S u r f 2 R o o m s 13 4 15

cml 16 17 18

" I ' I h e M a d - r n l -.. m 1g 21 22 23 14 " Bounded.

t o r i ml .-in. pit lm ;;zR-fd Ejfid 25 25 + 27 23 B 30 31 32

Lsrge Deprerrion li)] W~ter lSoi l C0mol F I M a d . NowMadm rn 34 35 36

Bedrock Grinding fi QuarrylMine B u i l d q s m ] R& A n 37 38 39 4n 41 42 '

Mirellancous Fa tu r f s mI 43 u

ARTIFACTSIMATERIAL COLLECTED: . . Flaked Stone G m u d St-

45 4s

*am& -Bare a a , 0 t h ~ -k Hi& c=rami= a 4a 49

' Glaa 0 t h e l Other Historic %il s rnp ie 55

$J 53 54 $6

,,,ion pJ 0 v. Sarn~ le I Pollen q7. 58 59 60

Mult i tomponmu: 61

I CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION: I

C o m p l e t e d b y & q~i,/h6yf l r j ~ pnndinr D a t e b / L 2 / 1 7 9 ~ A d d i t l o n a l remarks, obdervahons or tomnents. The l isted catagories must be addressed when completing this form. The back of this page may qlso be used.

1) Ceramics I Q O * ? c r a b - c z . T ~ P C S l n r l ~ d e ~ I d i n . ~ r u v w a n o / n i n AT OW^ M / ~ V T ,

o o 1 i 5 h d h r s w n (*ldrC. ' hlnrk ,oq- w h i e r ~ d ' w a r r A ' o r o x . $ 0 -',L 1 c h r r d s n r s v l w n e . T n r + b o w / ~ k r r d J o b s f r v - + A . a n/aa ~k ~ f l d . o m , ~ n n o t vrs.r c( t v o c n h . t r r v r d

6) General Anifactual

7) Settlement Characteristics

8) Research P%$tial Site r. Ll mh-,r r n r f ,v rn f , i tv d i ~ n ' f i r ~ r ~ , th,e

n r x b P f l r 1 0f J $ ? a h l r r r 0-d t h r ,-- v ' 1 ' 8 ~ n TA o f s ( ~ h - r lPo ~ n d f r ~ r r3 V ~ R t- n d d , - h 8 o d L .T,r rF- ?A. u , ~ ; 9-T r7 Pr~/.fnr> -

h r h M R M b , J r F r r m i71 /-L ,

Photographs taken XI l .u@-~?f

I PQ S r r n a r n , i , ~ ~ * n o v : 0- ~ * P L J G /

2 & r i f f n a r r q h e (see r e p o r t f o r f u ~ [ d + s r . r ; p t ~ a n )

&r t i&CC ~ S J C M ~ / Q ~ OX t h ~ $;k ~ M I O C A ' G ~ J $+ II.WrtmrCS, C C I , ; ~ ~ , g r o u q d srar .c , f i n d b o o ? . c,rcc ~ p p e s . ' ~ ; , d c ) A r f i + r t c , &-<pc.rsrd C K ~ 1 ) hcro - ' f ++I* , w d * A 4 ~ r * f n & ? h n r & n + r & - d h ~ n o u d . i o c u t) n n d L o c u $ Can m a p ] & o n + i . C t of d e o f c r & ~ W Q W P - ~ B ~ ~ + ~ t . r h ' + ~ e r r . TO+,ZL t n w ~ a * ~ ~n r h t l o o ' s . SAC.- k a h e ~ u -e rp ;defln'&cd. (see b p p ~ s ; ~ c,-dL)

- CERAWIIC AND LITHIC DEBITAGE DATA FORM -

- Site NO. rflm !31?-kvenime ?ar~ 7 *b ~niriais. D~CL' A '-,'S;L SkIERDS BY TYPE

- / 'f\h - 'f-1.h- I

~ 7 % - I \

FLmD/BATTERED/GROUNDSTONE TOOL DATA FORM .

Site NO.N.CI ,!7!5*1 ~attnicnrr: ':',tf\i, 'f, IniriPir. Date !,\ t? %a& 3 I

Pmvenicnc~~Site Map Reference:

- 3 - 7 Tool Type:

cr.-'- h+ +-p.+f

Material Type:

V Y CL LL0d-L.A

Use/ Wear: v i o u fi&.J

Drawing: Show scale if nor 1: 1 = > (Use back of form if too big)

ii ' ., ,

Y'

S ~ E ( : (

. . . . ............... . . . .- ... . . - - - - ....... . .

.. . . i& Q- ~ , / d d A . - - WL4-J 1 .&/ wp---. 6 -2, 7 " 3 =& u. C-. 2 0 -. €(w..T-.E.~/: .. 5, ,- 3~71, k

.... ...... A& + ..*L .r:. A. d . .&.??p--2&-.+ f d

- -. L.<d . ,* , ,&.L .- + - ...--.- - . - PA- . . . . . . . . . -.-.. ....

! L E C E N 0

SITE a DOMlEO OCCURRENCE - I P R M C T AREA

IOW 20W >OW 40W 5000 FCLI

I I

-- . USGS Map Showing Location of Inventoried A m and C u l W Resources. zrc6+ S + ~ V I . C C # / L A =$ Taken from Leandro Canyon, New Mexico Quadrangle (1963, photorevised

------4982), 7.5' Series (1:24,00OScaIe). UTM Zone 13. 4~~ 0 3 - o l - L ' I Y ' L f l 100 '170

t ~ - ~ ~ - 3 8 ' LA IL lq27

",7.aL -,,qs L G I O U L l 7 i

$ , - ( , 2 - 3 r d - L P 8'355 J 3 . 0 z - & 1 1 L - L A 1 o 0 2 q L

CORE AREA DISPERSED AREA

Sirc S i z t 1 1 I ; L ~ o ~ o ~ 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 o o IN SOUARE METERS 57 68 59 ,612 Gz d b / S w 63 G1 65 66 6 7 bB

Dirncn<ioni: Length m. Widrh 16 0 rn. E / K , Height m. Depth m.

ARTIFACTS OBSERVED: Flak- h n e Growxi -- a Warn i c r 13( 69 70 7 1

Bone Shell Other Preh in Hi% C c r u r n i ~ 72 73 74 75

G1.a - other M- Q 0- H M ~ %%$? 76 77 78 79 80

Site Specific Information (Card 4731

Ranqe of Sire Ocorwtion in Yurr 8.P. (19501 2 3 4 G 7 8 8 10 11

Date B a d On: ~ e r a m : l f3 12

FEATURES: S u h W Rooms Surf- I3-rns 1-1 1.1 1 1 1+ I t 17 1.4 ." .- .- ..

Partial Shelters ' M a d m 5 H. lh rn 21 Y 23 24

Bounded. t o i ~ .-it-q Pit ~1 t d o c - ~ ~ ~ ~ Arw z* ~1

15 16 . 27 m B 30 31 32

Larp Depression 0 - - WlterJSoil Canwol Mound. Non-Midden @ 33 34 35 36

Bedrock Grinding ,a i n i i R m k M 37 38 39 4!Y d l 42 .

M ~ r e l l a n a Futuru 43 u

ARTIFACTUMATERIAL COLLECFED: Flaked Stom G l a n d Srare 45 46

mami- B a c I 0- P M h L a Hia * a m i = O UI 50

Glas fi Cans Other Metal 0 t h Historic SOl 63 Y 55 56

Pollen F1at.n c v q Q- @ 57. - 58 59 60

CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION:

- C o m p l e t e d b y l n ~ J P o n n & ~ & ~ f i & h a i ' e 6/23/179? A d d i t i o n a l remarks. o b s e r h t i b n s or comnents. The l i s t e d camgories must be addressed when completing t h i s form. The back of this page may - I qlso be used.

3) Architecture n s m ~ r n ~ f i s LI~JPWA . 4 U P A T f a b b / * ~

I t + tPr +bf L k v .'M 4 0 #.r I d 1 h u , / r l rnn M - P ,-, 0.0 . , d J

4) Features . < . re 5 / d r d f ; . ~ r x f . T ; h r r n f f i h r t r n n r m t m Ail.)! I , ~ ; . A B C I ~ ~ P K en- &,pi, . .

, / /

as+ " v r i Y O h rr?, ,t .; - ; . , . . , . r .?I. ! <-. , ,.: --

, , . . ( ,( , ,. ., ;, .. r - r . - , , 7 ,- 1 P , r , , , f !,, - / J .<7 (? <.f . ,, - - -. , - '

/I rr 5 I / ~ k k ' C . f r x A t h * C , ' K , robt ton N L I J f & ~ * * w < ~ . U'

-?h / " ) lp f l r r * h ~ 6) General Artifactual

7 (- L A c r d ,C 1 9 , { J 5 , - , I ni-,4t.cr,l

G ' K . - . . J-+ o c P ) , T r c t ' + t - r r s r 4 . q p r . . : : ++.* 7 r r . / n f s f

co,- / + . ~ + , + f i h ,.-,, 5 , I . : .!?I. , t r . ; t ; f ; - y f ~ . /?,, ?- ,?- mt , ,

Photographs taken i l f S , (a+, k' 9 .=r i., r aJ.i )&located where 1 A I c Y ~ T ~ L L

C s~ npp,, u p y h r 6 n ~ r ~ t y ~ ~ ~ 3

i M A / I015 -3 C O C C I . ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ J e r * . e m r t r Y m ~ + SC~+-

,.,.. m;+h ~ o n c e r ; i - r a ~ l C l n r b . f - q ~ + Ioy_;, TAP ' I T g i h 6 k d

+- on fht t o p And G E 5 l - p ~ of a r , ' d y r W ~ I ' C ~ L's bow h o ed h v X r & ; n a 3 . . c : , A n a . r k n n ' r h r a h ~ h & C ~;J-c

b '-8 expos inS m y f i e + = 2nd h a s 6-ccn m t c h f l q . : r a L t C l @ p e d ,

- s.t-odLng <he I L O C - A e ceh r -c - /% < r ~ ~ L e d k , ~ +ha;$ c l ~ c t r , A ~.-d '7 k y CAW< q ~ q ~ ' h L,+

b ~ + c h i ( c o n t n c L m p d * h f r e ( h r . I ; ~ - t k g ~ ~ r f - o ~ r r " 7 ' ep,,,, .

L o c w C a p ~ o ~ ; m t t t I /D x I0 tn 6- C A I R S ; ~ ~ ; f ~ , % c e ~ a r n t > ~

v e.+h..cr b P n ~ r m o ~ r t o r p . Shr;PdP iq .,,n. J

b r r e l ~ u.JACP/ COTA'- i m p n 5 z e R , ~ r c . 1 L ~ P C , a n d b / u c l c - - f f ~ - d h r ' k . P o k n h d r b w l ~ ' e 4 Lf-pd$~*r-~

p~~~ ~

O r ,, L I h - * 10 /C ,,i+- F p

c tic%) .,,.- "PI" I i.

0 , . . - 9 L . q < .,d- : - ,,.* ".".b -.?. L.4, . , ,J 1

C, Tm . . A I , . ( . ,, , ,,&,, ,,v,..b l t w e . d .&' . . . -. k.- ;, J -

L.

CERAMIC AND LITHIC DEBITAGE DATA FORM

Site NoP7A5 1 * ( 5 - ? ' - h l ~ i ~ n c t : ..) - - fi&.Da& ~ h ( i 7 ~~1 - N b - 7 ,c::LWOL LJC; e i . 8 i . 6 171 sIq3

SHERDS BY TYPE

b a a P -\

,-'L - (

m C DEBITAGE Pmrcni- -J - <

'4 i . . ."

9-b- h*

.: ' ,/

. . L.,

~ ~ ~ D / B X T T E R E D / G R O ~ ' N D S T O N E TOOL DATA FORM d Site NoYh kT IOlS + 3 Rorcnrence: L y - - Knidols. Date L-W? ( L -- \ r-rd?\ LLLTI~ s

.- Provenience?Site Map Reference:

L - C

Tool Type:

d - g y (W

Material Type:

Use/ Wear:

cuyr;.cl---a

Drawing: Show scale if nor I:1 = > (Use back of form if too big)

v

--- I '. I

m

1

L+

FLAKED/BATTERED/GROuNDSTONE TOOL DATA FORM

-'

PmvcniencuSiu Map Refcrtncc:

Tool Type:

~vuc!e ~J;+C-LL k-Jmcr

Material Type: - .

o\oscB-,+r, Cb'-/Y3

Usu Wear:

h3- oh-d

Drawing: Show scak if nor 1:1 = > (Use back of form if too big)

s ~ c n ; I : (

Site Plan for Site LA 100871. AQ 03- 0 2 - 64-5

A L E C - E N 0

I SITE 'm ISO(A1ED OCCURRENCE .

N 0- PROJfcl UIU

IWO 20W IOW *OW I

300" FCCT

- --.-- USGS Map Showing Location of Inventoried Area and Cultural Resources.

rrct+ ~ . - r v i c c # / L O +t. Taken from Leandro Canyon, New Mexico Quadrangle (1963, photorevised . . . . - . ,. .. - 1982), 7.5' Series (1 :24,MX) Scale). UTM Zone 13. 4 - 2 - - Ln 1 0 0 ~ 7 0

Bonc S M l LL] Other PIchin n Hin. wi 73 73 74

-0 h

GlLs a C m m u d ~ o n e [7 O m . Meul 0 0 " i i 0 76 77 78 7~ 80 .

Site Spxific Information (Cud #31

CORE AREA DISPERSED AREA

I

Range of Sire Ompation in Years 6.P. (19501 -1 1.1 2 3 4 6 6 7 S 8 10 1 1 -

Sue S u e 1 I l 0 l l l sl

Dare B a d On: CET,LM;C&, 12

FEATURES: Subwrf~c Rwms SuAazRcmnn 13 14 15 ( O ~ C p o S ~ i k

Mn!oom Walk [7 ' Partial S M t m M i m u m 19 la 21 Y 23 14

f 1 " 2 l--T-cl B0und-U. m R-ing pit m ;g~=f+ [7 Efi* 1717

27 28 B 30 31 31

Large Deprrrrion 8" . Watcr/bil m n r r o l m ] ~ m n d . N-a*m 23 24 35 36

~ed;k Grinding 5 QuanyIMine a7

B u i l d i c q s [ 1 5 7 Rock Afl 0 38 39 4 41 42

m Mkt l lancan Fuurrcr I ] 1

4 3 44

ARTIFACTSMlATERIAL COLLECTED: . , .I&, Sf, - s- 0

45 46

k a m i p • -Bone -1 0 ,--- o"ist.-o 49

I 0 , - Glan Cans 0 0 e l H i s t i &

9 sil s m d e

SS fl $5 fi c-a! 0 0 Pollen F loatation I 5 7. 58 59 60 -

57 £4 59 60 ,61 62 63 f~ 65 & 67 68 Dimrnrionr: Length 160 m. widrh&"'-

Height m. Otmh m.

ARTIFACTS OBSERVED: F b k d Sfme 0 G f m d Stom 69 cb=-- 70 71

I

I CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION:

9 0 0 8 IN SQUARE M E T E R S

- 1992 M R P I R ~ IIIPDATEO .DA .rO&f.! =-*VICE

ARCHEOtOGlCAL AND HIST ORlC* CWEWORY ,.

'2 w

FOM COHPLETEB BY: T W N S Ul? RANGE E M SECTION - A . A ' S T T > ~ M \ ~ A )

I 1 1 0

t u l t m o l Rnourm R t b Numkr: S h Inrmtorlad: Rrsordrt B Y

KIKm DAY , , , , T , , , q , wrr YEAR

12 u u 45 CL 67 u 71 n 73 15 7; 77 76 79 6: k

I

~ n ~ i r o n m A u l and Site Drurptnr lnlar-llon (Cud E21Eon1uu.d +

I CULTURAL C&IF IUTIDN: I

- (

?

Sh. DMimion: c- 62 rn U W E M I W b1 M

c o ~ r *%FA \ 5 ' Y DSPERSED A R E A

yjU s t * I LHJ I-? ! *I 5s' I '1 J T 1 1 o I , O / I * ror*nr unrRr *> U LO I 1 61 U M I 5 6 7 ' - U D h ~ ~ r u : Lmnmh q,l m. Wath I 3 m " 3 H.ipht .* mi, Dwpth ' ra m.

ART IFACTS OBSERVED: st- G- St- Csmrnicl 60 70 7 I

U

R- sf sit. ~crupltion k~un B.P. ( 1 ~ to f l - + T q a r 6 . 6 7 4 o 10 11

Dm,,, .."..>., 1z z

FEATURES: . -.m .- rn ' R-. [nl 13 14 15 16 I 7 I4

* w @ -1 Ah , U Y h . 1-1 """h mi m ?I 22 a3 l d

6"". 0 1-1 '

Ck /it F] N*R-i* 0 CI. 37 2a

&U

/5JX 59 30 3 1 32

I& Orpreaia W.r~lson bntrd (101 Uwnd. Hon*liddm IO( ,

Y a5

B.droc* =r*dinp rn . , Ourr*R(k. a . 3 7 Ja 39 an 4 1 4 1

' , , , ' W h 6 ~ 1 R=k A:

,- F,. ri a

ARTIF&TERIAL CDLLECIED: . ' F U ~ - ~ m r n d Stone 46 rn 4.5 b a g )*). 0 ' .S~U t ~ n ~ r h h r ~ i r t . t r r ~ m l c t m

4 I 4 I 60 5 1

6, m 51. . - Y-1 O* Hk1.h soil Grnplt @ U bS W 6 F W t h rn - .- @. "c* Sarnplcc

i U . - ex

C o m p l e t e d b y W s P ~ ~ @ L u , D a t e &/23/ 4 3 Addi t iona l remarks, observations o r comnents. The 1 isted. c a W g o r i r s . must be addressed when completing t h i s form. The back o f t h i s page may a lso be used.

3) Architecture n l l l n ., 7-A . A A' L' A .J

4) Features A / O * S m n,-rr(. .In h p 4- f - n ( 4 .-0 - (1 c rfi *-I-,

? . I ; F !- b - f m r hjqh ) f n r ~ r ' z ~ S mi 2 n r k c o i l d - ~ c l . n n , ~ r +if9 p + rd,+~. ,~f i r - r i L h G n . / A U r h &C f.7 ~ n f / ~ n r l ( ~

l~ rn ; * rn it, I, r. 1 0 7 r A " - . o n m. c h ~ p r j ~ n , c / r,+.-,'7T;qn . , , ; , , J P . l 4 , . - :- AJr r C / " ~ Y . - . <

, '7 1 . ., , . , , . , I , , - , , y r , i )?r. ,::,*A ,., I <

5) Site Condition : ' I. :: , r . '

- ,. -

6) General Artifactual

! , : , .+ ' ;: ., , , , - ' I , .... , ..! ,' ,: , ,?< F, -' .I , I-.% ,. ,: . . , I I- , ' . \ w 7 r -/ I I . , , I . . ? I 5:, ; L . y , ' , ,; , > - ; . . -. . ,I - ,., . , - +. " > "

-: , , 8 .,, -- ..? . 3 . , ,- r > . - p . r . , -, ./ , fl -...-, ,

71 Settlement Charaaerirtiu

. .

Photograph taken \ TS ( , 6 r 9 / * ~ J . i . ,< , where P,,' ,# ,-. (I i- A ?? G:.;&J 1 3 >\b ,.4(!$-. ; 2. i . q h 2

Completed by: Lorri Ketterman Date: 4/17/90

.. . Additional remarks, obaervationa or comenta. The listed categories aunt be addreased when completing thin form. The back of thie page may also be u ~ e d .

.- 1 ) Ceramics: Moatly greyware, black-on-white with a trace of what appeara to be white on red.

2 ) m: Chalcedony, fine-grained igneous rock, obsidian, trace of janper= &' p& sud&= mm&.

3) Architecture: None noted

4) Features: one hearth, possibly 2

5) 3-ite Ccrnditioq: Slightly eroded. appears to be undisturbed by man, site may be more extensive, but duff hampered view outuide of mapped boundaries

6 ) General Artifactual: See 1 and 2 above

7 ) Settlement Characteristics: Site AR-a3-02-03-384 is approximately . 4 0 kilometers and Site AR-03-02-03-385 ia approximately . S O kilometers in a northeasterly direction, Site AR-03-02-03-78 is approximately 1 kilometer to the southeast.

8 ) Reuearch Potential of Site:

Photographu taken C/BW Loeated

SITE NO. - AR - 03 - 02 - 03-38~ I C l w location v i t h rerp*ct.to rorda . a d amzural l a n d a r b 4 3 t l u z ELFT s i r e could be l o o c r d agein, f ae lude key, north a r r w , n e a r b y riels. rcftrtncm points. draiaagar, ate.

PNM Cuhral Resources S u n q b\ -3 19 4 3

I !

I . . . L

. .

. .

.,

.+

,

. .

"-

....

/'_.

m INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CORPOElATION

FIELD ACTIVITY DAILY L0.G

PROJECT NAME PROJECT NO.

'ISITOFIS ON SITE:

r PERSONNEL ON SITE

IGNATURE DATE: 4 / r t I r. 4

FIELD ACTIVITY SUBJECT:

DESCRIPTION OF DAILY ACTlVlTlESAND EVENTS: . - - - - . - - - - L A kq,

-- / 4 I . - .... -- -.- .............. .. . . ....... -...... ., -

....... -- .... --

CHANGES FROM PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS. AND OTHER SPECIAL ORDERS AND IMPORTANT DECISIONS.

'EATHER CONDITIONS: IMPORTANT TELEPHONE CALLS:

L L C L * T )

MIUM A W E B O U H W

C(mCEM#N*IION B W H M ---.+-----

~ ~ m e oea~rffic LO

LltHlt IWL LT

FRWWO SlOltC C5

5HWO 5

T W - W I R W -La- -

- Site Plan for Site LA 81355. 4R 03- 02- 3?&

A 1. € - C E N D

SITE 8 tsauTEO OCCURRENCE . PROJECT ARCA

IW(I 2WO X a I W O 5000 , k t 1

I

USGS Map Showing Location of Inventoried Area and Culaml Resources. :orcG+ s . - rv iC< # / L O + Taken from Leandro Canyon, New Mexico Quadrangle (1963, photorevised - i982),7.5'Series(l:24.M30Scale). UTMZone 13. .

A R * " 3 - 0 : . -L.q*1 1.h 1 0 0 2 7 0

6 3 - 0 2 ' 7 8 - LA rL .YZ7

63 . J .L -b45 Lr, , 0 0 8 7 1 , 2 - o i - ;r&- L P 8,355

J j . O z - l r Y b - LA l o o $ ' 7 2 .

AHCIiEULOGILAL AX:;

HIFTORICAL S I T E INVENTORY - 160 dCnM -cub (Ref: FSM 2361)

( Insttct imr Cultutal R m r m W i n g Guide1 t .OF ILW w p n t

LEGAL: w n h TOWNSHIP RANGE E M SECTION

E & N E ' I m[ 1 2 8 .ni m . [ l m m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N c W MC11;co ,m] l=cwlw q ; o Arriba 18 19 20 21 72

ZONE NORTHING ~ I N G Uniwal Tn

n- m-rgJT-JJ WI- plq -1 M s n n o r Lwtion P 24 25 26 27 .28 29 30 31 32 U 34 35 36 37

RIM Number I C h 1 Sites): cmIiIn Sitc Enluution (FSM 2361.1) By Pmf-l Cultunl R - m

~ ~ 4 6 - n a 4 s Sp.eLlkt Only. Mao/~&ial Photo:

S k M i t i o n ~ - t 01 ~ i r b ~ m ~ e ~ n A r 3 ~ a n y g r . 3.c' .51 S2 53 Y

I C~lfural R-mu R w r r Nurnbcr: O.rc Site Immtoried: Rerded B Y : ~

DAY YEAR

W Q 64 65 66 67 6A fiq 70 71 77 73 7d 7s 7G 77 78 79 80

~mironmatal and Site Oacrimirz Infomution (Card #21 1

V&tion of Site Am: Soilr

ON SITE LANOFORM TDCOGRAMY -I33 AVERAGE SLOPE ELEVATION OF ARE* N E OF SITE llN DEGREES1 (IN FE-I

21 11 23 24 25 26 27 28 23 30 31 32 33 24 35

IIN KMl 36 37 38 39 4U 4 1 42 43

Nurerl A q i w l i u n l Land: TYPE (IN KMI U 45 6 47 4-9 49 Y1 51

Cnuor<,n-,cnqal and Site O e r r o l w c inlorm*t.on ( b r d = l l L o n ~ ~ ~ l ~ , W A & - 0 3 - 0 2 - 6 9 b

Silt Dvxriplion: C W B. USE TYPE 53

Ik(ol1 52 Y 66 5-5

CORE AREA DISPERSED AREA

Sire S i r e I 1 I 1 8 1 0 l I I 1 Y I O I O ~ I N SQUARE METERS 57 58 59 €0 61 61 63 6 4 65 66 67 68

Dimcnrionr: ~ t n g l h 7 4 rn. Width 1.6 m. Height m. Dcprh m.

AATlFACrS OBSERVED: Fhked Stone Grwnd Stow h m " k 69 70 71

Site Swif ic Information (Cud #31 13( Rangr of Site O c ~ u ~ t i o n in Ywrr B.P. (1c01

2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11

Date 8 . d On: I Cj er-ta 12

FEATURES: Subrurfac~ Raomr

23 24

X26 - 27 pl 30 31 31

Large Deprcrrion U 34 35 36

Bedrock Grinding O.m-ry,Mine l i d i q 5 1 ~ R d Afl 37 38 39 4n a1 42

Mimllaneour Fuutra U 41 - .?

ARTlFACTSlMATERlAL COLLEffED: . . 45 46

h a m & a -km? IE)I , I a , 0- mi M i a k a m i - m 4a 49

G l la & Cans O h M e u l a Other Hifloric a %it M 53 54 55 56

FI-mion C-*i VCD. -1- Pollen 67. 58 59 W -

Multi Components: 61

CULTURAL CLASSIFICATION:

- Completed b y Pnncpqo Date b/23/73 Additional remarks. obse$vations o r comnents. The listed ca tugo r i cs must be addressed when completing this form. The back o f t h i s page may

. , a,lso be used.

3) Architecture

oaS7 '1 h l ~ N C . ~ i ~ r n ~ r d tmn nrr; clU. Onc ~ U t f l * .- GP-? & s c , - d ,

5) Site Condition c : e i s . r / ; n h t I v rrndrd &I, L U R W F f & / 0 9 ~ ) , o t h e r -

; , , . c 4 , , ? .-' , , . r , , , ,.. < .. ,: + --

6) General Artifactual 1 0 s 1s - f : h 0 .TCcC

n r o ~ r.d ,r +o n @ m n d q r n Y / , - , 3 C m ter N A . ,

. .

7) Settlement Characteristics

~

8) ~ & i r c h PoWntial of Site

Sitc h ~ n r . . arr' LTLV rnntartd k 1 + h m k n h b c &-TIT h i - c r i P r l r - l i f ~ m t r f ~ a o ~ , ++r. Add.r 'h~?na. i / 'n& r M n h-c rh e n = hi.r C o l l ~ ? r , t p d . f in. +r f, . ,.. . d e / , . c + & l 4

u

Photographs taken /A Pf a n # ? w') / ~ m m t ~ d where MA r1.d A x ~ c i a k . I /

t t / b u p . t r p

-Addit$an&l rarurb. obstrrrtfonr ur cpmcnts. The l f s t r l t ~ t r g b t ~ t i rasf k rddrrsscd when complttlng tbrs f o r e . The Mck of t P . 4 ~ P l g t r.ry - . .

. . . . . also be urtd.

CERAMIC ANJI LITMC DEBITAGE DATA FORM

Site No.~~4i .r0ts-$hvenience: <br?A.t Initials. Dnte: iS L- , L/ 2 >/qa

s m s BY TYPE

. - .>

<- ,/-;. .\ . ,. . ,.' I,. r..

', ,,- -: .; -. i

- DPL 1015 -5 Lt-m (ST- &-p)

813 MML4H ASSOCUlET, INC.

L L G C I I D

Mmn A m- -.-- YlCLD- .------- POP s Umc -COE u Un-2 xK* LT

-IlOllL CS - :*. -- 2 m

Figure &5 Site Plan for Site LA 100872 AX 03 -or - g4b

u3 - 3 2 - 326 z Ad 21353- ,3 0~7 - Gd(,;. /(<&'72 USGS Map Showing Location

of Inventoried Area and Cultural Resources