15103080 Manufactured Subtances in Industry

8/8/2019 15103080 Manufactured Subtances in Industry

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Hafiz AkmalCHEMISTRY FOLIO chapter 9: Manufacture Substances in industry

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Figure 1:- Uses of Sulphuric Acid,


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MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC

ACID

The manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry is

through the contact process. The raw materials used to manufacture the acid are

sulphur,air and water.

The acid is produced in 3 stages:-


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STAGE 1:

THE PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR

DIOXIDE

a)This can be obtained through two methods:-

a)Heating liquid sulphur with hot air in a furnace.

S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)

b) Heating sulphides in air, for example:

4FeS2 (s) + 11O2 (g)2Fe2O3 (s) + 8SO2 (g)SO2 is a side-product in the extraction of the

metal, iron. [Fe2O3 is reduced to iron with coke]

Zinc pyrites can also be heated in air as follows:

2ZnO (s) + 3O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) + 2ZnO (s)


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STAGE 2:

FORMATION OF SULPHUR

TRIOXIDE

a) Pure, dry sulphur dioxide is mixed with dry oxygen in

excess and passed over vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 as

catalyst at a temperature of 450C - 550C and a

pressure of 1 atmosphere. The conditions ensure the

maximum production of sulphur trioxide:

2SO2 (g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g)b)The reaction takes place in a heat converter.

c) Excess air is used to ensure higher percentage of SO3

produced.


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STAGE 3:

FORMATION OF SULPHURIC ACID

a) The sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated

sulphuric acid to form a product called oleum, H2S2O7.

This is carried out until the concentrated sulphuric

acid has reached a concentration of 99.5%.

SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq) H2S2O7 (l)

b)The product, oleum will not show any property of an

acid. This is because, oleum will not ionise without

the presence of water.c) Water is then added to the oleum to produce

concentrated sulphuric acid.

H2S2O7 (l) + H2O (l) 2H2SO4 (l)

d)The reaction in (a) and (b) is equivalent to dissolving

sulphur trioxide in water.

SO3 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO4 (aq)

e)However, this reaction is not carried out in industry.This is because the reaction is too vigorous.

f) It produces a large cloud of sulphuric acid mist. This

mist is corrosive and pollutes the air.


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CONTACT PROCESS:

Figure 2:- Flow chart of Contact

Process

Burnt in air

O2 , V2O5, 450C, 1

Concentrated H2SO4

Water


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USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY:

The industrial

process in the

Manufactured ofSulphuric Acid


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EXPERIMENT TO INVESTIGATE

THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA

Aim:-

To investigate the properties of ammonia

Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea. The first t

prepare through neuralisation but urea is produced by the reaction of amm

with carbon dioxide. The reaction involved are as the following:

a) 2NH3 (g) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(s) ammonium sulphate

b) NH3 (g) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq) ammonium nitrate

c) 2NH3 (g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO (s) + H2O (l) urea

Having a low melting point,

liquefied ammonia makes a

good cooling agent in

refrigerators and air

conditioners.

It neutralizes the organic acids

formed by microorganisms in latex,

thereby preventing coagulation

and preserving the latex in liquid

form.

Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in the Ostw

process:

1) ammonia is first oxidised to nitrogen

monoxide, NO, by oxygen in the presence

platinum as catalyst at 900C.

4NH3 (g) + 5O2(g)Pt/900C 4NO (aq) + 6H2O

2) nitrogen monoxide is further oxidised to

nitrogen dioxide.

2NO (g) + O2(g) 2NO2 (g)

3) Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are dissolve

water to produced nitric acid.

a) Nitric acid is manufactured from

ammonia before being used to make

explosive like trinitrotoluene (TNT).

b) Nitric acid, in this case, is reacted with

organic substances like toluene.


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Material:-

0.1 mol dm ammonia solution, 0.1 mol dm sodium

hydroxide solution, ammonia chloride, calcium

hydroxide, concentrated hydrochloric acid, soda lime,distilled water, red litmus paper, Ph paper.

Apparatus:-

Test tubes, beaker, U-tube, Bunsen burner, glass rod,

delivery tube, stoppers.

Procedure:-

a)Preparation of ammonia gas:

1.Some ammonium chloride is mixed with some

calcium hydroxide.

2.The apparatus as shown in Figure 3 is set up

3.The mixture is heated

4.The ammonia gas produced is collected in a few

test tubes. The test tubes containing ammonia

gas must be closed with stoppers.

b) Alkalinity of ammonia:

1.5.0 cm of 1 mol ammonia solution and 5 cm of

0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution are

poured into two separate test tubes.


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2.A piece of pH paper is dipped into the solution in

each test tube.

3.The pH values of both solution are recorded.

c) Colour, physical state, smell and solubility of

ammonia:

1.The colour and physical state of ammonia are

observed.

2.The stopper of a test tube containing ammonia

gas is removed and the smell of the gas is

identified.

3.A test tube containing ammonia gas is inverted

into a beaker of water.

4.All observation are recorded.

d)Density of ammonia:

1. A test tube containing ammonia gas is held

upright and another test rube containing

ammonia gas is held upside down.

2.The stopper of the two test tubes are removed.3.After 20 seconds, a piece of moist red litmus

paper is put at the mouth of each test tube as

shown in figure 5.

4.The colour of the red litmus paper is recorded.


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e)Chemical property of ammonia:

1. One end of a glass rod is dipped into

concentrated hydrochloric acid.

2.The glass rod is then put on top of a test tube of

ammonia gas.

3.Any change taking place is observed.

Observation :-

Section Observation Inference

b)

pH of

ammonia

solution is 10

pH of sodium

hydroxide

solution is 14

ammonia is

weak alkali

sodium

hydroxide is astrong alkali

c) colourlessgas

ammonia is a

colourless


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pungent

smell

water rushed

up and fillsup the whole

test tube

gas with a

pungent

smell

ammonia isvery soluble

in water

d)

moist red

litmus paper

on top of the

upright test

tube does notchange

colour.

Moist red

litmus paper

under the

inverted test

tube turnsblue

Ammonia gas

has escaped

from the

upright test

tube and thus

is slightly less

dense than

air

e) Dense white

fumes are

formed

Ammonia

react with

hydrogen

chloride gas

to form

ammoniumchloride


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PREPARATION OF AMMONIA

FERTILISER

Aim:-

To prepare ammonium sulphate.

The

man

ufacture

of

am

mon

ia

thro

ugh

the

Hab

er

Proc

ess


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Material:-

1 mol dm-2 sulphuric acid, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia

solution, methyl orange, filter paper

Apparatus:-

25.0 cm pipette, burette, conical flask, white tile,

retort stand and clamp, beaker, glass rod,

evaporating dish, filter funnel, Bunsen burner, tripod

stand, wire gauze.

Procedure:-

a)Determining the volume of sulphuric acid that will

neutralize 25.0 cm of ammonia solution:-

1. 25.0 cm of 2 mol dm-3 ammonia solution is

transferred by a pipette to a clean conical flask.

2. Three drops of methyl orange indicator are

added to the alkali. The solution turns yellow.

3. A clean burette is filled with 1 mol dm-2 sulphuric

acid and clamped to a retort stand. The initial

burette reading is recorded.

4.The conical flask with its content is placed on a

white tile below the burette as shown in figure 6

below.


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5. The sulphuric acid is added slowly into the

conical flask. The conical flask is swirled gently

throughout the titration.

6.The addition of sulphuric acid is stopped when

the indicator changes from yellow to orange. The

final burette reading is recorded.

7. The volume of acid needed to completely

neutralize the 25.0 cm of 2 mol dm-3 ammonia

solution is calculated. Let this volume V cm.

b)Preparation ammonium sulphate salt:-


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1. 25.0 cm of 2 mol dm-3 ammonia solution is

pipetted into a clean conical flask. No indicator is

added.

2.V cm of 1 mol sulphuric acid is added from theburette to the ammonia solution.

3.The mixture in the conical flask is transferred to

an evaporating dish and heated until a saturated

solution is formed.

4.The hot, saturated salt solution is left to cool for

crystallization to occur.

5.The crystal of ammonium sulphate formed arefiltered, ashed and dried between sheets of filter

paper.

Observation:-

A colourless solution is formed when sulphuric acid is

added to ammonia solution. The crystal obtained are white in colour

Discussion:-

The equation for the reaction is:

H2SO4 (aq) + 2NH4OH (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O

(l)

Methyl orange is an acid-base indicator used to

determine the end point of the titration.

The first titration is carried out to determine the

exact volume of sulphuric acid required to

completely neutralize the 25.0 cm of ammonia

solution.


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The salt solution in the first titration is discarded

because it is contaminated by methyl orange.

The ammonium sulphate solution should not be

heated until dryness because ammonium sulphatedecomposes when it is overheated.

The weight of ammonium sulphate obtained from the

activity is always less than the theorical value. This is

because some of the salt is not fully crystallized out

and still remains in the solution.

Other ammonium salt such as ammonium nitrate can

be prepared from the reaction between nitric acidand ammonium solution.

Conclusion:-

Ammonium sulphate and other ammonium fertilizers

can be prepared by neutralizing ammonia solution

with the respective acids.

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

PURE METAL


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PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA

Ammonia turns

the damp red

litmus paper

blue.

The gas is less

dense than air


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ALLOY

Meaning and purpose of making alloy:-

Aqueous solutions

ammonia react wit

metal ions (except

K+, and Ca2+) to pr

precipitate of meta

Ammonia is weak alkali

which reacts with dilute

acids in neutralization t

produce salt.

Ammonia gas burns in

oxygen to produce

nitrogen monoxide gas

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

An inverted filter funnel

is used to prevent

suckin back of water


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Alloying is a process of mixing two or more metals

(or mixing metals with element such carbon) which

cannot be separated using physical way

Arrangement of atoms in alloys:-

COMPARE THE HARDNESS OF A

PURE METAL AND ITS ALLOYS

Aim:- To compare the hardness of a pure metal and its

alloy.

Problem Statement:-

Pure metal A Pure metal B

Alloys


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Are alloys harder than pure metal ?

Hypothesis:-

Bronze is harder than cooper.Variables:-

Manipulated: Different types of materials (cooper &

bronze)

Responding: diameter of the dent

Controlled: diameter of steel ball bearing, height of

the weight, mass of the weight.Operational definition:-

1)If the diameter of the dent is smaller, then the

material is harder

Materials:-

2)Cooper block, bronze block, cellophane tape

Apparatus:-

3)Retort stand and clamp, 1-kg weight, metre ruler,

steel ball bearing, thread.

Procedure:-

1)A steel ball bearing is taped onto a cooper blockusing cellophane tape.

2)A 1-kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the

cooper block as shown in the figure 8.


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3)The weight is allowed to drop onto the ball bearing.

4)The diameter of the dent made by the ball bearing

on the cooper block is measured.

5)Steps 1-4 are repeated twice on the other parts of

the cooper block in order to obtain an average value

for the diameter of dents formed.

6)Steps 1-5 are repeated using a bronze block to

replace the cooper block.

7)The reading are recorded in the table.

Results:-

METALDIAMETER OF THE DENT (mm)

1 2 3 average

Cooper 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9

Bronze 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2

Discussion:-

1)The smaller the diameter of the dent, the harder and

stronger is the material.


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2)The average diameter of the dent made on the

surface on the cooper block is bigger than the bronze

block.

3)Based on the result, bronze is harder than cooper.

Conclusion:-

The hypothesis is accepted.

EXAMPLE OF ALLOYS


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THE RATE OF RUSTING OF IRON,

STEEL, AND STAINLESS STEEL

Aim:-

Stainless steel

steel

Pewter

Bronze


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Procedure:-

1)The nails are rubbed using sandpaper to remove the

rust from the surface of the nails.

2)The iron nail placed in the test tube A, the steel nailin test tube B and the stainless steel nail in test tube

C.

3) A 5% jelly solution is prepared by adding 5 g of jelly

into 100 cm of boiling water. A few drops of

potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) solution are then

added to the jelly solution.

4)The hot jelly solution is poured into the three testtubes until all the nails are fully immersed.

5)The test tubes are placed in a test tube rack and left

aside for three days. The intensity of the blue colour

is observed.

6)All observation are recorded in the table.

Observation:-

Test

tube

Intensity of blue

colourInference

A Very High Rusting occurs very fastB Low Rusting occurs slowlyC Nil No rusting occurs


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9)Rusting of iron is an example of corrosion. When

corrosion occurs, the metal loses electrons to form

metal iron.

Conclusion:-

Iron rust faster than steel. Stainless steel does not

rust. Hypothesis is accepted.

COMPOSITONS OF ALLOYS &THEIR USES


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SYNTHETIC POLYMER & IT USES Synthetic polymers are polymers made in industry

from chemical substances.

Monomer

acid amino

Eg: in

muscle, skin,

silk, hairs,

wools, and

furs

Monomer

glucose

Eg: in starch

and cellulose

Monomer

isoprene

(2-methylbuta-1,3

diene)

Eg: in latex


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Many of the raw materials for synthetic polymers are

obtained from petroleum, after refining and cracking

process.

WHY USE SYNTETIC POLYMERS

IN DAILY LIFE?


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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

RESULTING FROM THE DISPOSAL

OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS


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GLASSGlass:-

The major component of glass is silica or silicon

dioxide, SiO2 which found in sand.ri


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TYPES, COMPOSITION,

PROPERTIES, AND USES OF

GLASS

GLASSCOMPOSITI

ONPROPERTIES USES

Soda lime glass

SiO2 70%

Na2O 15%

CaO 10%

Others 4%

Low melting

point

Mouldable into

shapes

Cheap

Breakable

Can withstand

high heat

Glass

container

Glass panes

Mirror Lamps and

bulbs

Plates and

bowls

Bottles

Lead glass SiO2 70% High density Containers for


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(crystal)Na2O 20%

PbO 10%

and refractive

index

Glittering

surface

Soft

Low melting

point (600C)

drinks and

food

Decorative

glass

Crystalglassware

Lens for

spectacles

Borosilicate glass

(Pyrex)

SiO2 80%

B2O3 13%

Na2O 4%

Al2O3 2%

Resistant to

high heat

&chemical

reaction

Does not break

easily Allow infra-red

rays but no

ultra-violet

rays

Glass

apparatus in

lab

Cooking

utensils

Fused silicate

glass

SiO2 99%

B2O3 1%

High melting

point (1700C)

Expensive

Allow

ultraviolet topass through

Difficult to melt

or mould into

shape

Scientific

apparatus like

lens on

spectrometer

Optical lens

Lab apparatus

CERAMICSCeramics:-


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Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay

that is dried, and heated in a kiln at a very high

temperature

The main component of clay is aluminosilicate(aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide) with small

quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike glass, ceramic

cannot be recycled.

Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains

hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O32SiO22H2O.

THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF

CERAMIC


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THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS

AND CERAMICS FOR SPECIFIC

PURPOSES

COMPOSITE MATERIALS


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A composite material is structural material

formed by combining two or more materials with

different physical properties, producing a

complex mixture.

They are used to make various substances in

daily life because of the following reasons:-

a)Metals corrode and are ductile and malleable

b)Glass and ceramic break easily

c)Metal are good conductors but have high

resistant, leading to loss of electrical energyas heat.

d)Plastic and glass can withstand heat to a

certain level only

COMPOSITE

MATERIAL

COMPONEN

T

PROPERTIES

OF

PROPERTIES OF

COMPOSITEUSES


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COMPONENT

Reinforced concrete

concrete hard but

brittle

low tensile

strengh

steel strong in

tensile

strength

expensive

can corrode

stronger

higher tensile

strength

does not

corrode easily cheaper

can be

moulded into

shape

can withstand

very high

applied force

can support

very heavy

load

construction of

road

rocket

launching pads

high-risebuildings

Superconductor

Cooper(ll) oxide

Yttrium

oxide

Barium

oxide

Insulator ofelectricity

Conductselectricity

without

resistance

when cooled

by liquid

nitrogen

Magneticallylevitated

train

Transformer

Electric

cable

Computer

parts

Photochromic glass

Glass Transparen

t

Not

sensitiveto light

Silver

chloride

or silver

bromid

e

Sensitive

to light

Reduce

refraction of

light

Control theamount of

light passed

through it

auto.

Has the

ability to

change

colour and

become

darker when

exposed toultraviolet

light

Information

display

panels

Lightdetector

device

Car

windshields

Optical lens

Fibre optics Glass

with

low

refracti

on

Transparen

t

Does not

reflect

light rays

Low material

cost

Reflect light

rays and

allow to

Transmit

data using

light waves

in

telecommuni


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index

Glasswith

higher

refracti

ve

index

travel along

the fibre

Can transmit

electronic

data or

signal, voiceand image

cations

Fibre glass

glass high

density

strong but

brittle

non-

flexible

polyest

er

plastic

light

flexible

inflammabl

e

elastic but

weak

high tensile

strength

moulded and

shaped

inert to

chemicals

light, strong,

tough

non-

flammable

impermeable

to water

resilient

flexible

car bodies

helmets

skies

rackets

furniture

Documents

15103080 Manufactured Subtances in Industry