Urban MobilityStory how to build the urban mobility of Seoul

Kim, Sangbum Visiting ProfessorUniversity of Seoul

I. Introduction

1. Civilization has closely been related to mobility of human activities

City has been

a engine of economic prosperity and center of innovation in the history

- About 96% of new product innovations occur in metropolitan areas and 45% of these new innovations occurs in four metropolitan areas : NY, LA, Boston and San Francisco

and an essential ingredient for modernization

- Correlation between urbanization rate of nation and GDP per capita is 0.85 (Henderson, 2002)

- Large cities probably play a “nursery” role in developing country cities(Overman and Venables, 2005)

Why ?

City is a dense agglomeration of people and firms. All the benefit of cities come ultimately from reduced transport costs for goods, people and ideas. The cost of moving people and ideas appear to be as important as ever.”(E. Glaeser, Are cities dying?)

Source : Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations 2000, David E. Bloom

Correlation between real GDP and Urbanization

Urbanization itself does not bring the economic prosperity

Key point is how to manage the city to maximize benefit from concentration

urbanization and per-capita GDP in two continents

Reference : David E. Bloom, PGDA Working Paper No. 30, 2000

2. Mobility in Cities

Revolution in city mobility

- first revolution introduced by the steam powered technology

- second revolution enabled by the emergence of the automobile and highways - third revolution with digitalization started with emergence of computer-aided travelling

Innovation in transportation led the first and second revolution of urban mobility

ICT has played a critical role in third revolution of urban mobility

Many futurists predicted that technology will diminish the necessity of cities but city still remains as important place for economic growth and creative work and also future of cities will depend on mobility and necessity of face to face contact

- how to reduce the cost of movement not only for people and freight but for ideas

- Smart City can be defined as the use of information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of systems in running cities

II. Modernization of Seoul : history that overcame barriers of mobility

First period : Rapid expansion but insufficient mobility(1950s – 1970s)

Second period : Achieving mobility with infrastructures (1980s – 1990s)

Third period : Upgrading mobility through the ICT(2000s)

Modernization started from a Heap of Ruins

1. First Stage : strived to improve mobility desperately, but insufficient

In spite of destruction from Korean war, inflow of population into Seoul continued

- Population was 1 million in 1942 and reached 5 million in 1970

Urgent task of city government was how to provide infrastructures to accommodate fast growing population

- Most of open space was occupied with illegal and temporary shelters

Many projects were planned but carried restrictively because of budget constraint

- korean economy was in pre-take off stage

Accomplishment : First Subway had built and operated

- drafted subway plan in the 10 year Seoul Development Plan in 1965

- April 1, 1971 : Groundbreaking ceremony of Line 1 / August 15, 1974 : began operation

Pictures in the 1960s

3.2 지하철 건설체제의 확립 Major infrastructures

A. start building subway system

In 1965, city included subway project in the 10 year Seoul Development Plan

April 1, 1971 : Groundbreaking ceremony of Line 1

August 15, 1974 : began operation(Length : 7.8 km, 10 stations)

B. Covered Cheong-gye stream to build highway(Construction Period : 1958 – 1977)

Cheong-gye stream is 13.7 km(with 20 – 85m) of small brook flowing from west to east in downtown of Seoul

To improve traffic flow between CBD and eastern area of Seoul

2. Second Stage : mobility is achieved through physical infrastructures

Rapid economic growth caused urban problems even worse and severe

- “age of my own car” made traffic worst condition

Political transformation brought eruption of suppressed demands

- demonstration and strike became a daily incidents and city government faced strikes of mass transit system in the spring every year

City concentrated all the resource available on constructing infrastructures

- It was the period that Seoul had the shape like today as a modernized city

Accomplishment : infrastructures for transportation had been completed

- build 130 km of express high ways

- operated 300 km of subway network(500km if rail is included)

Social aspects of life in 1990s

Major infrastructures

A. Completed major urban express high ways (130km)

North bank highway : 28.4km(1986) / Olympic highway : 42.5km(1986) / Western highway : 8.3km(1991) Eastern highway : 29.6km(1994) / Inner Circle highway : 22km(1999)

B. Completed Subway system

By 2001, Seoul city could run 300 km of subway system

- city government put its most of financial resource into building high ways and subway system

- 17.1 trillion won(17.1billion us dollar) was put on subway construction

Water Supply Rates (1955~2010) Sewage Distribution Rates (1970~2010)

C. Other Important Urban Infrastructure had been completed

collapse of seong-su bridge (’94. 10) - 32 dead / 17 injured

collapse of department store(’95. 6) - 502 dead / thousands injured

But paid big price for hasty construction

In the process of city modernization, Seoul city and citizens paid heavy price for rapid development

3. Third Stage : paradigm shift in the way of providing mobility

As city could provide affordable level of infrastructure by end of 1990s, citizens’ demand for public services began to change

- People became to be sick of decades long constructions and showed change of their preference in the public services

- Change of Priority and Philosophy in policies : Expansion → Sustainability

City government first introduced ICT into the transportation in 1998

- provided drivers with information of traffic condition for tunnels connecting south and north of Seoul

- developed and expanded as a name of ITS (Intelligent Transport System)

Watershed moment for ITS : 2004 bus reform

- renewed bus system and applied ICT to transportation in earnest

Major achievement

A. Changed the Landfill area into Ecological Park and IT industry Park(1999 – 2002 )

B. Bus Reform(2002 – 2004)

Bus operation : private → private and public / manage bus operation with BMS

Introduce the median bus lane(120km) and integrated fare system Increased bus ridership by 9.2% / reduced $ 140 million of congestion cost a year

III. Intelligent Transportation System of Seoul

• Seoul Transport Reform

1394 1899 1911 1974 1988 2002 2004

• Became the capital of Chosun dynasty

• Population : 30,000

• First tram : 8km, 9 vehicle• First railway : 21.8Km

• First 2 cars imported

1950

• Five-year economic development plan started

Population1942, 1 Million

• Outbreak of Korean War

• First subway line

1970, 5 Million

1988, 10 Million88 Seoul Olympic

1980, 8.4 Million

1990, 10.6M1 Mil. vehicle

1995, 2 Mil. vehicle

19971962

Population

VehiclesGNI / p

Houses

19705,433 thousand

60 thousand$ 254

583 thousand

2 times

50 times100 times

6 times

201010,356

2,981$ 25,630

3,400

1. Figures of city growth

2001, subwayLine 8 completed

difference

§ Population: 25.6 million(About 50% of total population)

§ Number of registered vehicles:

7.8 million (45% of the whole country)

§ Area: 11,791 km2 (5.3% of the whole country)

Distribution of the number of daily car trips within the Seoul Metropolis Area (SMA)

2002 2006 2010

1.5

Commuting Volume

1.7

1.9

+26.9%

Seoul ↔ Metropolitan Region

(Unit : Million trips / day)

14.1

2002 2006 2010

Avg. Commuting Distance

26.1

+85.1%

Seoul Metropolitan Region

(Unit : km)

21.2

2. Challenges that can not overcome with infrastructures only

A. Sprawl of urban area

B. Losing Mobility : Speed and Road Capacity

01000020000300004000050000600007000080000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30.8 29.4 28 26.6 25.2 24.3 23.4 21.95 20.518.7

16.4 17.6619.2819.9720.04

18.2516.4416.8517.72

21.1918.54

16.6 16.3 15.513.6 14 14.4 14.4

16.7 16

32.6 24.2 21.6 22.6 23.5 23.2 21.7 20.9 21.06 25.4 25.4 22.92 21.7 22.5 22.4 22.4 22.9 22.9 24 24.9 24

traffic congestion cost Speed in CBD Overall speed Bus speed

-

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

-

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

열1 열2 열3 열4 열5 열6 열7 열8 열9 열10 열11 열12 열13 열14 열15 열16 열17 열18 열19 열20 열21 열22 열23 열24 열25 열26 열27 열28 열29 열30 열31

계열1 서울 자동차수 경기 도로연장(km)

↑2,907.9%

↑1,341.8%

↑22.6%

No. of Vehicle(SMA)

No. of Vehicle(Seoul)

Total length ofRoads (Seoul)

Source : KOTI

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

200220032004200520062007200820092010 2011 2012

4851 52

5561

65 66 6872 73

76

(unit : 100million dollar)

Seoul City : 7.6 billion dollar

Capital Region : 17.4 billion dollar (year of 2012)

C. Increasing externalities : congestion

3. Target : “With ITS(transportation + ICT), shorten distance and reduce cost”

Transport System of Infrastructure and ICT

Smarter Road,Convenient public transportation,Scientific and automatic transportation system, that release traffic congestion and increase convenience

• In�1998,�applied�to�Nam-San�area(10.6km)�• expanded��traffic�management�system�to����urban�highways

20041998

4. Development of ITS :

A. ITS 1.0 : “First ITS” introduced in 1998

Open�Traffic�Information�Center�(TOPIS)�Open�Traffic�Information�Center�(TOPIS)�

• Developed�Smart�Card�System(T-money)�and�BMS�system

• Opened�TOPIS�in�2004��

2005

The first step for Seoul ITS Leading the Public Transport Reform

Introduction�and�expansion�of�ITSIntroduction�and�expansion�of�ITS

• Upgrade Bus Information Service

• Provide real-time bus arrival information

(ARS, Website, and etc.)

Real-time�Bus�Information�System�Real-time�Bus�Information�System�

2010~2008~

Developed the technology for high-quality of mass transit service Share the information and experience

• Card payment system for taxi fare

• Share our experiences with other cities

Azerbaijan (Baku City), Columbia(Bogota), etc.

2013~2.0

Developed�new�service�system�Developed�new�service�system�

B. ITS 2.0 started around 2008

Information Collection System Information Collection System A

Taxi GPS�(19,500 vehicles)

1,137 detectors�(250~500m��interval)

Speed, Traffic volume, Speed, Traffic volume, weather condition, accident weather condition, accident and etc. and etc.

1,298km1,298km

City�Roads

Urban�expressway

5. Major Functions of TOPIS

Advanced Traffic Management SystemAdvanced Traffic Management SystemB

topis.seoul.go.krm.topis.seoul.go.kr

Seoul�Traffic�Portal�

Web(APP)

IPTV/DMB twitter.com/seoultopis

308�signs

33 Systems

31 Locations

Lane�Control�System�(LCS)

Ramp�Metering�System (RMS)

Web,�Mobile

Variable�Message�Signs (VMS)

Broadcasting�& SNS

For Public

• Route and operation Info• Bus Arrival Time

BIT

InternetMobileARS

• Real-time Bus location Info•Interval and operation Info

•Bus Interval Info•Bus Operation Info

Bus Company

• Bus Location • Allocating Bus• Notice

-Real-time Bus Operation Info-Bus Operation DB

-Real-time Bus Operation Information

-Route and Transfer Info

Seoul BMS

Bus Management SystemC

Supply of accurate information Supply of accurate information D

Bus�Arrival,�

departure�time

793 BIT�(Bus�Information�Terminal) à�Adding�nearly�3,800�BIT�

(67%�of�all�bus�stops)�

Bus�arrival�

information

Last�bus�

information

Subway�arrival�

information

Smartphone

1. Real-time bus information Service (Accuracy 95%, Satisfaction 96%)

2. Provide integrated information of Bus and Subway

Bus stop

6. Smart Card System

A. one card all pass

Card usage rate : bus 98.9% / subway 100% / taxi 63.5%

14 million transaction a day(amount : 15.7million us dollar)Be able to use card across the nation

<Fare Structure>

July 2004

July 2007

September 2008

October 2008

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus

Seoul urban bus ↔ Seoul metropolitan subway ↔ Gyeonggi bus ↔ Red bus ↔ Incheon bus

ü Expansion of the fare system in Metropolitan area

Subway (single ride) : Basic Fare W1,050 for 10 Km

Distance-based Fare W100 for 5Km and for 10Km beyond

w Bus (single ride) : Flat Fare W1,050(Trunk) / W 2,000 (Inter regional bus)

B. Integrated Fare System

Free transit within 30 minutes(maximum 5 times)

Traffic Disaster

Public Private

Big�data Transportation

7. Establishing Seoul ITS 3.0

Enhancing Efficiency of Public Serviceby integrating the various Functions

Establishing partnership with Private Sector

Preparing the future demand

Public�

TransportationRoad�Traffic

* Traffic Signals will be integrated in future phases

DisastersTraffic�+�Disasters

CCTV(817)

Traffic�Signal

A. Integrated Situation Room as a Hub of ITS

Open : Feb. 2013

Function : from traffic control to urban management

Now CCTV�Image

Speed�change�monitoring,�

Anomaly�detection

Auto�detection�of�

nearby�CCTVsEvent�Response

B. From ex post control to ex ante prevention

Real time based speed monitoring → detect symptom →

Searching and Identification → Response

�Response

Use�Big�Data�for�Traffic�speed,�weather,�events

Statistical�Analysis Traffic�Prediction

C. Preparing Traffic Forecast Service

Using data collected over 10 years, broadcasts expected traffic condition of streets

Testing highways programs from 2014

Car Share Public Bike

Service : 912 station(1,922 cars)

Minimum use time : 30 minutes

D. Strengthen the Sharing

378 bikes in 44 stationsIncreases to 2,000 by Sep. 2015And 20,000 until 2020

IV. Mobility achieved

1. Mobility by Infrastructure : reduce distance and contributed to growth

first tram(1899) : take 1 hour 20 min. to travel 8 km ⇒ first subway(1974) : take 19 min. to travel 8km

40years ago, it took half day in crossing Han river ⇒ Now, 50 km from Seoul became commutable area

Mobility has been a main sources that supported korean economic development

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

03년05년07년09년11년13년

17.218.117.617.9

19.619.719.619.819.520.420.3

22.422.422.922.923.424.42424

26.4

승용차속도

버스속도

2. Mobility by ICT : Improved Speed, Convenience and Seoul’s Competitiveness

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

08년 10년 12년 14년

4577

4602

1045

4730

4605

1076

4835

4595

1124

4984

4647

1152

5114

4565

1165

5249

4548

1200

5345

4574

1222

마을버스

시내버스

지하철

speed is improved use mass transit more global competiveness 6th

Seoul71.5

Source : The future of urban mobility, Arthur D. Little

3. Seoul needs to try harder

Urban Mobility ranking : 19th among 66 cities / Global competitiveness : 6th among 40 cities

V. Conclusion : Challenge and Response

Every city faces various challenges not only from inside but also from outside

For Seoul, it has challenges from

internal factors : aging population and decreasing population

external factors : climate change and globalization

Many experts predict that many cities suffer from shrinking unless overcome the impacts of globalization and revolution of technology

But we learned a lesson from our experiences

- Among cities, there are similarity in failure but differences in success

- But success has always been supported by mobility

City has been a engine of prosperity and will continue to work depending on your response against challenges

This is reason why we are here together

Thank You