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Topic 15
The Inter-war Period: Civilization at Crossroads
World Civilization and Culture
The Inter-war Period (1919 to 1939)
Unjust treaties led to political instability & extremism
Emergence of various totalitarian ideologies
Failure of World War I & peace treaties to resolve the problems that caused World War I
A Political system in which A Political system in which nearly every aspect of public nearly every aspect of public and private life is controlled and private life is controlled
by the stateby the state
TotalitarianisTotalitarianismm
Totalitarianism: main Totalitarianism: main featuresfeatures
Rule by a single political party or Rule by a single political party or groupgroupRuling party controlled by a single Ruling party controlled by a single individual - ‘personality cult’ individual - ‘personality cult’
Suspension of freedom and democratic rightsSuspension of freedom and democratic rights
Unlimited power of the stateUnlimited power of the state
Violent suppression of all Violent suppression of all oppositionopposition
Three types of totalitarian Three types of totalitarian ideologiesideologies
FascisFascismm
NazisNazismm
BolshevisBolshevismm
Three totalitarian leaders
Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Josef Stalin
Fascism
FascismIdeology representing the extreme right
Reaction of Italian rightists against the rise of socialismweakness of democratic forces
First introduced in Italy under Benito Mussolini
Popularity of Fascist Party among upper & middle classes
Controlled Italy for over twenty years
All characteristics of totalitarianism Creation of a ‘corporate state’: an attempt to merge economic & social interests of different classes & groups with the interests of the state
Features of FascismFeatures of Fascism
Nazism
Defeat of Germany in World War I and Defeat of Germany in World War I and Humiliation caused by the Versailles TreatyHumiliation caused by the Versailles Treaty
Factors behind the rise of Factors behind the rise of NazismNazism
Failure of Failure of democracydemocracyEconomic difficulties: the war & the Great Economic difficulties: the war & the Great DepressionDepressionRise of socialism – fear among the German upper & Rise of socialism – fear among the German upper & middle classesmiddle classes
Nazi party under Adolf Hitler took over power in Nazi party under Adolf Hitler took over power in 19331933
All characteristics of totalitarianismSpecial Features
Features of NazismFeatures of Nazism
Jews condemned as inferior people – hated & Jews condemned as inferior people – hated & killedkilled
Germans were claimed to be the best Germans were claimed to be the best racerace
Racial pride: “pure Aryans” – the best Racial pride: “pure Aryans” – the best racerace
Genocide of Jews: “Holocaust” - Genocide of Jews: “Holocaust” - 5.6 million to 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (including 1.5 million children) 5.9 million Jews (including 1.5 million children) systemically killed systemically killed
The Holocaust
Organizers of Holocaust
General Reinhardt HeydrichHimmler
Nazism - a more developed version of Nazism - a more developed version of FascismFascism
Both were basically Fascist ideologiesBoth were basically Fascist ideologies
Comparison between Fascism & NazismComparison between Fascism & Nazism
Hammer and sickleHammer and sickle
Introduced in Russia through a socialist Introduced in Russia through a socialist revolution known as October Revolution revolution known as October Revolution (October, 1917)(October, 1917)
Bolshevism: a form of Marxian Bolshevism: a form of Marxian socialismsocialism
Karl MarxKarl Marx
Abolishing exploitation of man by Abolishing exploitation of man by manman
Goals of October Goals of October RevolutionRevolution
Establishing social Establishing social justicejustice
LeadersLeaders
Josef StalinJosef Stalin
V.I. LeninV.I. Lenin
V.I. Lenin Josef Stalin
Basic Basic featuresfeatures
All basic characteristics ofAll basic characteristics of totalitarianism, but different fromtotalitarianism, but different from Fascism and Nazism – a leftist ideologyFascism and Nazism – a leftist ideology
MilitarisMilitarismm
Adoption of militarism as state policy by Adoption of militarism as state policy by Totalitarian ideologies – war seen as a solution Totalitarian ideologies – war seen as a solution to all problemsto all problemsMilitary power given highest priority – Military power given highest priority – suppression of libertysuppression of liberty
ChauvinismChauvinism
Extreme form of Extreme form of nationalismnationalismPromoted by the Nazis: Claim of German racial Promoted by the Nazis: Claim of German racial superioritysuperiority
Chauvinism - a dangerous political weapon for Chauvinism - a dangerous political weapon for dominating other nationsdominating other nations
Causes of World War IICauses of World War II
Unresolved conflicts between old & new Unresolved conflicts between old & new imperialist countriesimperialist countries
Aggressive policies followed by Aggressive policies followed by Germany & Italy - Rapid increase of Germany & Italy - Rapid increase of military strengthmilitary strength
Failure of the Treaty of VersaillesFailure of the Treaty of Versailles
Lack of trust & cooperation among anti-fascist Lack of trust & cooperation among anti-fascist forcesforcesPolicy of Policy of appeasementappeasement
Arthur Neville Chamberlain
Signing Ceremony of Munich Pact
Signing of Munich Pact
Policy of Appeasement
The Second World WarThe Second World War
Germany attacked Poland on September 1, Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 19391939On September 3, Britain & France declared war on On September 3, Britain & France declared war on GermanyGermanyGermany attacked Soviet Union on June 22, Germany attacked Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 1941
Hitler takes salute Hitler and Mussolini
Edge of a War
German soldiers destroying Polish border checkpoint on September 1939
Soviet troops move into Poland
Beginning of the War
German Ship Bismarck burnt Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
War in the Sea
German Junkers_Ju87
German Me 110 fighter plane.
French Renault_FT-17 Tank
British Cannon
War Weapons
“Fat Man”
Atomic bombs
“Little Boy”
The aftermathThe aftermath
“Atomic Mushroom” over NagasakiRuins of Hiroshima
ConclusioConclusion n Totalitarianism: causing violence & suffering for Totalitarianism: causing violence & suffering for people all over the world people all over the world
World War II: the most tragic war in human World War II: the most tragic war in human history - Enormous economic & human losseshistory - Enormous economic & human losses
Explosion of two atomic Explosion of two atomic bombsbombsSecond World War significantly changed Second World War significantly changed modern civilization: Beginning of a new phase modern civilization: Beginning of a new phase in civilizationin civilization