15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection 15-1 The Puzzle of ... · 15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection 15 Darwin wrote about Differential Survival & Reproduction Define evolutionary

15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

1

15-1 The Puzzle of Life's Diversity

Study the photo of leaves...What else do you see?How did the Leaf Mantis come to look like decaying leaves?Define evolution in its simplest meaning?Review the meaning of theory as applied to the theory of evolution?Who was Charles Darwin, generally?

Define natural selection, generally?Did he discover the theory of evolution?


2

Voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831)

Study this map... Identify the significance of the HMS Beagle to our study of evolution,How long was the voyage?

What was the primary mission? Why did Darwin go along?What did Darwin do extraordinarily well that was significant?

What did Darwin do between stops and how was this significant?...What locations were especially significant?

Why?


3

Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses

When did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck live and work in relation to Darwin?What did Lamarck know that was correct?

Explain fully how Lamarck thought species evolved?

(evolve, descend, adapt)Study the diagrams...Are these 4 different giraffes?

What do the arrows represent?What part is missing (Fig. 1)?

Define inheritance of acquired characteristics.Why is it also known as “use disuse”? Was his hypothesis correct?What was he lacking? What did he not know?Has there ever been evidence that, at least in part, supports his hypothesis?

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


4

An Ancient, Changing Earth

James Hutton (1795)When did James Hutton work in relation to Darwin?What was Hutton's field of study?What did Hutton observe, theorize and write about?Define gradualism citing one example?How was this important to Darwin's thinking?


5

An Ancient, Changing Earth

Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains Charles Lyell (1830)

When did Charles Lyell work in relation to Darwin?What was Lyell's field of study?

What did Lyell observe, theorize and write about?Define uniformitarianism citing one example?How was this important to Darwin's thinking?

Who's work did Lyell's build upon?

Complete the following: If the Earth has changed over billions of years, then...

The Grand Canyon


6

Population Growth

Thomas Malthus (1798)

When did Thomas Malthus work in relation to Darwin?What was Malthus's field of study?What did Malthus observe, theorize and write about?Define carrying capacity citing one example?

How was this important to Darwin's thinking?If this is true for humans, then...

Define limiting factor citing one example?


7

Darwin's Observations

Grasslands on four different continents

What did Darwin observe concerning species living in the same habitat on different continents?Explain why this was unexpected.What did he conclude?What did Darwin observe in fossils?Explain why this was unexpected.What did he conclude?


8

Darwin's Observations

What did Darwin observe when comparing species on the Galapagos with mainland species?

What did he observe when comparing species on different islands?

What did he conclude?

What did he conclude?

Give your interpretation of the political cartoon (right).

What did the combination of observations and acquired knowledge lead him too propose?


9

Publication of The Origin of Species

What did Darwin do on return to England?What did he receive from Alfred Russell Wallace in 1858? Who was Alfred Russell Wallace?

Give your interpretation of the political cartoon (above, right).What happened next?Why doesn't Wallace get the same recognition?

What did he discover and where?

What did Darwin write about?...


10

Darwin wrote about Artificial Selection

Brussels Sprouts

Kohlrabi

Ancestral Species (Brassica oleracea)

Kale

Broccoli

Cauliflower

Study the diagram...Explain what it shows in your own words.Define and explain artificial selection.What's with the pigeons?Define domestication and list some domesticated species.Explain how this supports Darwin's natural selection hypothesis.

http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=cbp&wcsuffix=5153


11

Darwin wrote about Evolution by Natural Selection

List the principles of natural selection that Darwin proposed.Interpret each of these cartoons to identify and explain three misconceptions concerning evolution by natural selection.


12

Darwin wrote about Inherited Variation

How were differences between individuals of the same species explained before Darwin? How did Darwin view them?Variations in organisms are due to variation in _____?Identify, list and describe three sources of genetic variation.

Did Darwin know this? What did he know?(mutation (2 types), gene shuffling, horizontal transfer)

Explain variation as a component of natural selection.


13

Darwin wrote about Overproduction Of Offspring

Explain overproduction of offspring as a component of natural selection.Review where Darwin got this idea.


14

Darwin wrote about The Struggle for Existence

Explain how overproduction of offspring can be a problem.What does this lead to or cause?Who might individuals be forced to compete with? (at least 3)


15

Darwin wrote about Differential Survival & Reproduction

Define evolutionary adaptation.Study the extreme example above.

Identify and explain the adaptations necessary for this moth species to exist in terms of fitness.

Define evolutionary fitness.

Explain the cartoon example in terms of fitness.

Which individuals survive?


16

Darwin wrote about Descent With Modification

Define descent with modification.What is it in contrast to (Lamarck)?Explain the Giraffe example in terms of natural selection and fitness using the terms “selected for” and “selected against”.Review… what unit changes?What increases in the population?


17

Study this phylogenetic tree.

How much of life is this tree intended to represent?Why are there so many different kinds of life and billions of species?

All branches join with other branches and eventually the trunk. What does this represent (at least 3 concepts)?

What general trend can be observed from bottom to top?

Define phylogeny.

Darwin wrote about Unity and Diversity


18

“Modern” Evidence of Evolution

How long has life been evolving? How do we know?List five sources of evidence represented by each of these figures.


19

Evidence: The Fossil Record

Study this figure representing the fossil record.Define geologic strata.Describe the relationship between strata and time.

Generally, what can be inferred about life on Earth from the fossil record?Specifically, observe the fossils in this figure to construct a phylogenetic tree that shows the evolution of the six major animal groups (invertebrates + 5 vertebrates).

Does the same always hold true for depth and time? Explain!


20

Evidence: Geographic Distribution(AKA Biogeography)

Study these figures showing Galapagos finch species?What did Darwin conclude to explain their similarities?What did Darwin conclude to explain their differences?What two inferences can be made concerning species on the same island?Explain how this idea applies to global biogeography (Darwin's realization).


21

Evidence: Biogeography

Study the figure comparing marsupial and placental mammals?What is it designed to show? (AKA parallel evolution)Study the figure comparing North and South American placental species? What is it designed to show?

Define analogous structure.Define convergent evolution.


22

Evidence: Homologous Structures

Turtle Alligator

Bird Mammal

Ancient, lobe-finned fish

What's missing?

Vestigial

Which vertebrate group is missing from the phylogenetic tree?What does the color coding suggest about the bone structure of these groups?Define homologous structure.

Define divergent evolution.Why is the bone structure not identical?

Why does a whale have pelvic bones, snakes have hind claws and humans have an appendix?Define vestigial structure. Contrast with analogous structure.


23

Evidence: Similarities in Embryology

Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny

Study these figures and read the captions.What does this comparisons of embryos appear to show?

Translate and contemplate this phrase. Is it true?


24

Summary of Darwin's Theory

List and explain the four components of natural selection.


25

Summary of Darwin's Theory

What does this suggest about all species alive today?1) They descended with modification from ancestral species.2) They are united into one tree of life!

Is biology the only field of study that supports Darwin's hypotheses?Is evolutionary theory subject to change? Explain!

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15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection 15-1 The Puzzle of ... · 15 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection 15 Darwin wrote about Differential Survival & Reproduction Define evolutionary