UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTONDEPARTMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHYSeattle, Washington 98105

Technical Reports

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A COMPILATION Of ARTICLES REPORTING RESEARCH

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Reference M66-2January 1966

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....

Reproduction in whole or in part is permittedfor any purpose of the United States Government

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ARTICLES REPORTING RESEARCH SPONSORED JOINTLY BY THEU.8. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION AND THE OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Technical Report No. 142

BIO-LITHOLOOY OF NORTHEAST PACIFIC SURFACE SEDIMENTS, by Y. R. Nayudu andB. J. Enbysk. Marine Geology, ~(4):310-342. 1964. (AEC: RLO-1725-42)

Technical Report No. 143

THE TINTJJrnID PARAFAVELLA GIGANTEA (BRANDT), KOFOID & CAMPBELL, 1929, INTHE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, by Hsin-Yi Ling. Journal of Paleontology, 39(4):721-723. 1965. (AEC: RLO-1725-43)

Technical Report No. 144

THE CARBONATE CONTENT OF SURFACE SEDTh1ENTS FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFICOCEAN, by M. Grant Gross. Northwest Science, 32(3):85-92. 1965. (AEC:RLO-1725-44)

Technical Report No. 145

RADIOACTIVITY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER EFFLUENT, by M. Grant Gross, Clifford~ Barnes, and Gordon K. Riel. Science, 149(3688):1088-1090. 1965.(AEC: RLO-1725-45) -

Technical Report No. 146

FRACTIONATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OFF THE WASHINGTON AND OREGONCOASTS, by George C. Anderson. Limnology and Oceanography, 10(3):477-480. 1965. (AEC: RLO-1725-46) ---

Technical Report No. 147

CHLOROPHYLLS IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON: CORRELATION WITH CARBON UPrAKE,by G. C Anderson and K. Banse. Deep-Sea Research, 12(4):531-533. 1965.(AEC: RLO-1725-47)

Technical Report No. 148

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE SALINITY DISTRIBUTION NEAR THE COLUMBIARIVER MOUTH, by Betty-Ann Morse and Noel McGary. pp. 923-942 in OceanScience and Ocean Engineering 1965, vol. 2. Marine Technology:Society,Washington, D. C. 1965. (AEC: RLO-1725-3)

Technical Report No. 149

THE UNION OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN -- GENERAL FEATURES,by Alyn C. Duxbury. pp. 914-q22 in Ocean Science and Ocean Engineering1965, vol. 2. :M~rine.:Technology Society, Washington D.. C. 1965. (AEC:RLO -1725-5)

LJNIVERSlTY OF WASHINGTON

DEPARTMENT OF OCt:ANOGRAPHYTECHNICAL REPORT NO. 149

THE UNION OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AND THE

PACIFIC OCEAN -- GENERAL FEATURES

Alyn C•. Duxbury

ABSTRACT

The Columbia River is seasonal in its discharge, having botha winter and a summer peak. The winter peak is generallyerratic and a function of the coastal precipitation, whilethe summer peak, produced by snow melt in the interior, isuniform. The effluent enters the Northeastern Pacific througha belt of near uniform surface coastal water «32%). In.thisregion the Columpia is the largest single contributor of fres~

water. During the summer peak discharge period the freshwateradded by this one river represents approximately 9~ of thearea's coastal drainage. However, its influence on the dilu­tion of the oceanic environment is reduced during the winterwhen other coastal rivers are also at peak flow.

In addition to the seasonal variation in river flow, thereis a seasonal trend in the transport of the effluent once ithas united with the sea. During the winter the prevailingwinds hold the effluent close to the shore on the northernside of the river, producing a narrow band of relatively freshwater that is composed of effluent from several coastalsources. The summer brings persistent northerly winds whichtransport the river's discharge seaward to the southwest andcreate a zone of upwelling immediately adjacent to the coaston either side of the river. Since at this time ot the year

.. the freshwater in the oceanic environment adjacent to theriver is nearly all Columbia River water, any modificationof the distributions can be related to the Columbia River andthe local transport processes.

INTRODUCTION

The Columbia River enters the Northeastern Pacific Ocean atthe boundary of Washington and Oregon. This coastal area isone where many rivers and streams, fed by the coastal landprecipitation, dilute tha surface waters of the ocean to forma low salinity belt,<32 /00, near the shore. It is in thisenvironment that the Columbia discharges with sufficient vol­ume to qualify as the largest single contributor of fresh­water in the area. Yet during some periods of the year,primarily the wintertime, the effluent from the Columbia isnot distinguishable from that of the other rivers once it be­comes part of the marine environment 0

FEATURES OF THE RIVER

The Columbia River is a difficult and complex river systemto understand, let alone decipher its impact on the oceanicarea it feeds. The river has been monitored for a consider­able number of years to determine its average annual dis­charge of 7,300 m' per sec. which represents approximately14% of the total annual discharge from continental Uni~edStates. Its drainage basin, Fig. 1, covers 670,000 kmwith 85% of this area within the United States. The sea­sonal variations in the water supply from the different re­gions of this basin interact with each other to produce theirregular discharge pattern of the river. In general, the

Roptin''''' f,om

OCUN SCIENCE AND OCEAN ENGIIIEERtNG

T,.,.aocUon••f tho Joiftf CO", c••Mo,l"o Techft.e...-, Soclo" end .....'ic.n Soci.., .f LI lo., CWl-4 Oc••no.,a~

W••hin,ton, O. C•• J"",,, 1965

annual mean discharge curve, Fig. 2, has two peaks of flow.The summer peak is fed by snow melt from the inland areas,while the winter peak is supplied by the heavy winter pre­cipitation in the fraction of the drainage basin west of theCascade Range. The magnitude of the supply of this lattersmall area is at times surprising, as witnessed by theWillamette River discharging more water than the Columbiaupriver of The Dalles this last December. Although the meanannual discharge curve shown here appears to have a regularvariation throughout its cycle, a typical curve for a singleyear is erratic, Fig. 2. The week-t~week changes in dischargeduring the winter can exceed the mean value by lOOJ' and occuressentially at the whim of the Pacific Northwest weather.It should be understood that the extreme sharp peaks in therunoff curve that often appear in the winter have a limitedeffect on the time average discharge as they act for shortperiods of time and represent small volumes. The broader peaksacting over considerable time periods, however, are quite sig­nificant and may displace the yearly runoff curve from themean.

SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE EFFLUENT DISTRIBUTION

The interaction between the movement of the coastal water andthe prevailing surface winds through the coupling agent, windstress, has been found to be quite important in the distri­bution of the Columbia River effluent at sea. An analysisof surface winds based on the 12 hourly U. S. Weather Bureaupressure charts for the years 1961-1963 shows that a seasonalmigration of the mean wind direction occurs off the coastsof Washington and Oregon, Fig. 3. This change in orientationof the surface winds causes a change in the orientation ofthe wind-driven transport of the surface waters of the samearea. The transport occurs approximately 90° to the rightof the wind and carries the surface mixture of seawater andColumbia River effluent toward the shore and northward duringthe winter period. This mixture is then blended with watershaving their sources in the harbors and streams north of theColumbia to form a belt of low salinity water that is notreadily definable as a product of any one particular source,Fig. 4. The salinity has been used to distinguish the rivereffluent from the seawater exclusively, since it is readilymeasurable and the temperature contrast is usually very slight.Although the influence of the Columbia cannot be clearly de­fined within this winter distribution, it remains a majorcontributor of fresh water and has its waters held close alongthe Washington beaches, a situation not generally occurringduring the rest of the year.

The summer's northerly winds cause the surface water to betransported to the southwest, offshore, Fig. 5. This trans­port carries the effluent away from the coast and creates azone of surface divergence and upwelling immediately alongthe coast on either side of the river. This band of up­welled water acts as a buffer and prevents the River's efflu­ent from maintaining prolonged contact with the shore areasnear the mouth. Since during this summer period the ColumbiaRiver discharge represents approximately 95% of the fresh­water supplied to the sea locally, the influence of the fresh­water on the distributions in the area can be directly relatedto the River's supply.

915

SHORT TERM VARIATIONS IN EFFLUENT DISTRIBUTION

The seasonal trends in the distribution of effluent of theColumbia River are easy to obtain from the time averageddata. However, wind driven changes in the distributions canoccur within extremely short time periods and nearly rivalthe magnitude of the seasonal shifts in distributions. Inthe immediate area of the mouth of the river, rapidly chang­ing distributions governed by the periodic tidal dischargeof the river, the hydraulic head and the offshore tidal cur­rents as well as wind influence are expected. Further off­shore the effect of these factors is considerably reducedand the rate of change of the distributions with time slowed.Wind shifts and their effects on the distributional patternshave been observed to occur at rates which nearly eliminatethe possibility of gathering data that may be consideredsynoptic. Data collected by Oregon State University on theR. V. ACONA and the University of Washington on the R. V.BROWN BEAR during successive cruises show dramatically theredistribution of surface salinities in response to strongnortherly winds, Fig. 6. As depicted here the bounding 320 /00isohaline migrated approximately 90 nm in less than 10 days,a time period well within the limits over which oceanic datais often considered synoptic.

SYNOPSIS OF PAST AND PRESENT STUDIES

The sphere of influence of the Columbia River water at seahas been intensively studied by the Department of Oceanography,University of Washington, since 1961. The initial phase ofthe investigation required large area surveys to develop adescriptive history of the environment. By 1963, sufficientinformation had been obtained to allow a change in emphasistoward a series of detailed studies in time and space. Des­pite the total effort expended in investigations of the efflu­ent area, it is estimated that the present analyses are basedon one sample of water for every cubic mile of seawater affec­ted by the River; rather sparse information for such a dynamicarea. Despite this seemingly low density of samples, consid­erable inroads into the understanding of the basic behaviorof the system as a whole have been made and a sound workingbase has been established upon which more detailed and sophis­ticated studies can be built.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper is Contribution No. 358 from the Department ofOceanography, University of Washington. Support was pro-vided in part of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Con-tract AT(45-l)-1?25, and the Office of Naval Research, Con­tract Nonr-4??(lO) and Contract Nonr-4??(3?), Project NR 083 012.The author is indebted to the many members of the Departmentof Oceanography who have worked at sea and in the laboratory,collecting and analyzing the data for the above contracts.

916

Ito-

Columbia River Draina,e Balin and Adjacent Sea

Figure 1

917

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50"N

40"

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CO ......""" IL.0)

uiiia~II)0Z41II):J0:J:.-

JANUARY

Figure 2

1963COlUMBIA RIVER CURRENT DISCHARGE

__" MAIN STREAM AT THE DALLES. OREGOtI

ACCUMULATED RUNOFF BETWEEN---,-,'. THE DALLES AND ASTORIA

_ TOTAL RUNOFF AT ASTORIA

_.- ..... WEEKLY M£AN 1943 - ~7

_1UIII'ilC&1rIIlOIBY IIIClIm4

f1lIl I.II-It••

_cnc..·'- ­o I • • • •-.-

Figure 3

919

122·

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Wintertime Surface Salin!ty

Figure 4

920

132"

Summertime Surface Salini~

BROWN MAR CRUISE no

Figure 5

921

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Figure 6

922

. 122"

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