1450-17501450-17501450-17501450-1750

Satellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of Europe

RREEGGIIOONNSS

RREEGGIIOONNSS

Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)

AsiaAsia 44,579,00044,579,000

AfricaAfrica 30,065,00030,065,000

North AmericaNorth America 24,256,000 24,256,000

South AmericaSouth America 17,819,00017,819,000

AntarcticaAntarctica 13,209,00013,209,000

EuropeEurope 9,938,0009,938,000

Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia)  Australia)   7,687,000 7,687,000

Why exploration?

• Basic Resources and Trade– Land, cash crops, new crops

• New trade routes to Asia– Silk, spices, porcelain, etc.

• Expand influence of Christianity– Missionary religion– Franciscan and Dominican Monks– Reconquista

THE 3 G’s

A Map of the Known World, A Map of the Known World,

pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known World, A Map of the Known World,

pre- 1492pre- 1492

Trade Winds

Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade in Malacca

2. A New Player in Europe

3. Marco Polo, 1271

4. Expansion becomes a state enterprise and monarchs had the authority & the resources.

5. Better seaworthy ships.

6. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

Motives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European Exploration

1. Crusades -->by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance -->curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation-->refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass?

New Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator

School for Navigation, 1419

1394-1460

West Africa

Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487

-Cape of Good Hope

1. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut.

2. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Bartolomeu Dias- 1487

• nobleman of the Portuguese royal household was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488

• the first European known to have done so

De Gama- 1498

• a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.

• For a short time in 1524, he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy

Alfonso de Albuquerque- 1510

• Portuguese nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

• He is generally considered a world conquest military genius, given his successful strategy: he attempted to close all the Indian ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific

• The Terrible, The Great, The Caesar of the East

Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

Genoese mariner

Christopher Columbus

• explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa

• Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere

• Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World".

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Christopher Columbus (14521-1504)

• In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus' far-fetched proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown.

• Instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador.

• The Land Grab begins…

Other Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of Exploration

Voyages of Exploration

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa-->Pacific Ocean (Walked across Panama to see Pacific Ocean)

• Fernao de Magalhaes (1480-1521)-->Service of Spain (First to sail around world) Got ATE

• James Cook (1728-1779)-->Polynesia and Hawaii and Australia (Sailed for the British)

• British, French, Russians?• Trade and Conflict would follow

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

• Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador.

• Crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World

• Founded a settlement in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas

Fernando de Magallanes

• Portuguese explorer Served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).

• Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean

• the first circumnavigation of the EarthMagellan himself did not complete

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation: Early Early

1616cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation: Early Early

1616cc

John Cabot / Giovanni Caboto

• Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings

• Position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

James Cook (1728-1779)

• British explorer, navigator and cartographer

• Made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean

• First European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, as well New Zealand

• Saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americasfrom the Americas

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americasfrom the Americas

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropean

Nationalism

MissionaryActivity

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

SocialDarwinism

Why is Why is access to access to

water water importantimportant

??

Why is Why is access to access to

water water importantimportant

??