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Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV
What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Authors: Joern Loehken, Liam McNelis, Bernd Fricke & Denis Will, DynaEnergetics.
APPS‐14‐18
Rationale
Examples for Section IV Axial Flow tests
Numerical Modelling of Axial and Radial Flow
Influence of Perforation damage on CFE for both flow methods
Lab Tests
Summary & Future Work
Agenda
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Section IV test should provide a measure of flow performance of a perforation at downhole conditions
Different methods to flow the core are possible
What are the differences between both flow types? (SPE 143993)
Implementation of a new method into our test setup.
What is more representative for downhole flow into a perforated wellbore?
Rationale
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Axial Inflow
Radial In
flow
Radial Inflow
Out Flow
Axial flow: pressure differential between top and bottom face of the rock
Productivity ratio given by
PR
with∆
Section IV Test – Axial Flow
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
100 bar 100 bar
0 bar 0 bar
Charge A: PR=1.1, Tunnel vol.=36ccm, TTP=367mm; EHD=7,9mm
Charge B: PR=1.1, Tunnel vol.=40ccm, TTP=299mm; EHD=9,2mm
Section IV, axial flow data for two 25g charge types
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Charge A
Charge B
Each charge was shot 2 timeson 4 different rock types
Same phenomena could be seen throughout all test shots:
Charge A has a bigger TTP
But both charges have similar productivity values
Charge B achieves same PR with less penetration
Is axial flow the right method?
Comparison for 2 charge types on different rocks
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Prod
uctio
nRa
tio [‐]
Total Target Penetration [mm]
Charge A
Charge B
Best Fit Charge A
Best Fit Charge B
CFD simulation of axial and radial flow fora clean cylindrical tunnel
Penetration and rock length have a stronger effect on axial flow
Tunnel diameter is more important for radial flow
Radial flow „uses“ more tunnel surface
Is it more sensitive to perforation damage?
Simulation of Radial vs. Axial Flow for clean tunnels
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
100 bar
0 bar0 bar
100 bar100 bar
Radial flow Axial flow
Tunn
el leng
th: 2
50 m
m
Tunnel diameter: 11mm
Influence of perforation damage
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Tunn
el leng
th: 2
50 m
m
Tunnel diameter: 11mm
Damage zonethickness: 12,7mm
100 bar
0 bar
100 bar
0 bar
100 bar
0 bar
Permeability reduced by 90% Without damage
100 bar
Radial flow Axial flow Axial flow
Radial flow is more sensitive to moderate damage (100%‐10% of rock perm.)
Axial flow becomes more sensitive to perforation damage with increasing damage
CFE values for axial and radial flow can differ as much as 350% for the same perforation damage
Ratio of axial to radial flow proportional todamage
Influence of perforation damage on CFE
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
534 503 444379
298
182
111
62954345
2262
1258
667
276140
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
10
100
1000
10000
1.00%10.00%100.00%
CFE [‐]
Flow
(ml/min)
Crushed Zone Permeabilty/Rock Permeability [%]
Axial FlowRadial FlowCFE AxialCFE Radial
Stainless steel bars with a diameter of5 mm were used for radial flow
Core was sealed near the casing plate
Test setup was cross‐checked with CFD simulations
Drilled channel was used as a baseline
Knowlegde of permeabilty profile overthe length of the core essential for a good data match
Section IV tests and simulation with radial flow
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
80mD
40mD
60mD
Section IV, radial flow data for two 25g charge types
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
Charge A
Charge BCharge PR,
axialTTP [mm]
Clear tunnel[mm]
CFEaxial CFEradial CFEaxial CFEradial
Flowradial Flowaxial
A 0,92 320 281 0,67 0,21 3,2 3,9
B 1,1 327 278 0,9 0,35 2,6 5,2
Difference 20% 2% 1% 34% 67% 23% 33%
Similar TTP and clear tunnel depth, but different CFE and axial PR values
CFE strongly dependent on measured geometry, permeability andcleanliness of the tunnel
Flow Ratio independent of geometry measurement
Same perforation tunnel damage results in different CFE values for axial and radial flow.
Radial flow is more sensitive to perforation tunnel damage.
For very large perforation tunnel damage, axial and radial flow have similar sensitivities and flow rates.
Ratio of axial to radial flow might be an appropriate measure for perforation tunnel damage
Future Work
Deduction of values for perforation damage from the axial flow data.
Research on alternative methods to determine perforation damage.
CFD Simulation on a wellbore scale including drilling damage.
Summary, Conclusions & Future work
Shaped Charge Performance Evaluation Section IV, What is better Axial or Radial Flow?
QUESTIONS? THANK YOU!
APPS‐14‐18
References
Harvey et al., Determining Perforation Parameters from Single‐Shot Tests: Radial vs. Axial Flow, SPE 143993, 2011
Behrmann et al., Measurement of Additional Skin Resulting From Perforation Damage, SPE 22809, 1991
API RP 19B, 2nd Edition, Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Well Perforators, December 2014
Authors: Joern Loehken, Liam McNelis, Bernd Fricke & Denis Will, DynaEnergetics.