14038 Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals Rev1 · Ballycotton Bay Fibre Optic Cable Laying Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals Dr. Joanne O’Brien Irish Whale & Dolphin Group Ger

Ballycotton Bay Fibre Optic Cable Installation Marine Mammal Risk Assessment 14038

Moore Group Environmental Services ([email protected]) 1

Ballycotton Bay Fibre Optic Cable Laying

Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals

Dr. Joanne O’Brien Irish Whale & Dolphin Group

Ger O’Donohoe M.Sc. MOORE GROUP

1. Introduction

The Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DoAHG) published guidelines entitled “Guidance

to Manage the Risk to Marine Mammals from Man-made Sound Sources in Irish Waters (December, 2013). This guidance document sets out the potential risks to marine mammals from man-made sounds. It states that

“An assessment of risk forms an important part of the decision-making framework for mitigating the

effects of anthropogenic sound in the marine environment. It is recommended that … [certain] coastal

and marine activities undergo a risk assessment for anthropogenic sound-related impacts on relevant

protected marine mammal species, to inform the consenting process.”

The NPWS draft guidance states:

“A risk assessment for each marine mammal species of relevance to the proposed

works area needs to consider the nature of the sound source, its likely and/or

potential effects on individuals and/or populations and on their likely habitat…

Where an assessment identifies the likelihood of a risk to protected marine mammal

species, either by virtue of (a) the proposed operation or activity and/or (b) the

sensitivity of a particular site in which the sound-producing operation or activity is

proposed, it is recommended that appropriate risk management measures are

pursued by the relevant Regulatory Authority.”

The guidance goes on to state:

“Following the initial identification and assessment of risk arising from an operation

or activity … a menu of management options is available to Regulatory Authorities in

their decision making process and it includes:

A1. Consent without mitigation (e.g., where the risk of any adverse effects has been

ruled out)

A2. No consent given for the activity

A3. Avoid critical habitats for marine mammals (e.g., designated sites or other

locations identified as sensitive via the risk assessment process)

A4. Avoid operations during key periods of the species’ life cycle (e.g.,

breeding/resting, migration)

A5. Avoid time periods when effective impact mitigation is not possible, and/or

A6. Risk minimisation measures, namely

A6.1. Minimise the duration over which the sound-producing activity is intended

to take place;

A6.2. Minimise the individual and cumulative sound pressure and exposure levels

delivered into the environment by the activity. If necessary the use of alternative,

Ballycotton Bay FO Cable Marine Mammal Risk Assessment 14038

Irish Whale and Dolphin Group (www.iwdg.ie) Dr. Joanne O’Brien

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lower impact equipment and methods should be explored (e.g., vibratory

hammer, gravity base piles).

A6.3. Incorporate the use of clear “ramp-up” or “soft-start” procedures, whereby

sound energy input to the marine environment is gradually or incrementally

increased from levels unlikely to cause significant behavioural impact on marine

mammals to the full output necessary for completion of the activity.

A6.4. Incorporate the use of fully enclosing or confined bubble curtains, encircling

absorptive barriers (e.g., isolation casings, cofferdams) or other demonstrably

effective noise reduction methods at the immediate works site, in order to reduce

underwater sound propagation from on-site operations. Studies have shown that

such methods can provide a significant reduction in sound input to the wider

aquatic environment in the order of 10-30 dB.

A6.5. The use of trained marine mammal observers (MMO’s) provides effective

means of detecting marine mammals in the vicinity of coastal and marine

operations. Associated operational considerations should also be taken into

account.”

Figure 1. Flow diagram illustrating the staged process towards managing risk (NPWS, 2013).

The guidance states that the consideration and/or application of activity-specific risk minimisation measures as outlined in A6 above should be informed by the risk assessment.

2. Information on the Proposed Activity

The cables to be laid in the intertidal area will be comprised of fibre optic cable protected in a steel casing. The operation will centre on a narrow section of foreshore off the coast of Garryvoe, in Ballycotton Bay (Figure 2). The following generic methodology will be employed during the installation process.

Risk Characterisation

Risk Assessment

Risk Management

Consent without mitigation (A1)

No Consent (A2)

Risk avoidance (A3–A5)

Risk minimisation (A6)



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Figure 2. Site Location of the proposed cable landing point near Garryvoe Lower in Ballycotton Bay.

Prior to the date of the cable landing, it is anticipated that the BMH will have been constructed and installed at the eastern side and north of the access to the beach.

Seaward ducts from BMH will be pre-installed to a concrete foot located at a suitable location on the beach access road, and will be buried to a minimum 2m below the surface. The seaward ducts will normally be heavy density PVC pipe 4”-6” in diameter, and will be backfilled prior to commencing the cable landing operation.

Divers will be deployed from a dive boat to swim the proposed route checking that the seabed route is clear of any obstructions.

On the day of the cable landing operations, excavators, cable winch, and rigging will be moved on site. The beach landing party will have deployed 1 or 2 quadrants on the beach to assist in guiding the cable along the designated installation pathway to the BMH and the seaward end of the duct will be exposed.

The main lay vessel will be ready in position at first light and will transfer a messenger line to a small boat, which will either tow the cable in or pull the messenger rope in to the beach party.

The messenger line will be connected to an excavator doing beach pulls (if not using a large winch). When connected, the beach pull will start and the “vessel crew” will add floats to the cable as it is deployed from the vessel (Figure 3).



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Figure 3. Showing a similar Fibre Optic cable being installed in a similar environment.

When sufficient cable is on the beach, it will be secured (on the beach), and the floating cable will be adjusted to suit the route while divers will start to remove the cable floats and the cable will sink to the seabed.

When the cable is on seabed, the divers will inspect the cable and may do some minor slack adjustment where possible/required.

The cable end will be pulled into the pre installed duct at the BMH and checked/tested. Once the test has been successfully carried out, the ship will commence laying the cable to the south.

The cable across the beach will have articulated pipe installed to the Low Water Mark (possibly further if required).

After the articulated pipe has been installed, a trench will be dug at the side of the cable and the cable will be lowered into the trench. This will continue towards the low water line, and the cable may be hand jetted (using water pressure) to lower it to 1m below the seabed.

As soon as the cable has been installed in the trench, it will be backfilled, and the beach will be restored to the original profile. All equipment will be removed from the site.

The installation vessel will be on one of ASN’s complement of vessels includes 140-meter cable ships, which have been designed as powerful integrated cable installation vessels. All vessels conform to MARPOL , including general requirements over the control of waste oil, engine oil discharges and grey and black waste water discharges; prevention of pollution by garbage from ships and prevention of air pollution; and maintain operating procedures for dealing with incidents such as oil and waste spillages that potentially may threaten the marine environment. One of the cable ships is accredited by the European Maritime Safety Agency to perform maritime environmental protection activities. Plough burial of cable is usually performed in water depths of less than 1000m where the seabed conditions allow. An industry-standard cable plough weighs approximately 12 tonnes in water. It is deployed from the stern of the installation vessel and towed behind the ship, burying the cable into

the seabed, usually to a depth of 1 m, as it progresses along the route.



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Figure 4. Plough to be towed behind the ship to bury and infill cable.

As the plough is towed through the seabed its share blade and inclined cutting disk lift a wedge of substrate. As the plough progresses forwards, this sediment is dropped back into the trench, emplacing the cable at the bottom of a relatively undisturbed sediment wedge.

It is expected that the sand will have resorted to a natural state after one tidal cycle. The intertidal cable laying works will take one day to complete. The works will be carried out during the summer months in order to avoid any disturbance to the birds that over-winter in the adjacent SPA. This type of activity (cable-laying) is not covered by the NPWS guidance document to “Manage the Risk to Marine Mammals from Man-made Sound Sources in Irish Waters”. Hence, this proposed work qualifies under the category - Consent without mitigation (A1) and does not require an MMO on site during the process. Additionally, the area is not an enclosed harbour, bay or inlet, so if side-scan sonar techniques are employed over the duration, an MMO is not required. However, as good practice the soft start procedure should be undertaken.

3. Information Marine Mammals within the Area of the Proposed Activity

To date 24 species of cetaceans have been recorded in Irish waters and two regularly occurring seal species, the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Harbour/Common Seal (Phoca vitulina). Of the 24 cetacean species recorded in Irish waters, one species is known only from strandings (Gervais beaked whale (Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais 1855)), two species are known only from sightings ((beluga Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas 1776)) and northern right whale), while 21 species have been recorded both stranded and sighted (Berrow 2001; O’Brien et al., 2009). This high number (around a quarter of the world’s total number of species) reflects the diversity of habitats from the relatively shallow (<200m) continental shelf, to the deep water (>2000m) to the west (including the shelf edge). Seal species have been found to breed around all shorelines of Ireland and use the coastal and offshore waters in their daily lives for foraging, transit between terrestrial resting places (known as haul-out sites), and other behaviours linked to their annual life cycles (e.g., social behaviour, territoriality).

The following sources of records for marine mammals were accessed to assess their occurrence of within and around the area of the proposed cable laying activities. These sources included;



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1. The National Biodiversity Data Centre (NBDC) online database of species (accessed at www.biodiversityireland.ie on 5

th August, 2014)

2. The Irish Whale and Dolphin Group (IWDG) online database of sightings of marine mammals (www.iwdg.ie, 5

th August, 2014)

3. Appendix 4 of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) guidance document (2013) which provides generalised maps of marine mammal distribution and habitat in Irish waters

Results of these searches are provided below. It is acknowledged that absence of records does not provide conclusive evidence that marine mammals are absent from an area.

1. The National Biodiversity Data Centre’s online mapping system of species records

The National Biodiversity Data Centres’ (NBDC) online database was accessed for grey and harbour seal records as well as otter records in the vicinity of the proposed works in Ballycotton. The fibre optic cable-laying activities would take place entirely within National Grid Square (NGS) W96. This NGS as well as the three surrounding marine NGSs were checked for records of all three species.

(i) Harbour seals

Important haul-out sites for harbour seals are found on the west coast of Ireland, including; Bantry Bay, Kenmare River, Galway Bay, Sligo Bay and the Donegal Coast. Although common seals are less widespread and abundant in Ireland than grey seals they tend to occur in more discrete areas. Of a population in the Republic of Ireland of around 2,905 common seals in total for the Republic of Ireland (Cronin et al. 2004). Few NBDC records of seals exist for the Ballycotton and surrounding areas (Table 1 and 3). The last survey of seals undertaken along the south coast was by Callan and Duck (2013), where they used aerial surveys to survey the entire Cork coast for harbour seals and recorded grey seals if located. During this survey, no harbour seals were recorded in the vicinity of Ballycotton or the surrounding areas (Figure 5).

(ii) Grey seals In Ireland, grey seals are widespread but the greatest numbers are found in the south-western, western and northern coasts, but populations are also found on the east and south coasts. Previous work has shown the greatest populations to exist on the Blasket Islands, Inishkea Island group and the Saltees (Lyons, 2004). Grey seal pup production in 2005 was estimated at 689 individuals at the three main breeding colonies resulting in an estimated all age population of 2,412 – 3,101 grey seals, which was up to 43% of the estimated population breeding in the Republic of Ireland (O’Cadhla et al. 2007). Grey seals are highly mobile and may remain at sea for extended periods, especially outside the breeding season travelling distances of several hundred kilometres from breeding areas (Cronin et al. 2013). Like the harbour seal, there are few grey seal records for the Ballycotton and surround areas (Table 1 and 3). In 2012, Callan and Duck’s aerial survey along the entire Cork coastline recorded no grey seals in the vicinity of the proposed works (Figures 6).

(iii) Otter Otters are found across a variety of aquatic habitats, including; rivers, lakes, estuaries, canals, marsh and along the coast, Coastal dwelling otters require access to fresh water to regularly rinse their fur to avoid insulation problems. Few records exist for otters on the NBDC database in the vicinity of the proposed works with a total of 7 records for the Ballycotton area and 4 records for the surrounding NGS (Table 2 and 4).



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Table 1. Records of Harbour and Grey seal within NGS W96.

Grid square Species Date Location Precision Source

W96 Harbour seal 1960-1970 Ballycotton 10km NBDC

W96 Harbour seal 1969 3km NE Ballycotton 10km NBDC

W96 Grey seal 1960-1970 Ballycotton 10km NBDC

W96 Grey seal 1969 Ballycotton 10km NBDC

Table 2. Records of Otter within NGS W96

Grid square Species No. of records Precision Source

W96 Otter 7 10km NBDC

Table 3. Records of Grey and Harbour seal from surrounding NGS

Grid square Species Date Location Precision Source

W86 Harbour seal 1969 Ballycotton 10km NBDC

W86 Grey seal 1969 Ballycotton 10km NBDC

X06 Grey Seal 2007 Ballymakeagh 10km NBDC

X06 Grey Seal 2007 Ballypherode 10km NBDC

X06 Grey Seal 1979 Caple Island 10km NBDC

Table 4. Records of Otter from surrounding NGS

Grid square Species No. of records Precision Source

X06 Otter 4 10km NBDC

Figure 5 and 6. The number and distribution of harbour (orange) and grey seals (blue) counted in west, south-west, south and east Ireland in August-September 2012 (From Duck and Callan, 2013).



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2. The Irish Whale and Dolphin Group Online Database of Sightings of Cetacean Species

The Irish Whale and Dolphin Group operate an online validated database of cetacean sightings and this was accessed to map the sighting records from the area around the proposed works out to a distance of 10km. The database was searched for records around Ballycotton from 1995-2014. A total of 59 records exist for this time frame, accounting for seven species, including; fin whale, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, Minke whale, harbour porpoise, humpback whale and rissos dolphin (listed in order of occurrence; Figure 7).

(i) Fin whale

Since 1999, increased observer effort suggests that the inshore waters of the south coast offers suitable habitat for fin whales. On consecutive years since 1999, fin whales have been observed from as early as late May, with sightings peaking around November-December in West Cork, but later in the year further east off the Waterford/West Wexford coast. These high encounter rates for 6 months of the year (August-January) suggest a discreet sedentary population along the south coast, who do not strictly adhere to a predictable annual north- south migration, but may instead migrate relatively short distances between inshore and offshore waters. Data so far suggests that April is the only month during which fin whales have been absent in inshore waters, with very few sightings during March. Although generally seen in smaller groups, it seems that larger feeding aggregations of >15 fin whales may occur at the start and towards the end of the season. There is some evidence that fin whales may both arrive and depart in inshore waters en masse. Such aggregations have been viewed from places like the Old Head of Kinsale and Galley Head Co. Cork and Ram Head, Co. Waterford. Sighting records for the Ballycotton area show that fin whale sightings were most abundant between the years 1995 to 2014.

(ii) Bottlenose dolphin

Bottlenose dolphins are widespread and relatively abundant off the Irish coast with most sightings along the western seaboard (Berrow et al. 2010). Recent genetic evidence (Mirimin et al. 2011) suggests the existence of three discrete populations of bottlenose dolphins in Ireland: the Shannon Estuary, a coastal inshore population and a putative offshore population. The “putative offshore population” that was suggested by Mirimin et al. (2011) has recently been confirmed by Louis et al.

(2014) who showed offshore dolphins in Ireland are genetically discrete from the Inshore population and part of a large wide-ranging group that includes dolphins from the Bay of Biscay and the Azores. O’Brien et al. (2009) showed that the “Inshore population” (referred to as the Conamara-Mayo population by Ingram et al. 2001 and Mirimin et al. 2011) which is regularly recorded off Connemara is highly mobile with re-sightings of individual bottlenose dolphins from around the entire Irish coast including records from waters within and adjacent to the proposed site. IJsseldijk et al. (2012) carried out a more recent analysis which included 50 individual dolphins photographed off Connemara and showed a very high overall re-sighting rate of c.28%. This suggests this highly mobile population is relatively small and exhibits high local site fidelity. Recently individuals from this “Inshore population” in Ireland have been matched to the northeast and west coast of Scotland (Robinson et al. 2012) and to southwest England (Ryan et al. 2010).

An additional resident group of bottlenose dolphins (6 individuals) existed in Cork Harbour between 2006 and 2010. These animals were mostly observed between Crosshaven and Power Head (but were also photographed in Kinsale Harbour) in all seasons and appeared to have predictable movements based on tidal conditions. The second most abundant species recorded in the Ballycotton and adjoining areas was bottlenose dolphin, but these sightings may be from the highly transient coastal population or the resident individuals which frequented Cork Harbour for a number of years.



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(iii) Common dolphin

The southwest of Ireland is one of the best locations in European waters for common dolphins with high densities, especially in the autumn and winter. Common dolphins are regularly recorded along the south coast and often in very large groups. Group size is mainly around 20-30 dolphins but they are highly mobile and may travel long distances to find food. This is the third most frequently sighted species in the Ballycotton and surrounding areas.

(iv) Minke whale

Minke whales are widespread and abundant in Irish coastal waters from May through to October (Berrow et al. 2010). Minke whales are regularly recorded along the south coast, never in large numbers but are considered a regular and important summer component of the marine mammal community. Minke whales are thought to feed on a variety of pelagic fish in Ireland, including sandeels, sprat, herring and mackerel. This was the fourth most common species from the Ballycotton area but has a very seasonal occurrence in the area.

Figure 7. Cetaceans records for the Ballycotton Bay area – source www.iwdg.ie.

3. Appendix 4 of NPWS Guidance Document (NPWS, December 2013)

This NPWS publication provides generalised maps of marine mammal distribution and habitat in Irish waters. These maps indicate that there is habitat suitable for the following species off the southern coastline;

Ballycotton



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Harbour seal Grey seal

These maps presented in the NPWS guidance document reaffirm the results from data accessed through www.iwdg.ie. It shows the large amount of habitat offered to a variety of cetacean and seal species while also shows a high number of records exist for fin whales all along the south coast.

Summary of Desktop Data Records of Marine Mammals

In summary, from the data sources accessed, the species most regularly occurring in this area include (listed in order of occurrence);

• Fin whale

• Bottlenose Dolphin

• Common dolphin

• Minke whale And also including the two seal species

• Grey seal

• Harbour seal And few sightings of Otter It is also noteworthy that other megafauna are seasonally recorded in the area, including basking sharks.



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4. Assessment of Risk

Do individuals or populations of marine mammal species occur within the propose area?

• From the three data sources accessed, the most likely species to be encountered at the site include; fin whale, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, and minke whale. As the proposed works includes ploughing through soft sediment with immediate infilling, the impact of such work does not deem to propose a threat to marine mammals in the area.

Is the plan or project likely to result in death, injury or disturbance of individuals?

• There is some potential for direct or indirect impact from the cable-laying work on marine

mammals in the area. The potential impacts would arise from the cable-laying vessel itself

through;

• Noise

• Visual disturbance

• Interaction with vessels/cable.

With regards to these potential impacts, the cable laying is expected to be completed over a short timeframe, keeping potential disturbance to a minimum. Additionally, the south coast is a busy shipping and fishing area so the presence of the cable laying vessel will essentially be an extra vessel in the area for this time, producing similar noise. With respect to interactions with the cable laying equipment, the vessel is extremely slow moving and has minimal moving parts underwater. The activity has previously been described as similar to laying lobster pots. Literature on the noise emissions from cable laying activities are sparse, and therefore it is difficult to ascertain what levels are associated or how fast the sound attenuates. Previous work in the UK found an SPL of 123 dB re 1 mPa recorded at a range of 160 m from the trenching with the work been undertaken in very shallow water (Newell et al., 2003). This compares with piling sound pressure levels of 197 – 207 dB re 1 mPa at 103m from the source (Abbott, 2001). Given the activity is likened to laying lobster pots, the associated anthropogenic noise levels are insignificant. Therefore, there are no concerns for this activity negatively impacting on marine mammals at the site.

Mitigation Based on the NPWS risk assessment matrix, this work falls under the category A1, “Consent without mitigation” (NPWS, 2013). Conclusions of Risk Assessment

The proposed works are considered unlikely to present a risk to cetaceans or seals and therefore are

not considered to require specific mitigations.

References and Resources

• Abbott, R. (2001). San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project, Pile

Installation Demonstration Project, Fisheries Impact Assessment. Report PIDP EA 012081 on

CalTrans Contract 04A014 8.



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• Berrow, S. (2001) Biological diversity of cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) in Irish

waters. In Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and adjacent waters. Ed. Nunn, J. Pages, 115-119.

• Berrow, S., Whooley, P., O’Connell, M. and Wall, D. (2010) Irish Cetacean Review (2000-2009). Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, 60pp. ISBN 0-9540552-4-1.

• Cronin, M., Duck, C., O’Cadhla, O., Nairn, R., Strong, D. and O’Keeffe, C. (2004) Harbour seal population assessment in the Republic of Ireland: August 2003. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 11 National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.

• Cronin, M., Pomeroy, P. and Jessopp, M. (2013) Size and seasonal influences on the foraging range of female grey seals in the northeast Atlantic. Marine Biology 160, 531-539.

• Duck, C. & Morris, C. (2013) An aerial survey of harbour seals in Ireland: Part 2: Galway Bay

to Carlingford Lough. August-September 2012. Unpublished report to the National Parks &

Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht, Dublin.

• Guidance to minimise the risk to marine mammals from man-made sound sources in Irish

waters. Guidance Document by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of

Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht, Dublin.

http://www.npws.ie/media/npwsie/content/files/Underwater%20sound%20guidance_Dec%

202013.pdf

• IJsseldijk, L., Berrow, S., O’Brien, J., Whooley, P. and Ryan, C. (2012) Inshore bottlenose

dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Ireland use the entire Irish coastline. 26th

European Cetacean Society Conference, Galway, Ireland.

• Irish Whale and Dolphin Group (IWDG) online database. All records are validated and

available on www.iwdg.ie. Accessed 05/08/2014.

• Louis, M., Viricel, A., Lucas, T., Peltier, H., Alfonsi, E., Berrow, S., Brownlow, A., Covelo, P., Dabin, W., Deaville, R., de Stephanis, R., Gally, F., Gauffier, P., Penrose, R., Silva, M.A., Guinet, C. and Benoit S-B.

(2014) Habitat-driven population structure of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in

the North-East Atlantic. Molecular Ecology. 23, 857-874.

• Lyons D. O. (2004) Summary of National Parks & Wildlife Service surveys for common

(harbour) seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), 1978 to 2003. Irish

Wildlife Manuals, No. 13. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of Environment,

Heritage and Local Government. Dublin, Ireland.

• National Biodiversity Data Centre’s mapping system – ‘Data from the online maps for Grey

sea, Harbour seal and Otter, held by the National Biodiversity Data Centre

www.biodiversityireland.ie, [05/08/2014].

• Mirimin, L., Miller, R., Dillane, E., Berrow, S.D., Ingram, S., Cross, T.F. and Rogan, E. (2011) Fine-scale population genetic structuring of bottlenose dolphins using Irish coastal waters. Animal Conservation. 14(4), 342-353.

• Nedwell, J., J. Langworthy & D. Howell, 2003: Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and

vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements

of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms, and comparison with

background noise. – Report commissioned by COWRIE, 68 p.



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• O’Brien, J., Berrow, S.D., McGrath, D. and Evans, P.G.H. (2009) Cetaceans in Irish Waters: A

Review of Recent Research. Biology and Environment. 109B, No. 2, 63–88.

• Ó Cadhla, O., Strong, D., O’Keeffe, C., Coleman, M., Cronin, M., Duck, C., Murray, T., Dower, P., Nairn, R., Murphy, P., Smiddy, P., Saich, C., Lyons, D. and Hiby, A.R. (2007). An assessment of the breeding population of grey seals in the Republic of Ireland, 2005. Irish Wildlife Manuals No. 34. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. 61pp.

• Robinson, K.P., O’Brien, J.M., Cheney, B., Mandleberg, L., Eisfeld, S., Ryan, C., Whooley, P., Oudejans, M.G., O’Donovan, M., Berrow, S.D., Costa, M., Haberlin, D., Stevick, P.T. and Thompson, P.M. (2012) Discrete or not so discrete: Long distance movements by coastal bottlenose dolphins in UK and Irish waters. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 12(3), 365-371.

• Ryan, C., Rogan, E. and Cross, T.F. (2010) The use of Cork Harbour by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)). Irish Naturalists Journal 31(1), 1-9.

Documents

14038 Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals Rev1 · Ballycotton Bay Fibre Optic Cable Laying Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals Dr. Joanne O’Brien Irish Whale & Dolphin Group Ger