Beginning in 1400s, desire to explore called 3 Gs (Gold, God,
Glory) A.Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs
for three centuries Spices most valued item Quicker route to Asia
meant they could take out middleman (Arabs, Italians) B. New
technology compass, faster ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking
skills made traveling by ship easier, safer Most new technology
came from Muslims and Chinese C. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity
and sense of adventure D. Desire to spread Christianity Europeans
saw this as their sacred duty to convert others
Slide 5
Portugal Leads the Way A.Leader in developing and applying new
sailing technology B.Had strong government support led by Prince
Henry (Henry the Navigator) C.1419 Henry established a sailing
school for sailors, ship makers, navigators to perfect their trade
By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading
outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean
Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory
Slide 6
Portuguese needed to reach Asia by sea and had to sail around
the southern tip of Africa 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of
Good Hope and explored the southeast coast of Africa 1497 Vasco da
Gama sailed to Calicut, India and returned to Portugal with silk,
spices and gems that was worth 60 times more than the cost of the
voyage His voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to Asia
Slide 7
Spain Also Makes Claims 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to
find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Columbus
thought he reached the Indies, really opened the way for European
colonization of the Americas Immediate impact was that it increased
tension between Spain and Portugal
Slide 8
1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Pope stepped in to keep peace
between two countries Line drawn from North to south across globe
dividing eastern and western hemispheres Portugal gets everything
east of Line of Demarcation Spain given all lands west of Line of
Demarcation
Slide 9
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean Portugal took control of
the spice trade from Muslim merchants after da Gamas voyage 1.1509
extended control over region by defeating Mughal navy off the coast
of India 2.1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India; it
became center of their trading empire 3.1511 Portuguese seize
control of Strait of Malacca, gave them control of the spice
Islands Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of Eastern
trade Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged by Arab and
Italian traders More Europeans could afford items
Slide 10
Success of Portugal attracted other European countries 1521
Spain claimed Philippine Islands Dutch Traders Around 1600 the
Dutch and English became a sea powers English and Dutch began to
take away Portuguese power Each country formed an East India
Company Each company had power to print money, make treaties and
raise armies Dutch East India Company most powerful in region 1619
Dutch establish trading post in Java and took Straits of Malacca
and Spice Islands from Portugal Dutch began to expand across the
region and their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a leading
commercial center By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian
Ocean
Slide 11
Slide 12
British and French Traders By 1700 English and French began to
gain a foothold in region English focused on India and developed a
successful business in the cloth trade (established British East
India Company) France tried to establish a foothold in India but
was not as successful European countries took control of port
cities but their influence did not extend beyond the ports Their
influence was not felt by most people in Asia
Slide 13
Section 2
Slide 14
China was the dominant power in Asia and Europeans wanted to
trade with them Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China
Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute (payment by one group to
another to show submission) to Ming emperors, China expected
Europeans to do the same Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he
defeated the Mongols in 1368 A.Reformed agriculture by increasing
rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane)
and encouraged fish farming B.Encouraged a return to Confucian
traditions and moral standards C.Improved government by returning
to a merit based government system When problems developed Hongwu
became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies
Slide 15
After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over He moved royal
court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City) Also had a curiosity of
the outside world 1405 began seven voyages of exploration and trade
under commander Zeng He Expeditions traveled long distances, many
ships, many people and huge ships Trips were used to show Chinese
superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China
Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after
1433 China began a period of isolation
Slide 16
Slide 17
Trade policies of 1500s reflected isolation To keep influence
of outsiders to a minimum Only the government could conduct trade
through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo European demand for goods
led to smuggling Helped improve economy of China- led to increase
in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making Commerce and
manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard
in China, kept China from industrializing Government supported
agriculture Taxes were low on agriculture and high on
manufacturing
Slide 18
Qing Dynasty By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government
corruption, civil strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion
1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until 1900
People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus 1.Kept order by keeping
traditional social structure and restoring Chinese prosperity
2.Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet
3.Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses 4.Welcomed Jesuits
into royal court to learn about European life 5.Kept policy of
isolation from foreign trade
Slide 19
Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade
only in special ports and pay tribute The Dutch accepted the
Chinese restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading
partners The Dutch brought silks, porcelain, and tea By 1800 tea
made up 80% of shipments from China to Europe The British refused
to follow the Chinese trade restrictions China rejected their
offers by sending a letter to the king of England that they did not
need the British
Slide 20
1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and prosperity in China
and the lives improved for most Chinese people Most Chinese were
farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer
increased Also new crops from the were introduced by European
traders (corn, sweet potatoes) Food production increased and the
population exploded Chinese families favored sons over daughters
Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and raised their own
families in their parents homes As their parents grew older they
help them farm Females were not as valued but they did have the
responsibilities of childrens education and managing family
finances
Slide 21
Section 3
Slide 22
1300s Japanese unity was shattered by warring shoguns By 1467
the country was separated into hundreds of separate domains
1467-1568 known as period of warring states Samurai took control of
feudal states and offered peasants protection for their loyalty
Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors
Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power Daimyo lived
in fortresses and fought each other for control of land
Slide 23
Many daimyo tried to seize and control power Oda Nobunga was
the first to use soldiers with muskets to defeat rival samurai
(1575) Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried to conquer Korea,
when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590) 1600 Tonkugawa
Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning
the loyalty of other daimyo He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)
Kept daimyo tamed and helped centralize power in Japan To keep
daimyo in check he made them live in the capital every other year
and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as
hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo Founded Tokugawa
Shogunate that held power until 1867
Slide 24
Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under Tokugawa
shoguns Farmers produced more food and population rose, even though
they lived lives of misery Society was very structured a.Ruler was
shogun and supreme military commander b.Below him was the
landholding daimyo who controlled samurai warriors c.Artisans and
peasants were next with merchants at the bottom 4/5 of society were
peasants Merchants became more important as the economy expanded
Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen depended on
agriculture not commerce However the farmers paid the most in
taxes, many abandoned land and moved to cities for economic
opportunity Mid 1700s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban
society Edo was the largest city in the world
Slide 25
Contact Between Europe and Japan Europeans began to arrive in
the 1500s 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked Portuguese sailors
and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms Japanese
welcomed traders and missionaries 1.Europeans introduced new
technologies and ideas 2.Japanese merchants eager to expand their
markets welcomed Europeans 3.Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns
to gain an advantage over their rivals Guns changed the tradition
of the Japanese warrior whose principal weapon was the sword
Cannons changed the way castles were built Fortified castles
attracted merchants and artisans and caused the growth of towns
across Japan
Slide 26
1549 first missionaries came to Japan Catholic Jesuits,
Franciscans and Dominican missionaries came to convert the Japanese
By 1600 they had converted over 300,000 Japanese Missionaries
teachings went against traditional Japanese beliefs and by 1612
Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the
country of them 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led
by Christians All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China
and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of
Buddhism
Slide 27
Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas
Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but they
wanted European trade 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country
except one port, Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor) Only
Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there Tokugawa shogunate
had a monopoly on all trade for over 200 years During this time
Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and Japanese were
forbidden to leave During this time Japan developed a
self-sufficient country free from European intervention
