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VOLUME 14 NO.4

SOCIAL SCIENCEINFORMATION

JANUARY - MARCH 1987

Ii& SOCIAL SCIENCEIB! INFORMATION

Statement of Concern

This statement was signed by the PSSC Executive Board at its first regular meeting held last 30 January 1987.~

We, members of the Phi{ippine Social Science Council(PSSC), strongly denounce the brutal and violent dispersalof the farmers' rally in Mendiola, the most recent attemptof the mutinous military forces to take over military installa-tions and media facilities in Metro Manila, and the leakageof sensitive state information to the public. It is clear that theoccurrences of these alarming incidents point to the operationof forces out to destabilize the present government. But whileWE' recognize the existence of these forces, WE'are equally con-cerned that the mounting events reflect problems of leadershiprequiring urgent attention and decisive action if this adminis-tration is to preserve the dem'ocratic gains of the Februaryrevolution and prevent the erosion of support for a govem-ment which promises to uphold a truly democratic and pro-gressivesociety.

More specifically, we are I concerned about the follow-ing.:

(1) Lack of Control by the Civilian GovernmentOver Segments of the Military:

Over the past year, misguided members ofthe military have ettempted to subvert the willof the government 'and the very military institu-tion designed to protect the state. We fully sup-port President Aquino's assertion of the supre-macy of her civilian government over the militaryand the move to apply the full force of the lawto those who are bent on sowing disorder in so-ciety. We strongly urge the President to ensurethe speedy and impartial investigation of the Mfm-diola and coup incidents and the punishment ofall those responsible for these criminal acts. Letnot the current probe go the usual way of othergovernment investigations which have failed sofar to bring before tf:1e bar of justice the dictator-ship's human rights violators and the coup plot-ters who today go about unpunished and evenremain in active service.

(2) Problems of Governance:The bloodbath of Mendiola and the obvious

handiwork of elements out to destabilize the

government reflect serious problems that con-front the state, among them: the leadership'sinaccessibility to oppressed sectors in society,the seeming absence of accountability and com-mitment of some officials to the positions theyhold, the government's inability to secure its veryseat ofpower.

We are deeply disturbed that the present lead-ership which promised to hold open its doors tothe people, has remained isolated from its consti-tuents. The Mendiola massacre could have beenavoided had the Ministry of Agrarian Reformand key presidential advisers facilitated the au-dience of farm,ers with the President of the Phil-ippines.

re are disheartened by the continued rumorsof corruption and lack of accountability on the

Ipart of govemment officials. While it is true that

!evidence of corruption is a prerequisite to appro-priate action, the leadership should devise crea-tive ways by which erring officials are identifiedand dismissed. That corruption seems to be tole-rated does not speak well of the government'sresolve to rid its ranks of unscrupulous officials.

Ironically, while the leadership appears to berelatively inaccessible to the people, we are dis-

tressed that it has failed to ensure the securityof Malacanang Palaqe (i.e. communications sys-tems and documents), making the state vulnerableto local and foreign threats. If the state cannotprotect its own rights, how can it uphold humanrights and the civil liberties of its citizens?

We, therefore, call on the leadership to purgeits ranks of mediocre and inept officials who aremotivated by their own narrow partisan and per-sonal interests. We also urge the President to tak.econcrete steps to improve the efficiency of govein~ment particularly that ofher staff and her Cabinet.

(Can tinued on page 23)

JANUARY - MARCH 1987/3

A House Built on SandJohn J. Carroll, S.J.

'.

One of the anomalies in the Philip-pine situation is that the only Marcos"crony" ~o have seen the inside ofa prison since the February Revolu-tion did so not in the Philippines butin Italy: he is Marcos' former ambas-sador to that country, who servedsome months in prison there for illegalpossession of firearms. The delay inlocating and prosec~ting those still atlarge and even active in Philippinepublic life who had a part in the crimesof the Marcos regime may be one ofthe costs of a bloodless revolution:the old political, military and judicialstructures remain intact, and thosewho man them may not be ready fordrastic action against "people like us";moreover after such a revolution itsomehow seems in bad taste to linepeople up against a wall and shootthem!

This leniency has been reinforcedby the policy of national reconciliationpursued by President Aquino, for exam-

.ple. in her refusal to prosecute Mr.Arturo Tolentino and his supporters'for their unsuccessful coup attemptlast July and in her insistence onexhausting all peaceful means fordealing with the communist-led insur-gency. In recent months she adoptedthe same approach in dealing with hertroublesome Minister of Defense, JuanPonce Emile. Her strategy was to ignorehis criticisms for the most part, together

John J. Carroll, s.J. a priest and sociologistis Director of the Institute on Church andSocial Issues at the Ateneo de Manila Uni-versity.

This paper was presented at a conferenceof the National Research Council of thePhilippines on Social Scientist. imd the Conti-nuing Revolution held last 28 November 1986.

The Editor thanks Dr. Mercedes B. Con-cepcion, OIairman of the NRCP Division ofSocial Sciences for providing the papers pre-sented at the conference.

with the attacks coming from _otherdirections, to ride out the storm andlook forward to a resounding vindica-tion of her leadership in the plebisciteon the draft constitution held in Feb-ruary.

In the plebiscite, President Aquino'spersonal popularity and ~he foreseen 'destabilizing consequences of a nega-tive vote will tell strongly ir her favor;and a strong majority for approvalseems most likely. Hence those whodream of a larger share of power thanthey can expect under the new consti-tution - and this includes Enrile andhis colonels as well as me undergroundleft and the Marcos people - haveseen the present period as "open sea-son" for power politics, psychologicalwarfare, pressure tactics and destabiliza-tion, with an eye either to seizing poweror to forcing concessions.

In this context, the policy of recon-ciliation implemented by Aquino pro-jected her administration as weakand indecisive precisely at a time whenpolitical institutions were fragile, andthus threatened to let loose a Pandora'sbox of conflicting interest groups.In the concrete the extreme groups ofright and left, represented on the onehand by the Marcos forces and themilitary with Emile as their spokesman,and on the other by the communist-led New People's Army and its allies,had been moving toward a showdown.

Another- weakness in PresidentAquino's administration has been herchoices of cabinet members: these werenot all happy choices and some havegiven grounds for the accusations byEmile that the government was inde-cisive in dealing with the insurgency,unable to "get its act together" andmount a program, inefficient and insome cases corrupt. Thus, it seems

that as things were coming to a. headin recent weeks, General Ramos foundit necessary to preempt the argumentsof Min. Enrile with regard to a strongeranti-insurgency posture and the replace-ment of inefficient or corruptminlsters,

in order to assure hlmsetf of the loyaltyof key military officers. And the Pres-ident had to give in to some extent on.these points, in order to maintain mesupport of Ramos.

As it turned out, that support wasdecisive in the· face of the attemptedcoup of November. Whether Enrilewas personally involved is not clear;he is intelligent enough to realizethat even a successful grab for powerwould leave him with an ungovernablecountry in his hands, and it is possiblethat decisions were being made by someaspiring Pinochet among his "boys."

. In any case, it appears that the earliermoves of General Ramos to assure him-self of obedience from key militarymen, and the "preventive measures"which he took, prevented the attemptfrom getting off the ground.

The jubilant reaction to "Cory's"acceptance 'of Enrile's resignation leftno doubt as to her popularity or thenation's weariness with his antics. Butthe question remains: where does thenation go from here? Emile himselfaccepted the situation with outwardgrace' and dignity. Many expect thathe will eventually reemerge in. thepolitical arena to challenge Aquino,either on the plebiscite or lateras leader of an opposition party -unless he is provoked to more mis-chievous action by a threat of prosecu-tion for human rights abuses committed'under the Marcos regime or by' a chal-lenge to the wealth which he acquired .under the same regime.

(Continued on page 20)

4fl.sJSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

Charity .as Economic Strategy:Some Comments on the .AquinoGovernment's Economic Agenda

Manuel F. Montes, Ph.D.

,J

.,'1I

I

J, I-"::-1

This paper attempts to describe thenature of the emerging economic stra-tegy of the Aquino administration. Itis the maintained hypothesis of thispaper that the economic issues andproblems facing the country are rela-tively independent of the group (orgroups) in power. The Aquino admi-nistration and any potential successorare inheritors of these problems. How~ever, the ability of the Aquino admi-nistration to wrestle with these prob-lems depends largely on the nature ofthe groups that are represented in it.

One can classify the three generalapproaches towards the country's eco-nomic problems as being associated withthe right,- the left, and the center.In a simple way, one can think of the

Dr. Manuel F. Montes is an AssociateProfessor at the School of Economics, Uni-versitv of the Philippines. This paper IlVaSwritten while the orientation of the Aquinogovernment IlVaS in a state on flux. The papermakes the assumption which might subse-quently be proven erroneous, that the on-going cabinet' revamp will not drasticallychange the government's economic orienta-tion.

This paper IlVaS presented at the NRCPConference on Social Scientists and theContinuing Revolution held in UP Los BaRoslast 28 November 1986.

right as those members of society whoenjoy a dominant economic and poli-tical position in the country. Withpolitical and economic power goes mili-tary protection by the legally armedgroups in society. In the present situa-tion, this includes those members of theMarcos regime who have survived hisoverthrow. The left would be thosegroups (or those who claim to representthose groupsl of Filipinos who are eco-nomically and politically powerless.

The center would be those whoseinterests are caught in between. VIle viewthe Aquino administration to be agovernment that is consciously and deli--berately attempting to prosecute thepolitical and economic program of thecenter.

In economic terms, I propose to cha-racterize the right's proposals as CON-CENTRATIQNIST. The proposals.arisinq ' from the right are directedat increasing the concentration of in-come and assets. This approach was theone pursued under the Marcos regime.-

The justification for this approach isthat development requires the applica-tion of large and concentrated pools ofcapital to remove the bottlenecks toeconomic growth. Since the classicsocialist approach to such concentration

is either inhumane,.inefficient, or other-wise unacceptable, this concentrationiststrategy relies heavily on the privatesector. According to this approach, theproblem of poverty will be taken care'of by the process of development itself;

, it is only necessary to provide protec-tion to capital and property, in general.The concentrationist approach also hasthe advantage of providinq access toforeign capital, which is available inlarge pools.

This strategy failed for many reasons.

For one, it turned out that the privatesector,both domestic and foreign, onwhom the Marcos government relied did .not have the proper incentive to be effi-cient, (just as the government itself, asmany similar governments elsewhere,did not provide' the atmosphere to en-courage efficiency) (De bios, ed.(19841, An Analysis of the PhilippineEconomic Crisis.I. The inefficlencv ofthe foreign private sector is embodied inthe staggering amount of foolish loansthat the international commercial banks.provided the country.

The concentrationist strategy, asimplemented by Marcos, also eventuallybecame politically unsustainable. Itslogic required not onlv that resourcesbe extracted from the disadvantaged

..(as in the case of the P10 billion collect-ed in the form of coconut levy fromthe coconut farmers), it also broughtabout, the eventual attack on the assetsof the middle class and the 'old elite (as

• in E. Cojuangco's takeover of, San'Miguel Corporation). The concentra-tionist strategy also eventually had toapply its politico-military power notonly to control the poor, unorganized,majority but also the small, but easilymobili.ized, middle class, whose econo-mic interests were being threatened.The assassination of Benigno Aquinowas the single most important example'of the application of this power.

I would like to call the approach ofthe left as.REOISTRIBUTIVE. Unfor-tunately, the ,left is not one singlegroup and there is no single programthat is available as a common docu-ment for evaluation. Among the "legalgroups" are BAN01LAand BAYAN. Onecan infer some elements of this programindirectly from newspaper coverage ofproposals from the underground andfrom some elements in' the Aquinoprogram. Such a program has also neverbeen tried. A common element ofthese -proposals, however, is the redis-tribution of assets, income, and poli-tical power, this being the demand ofthe assetless and the powerless.

The justification for the redistrib-utive approach is that the presentdistribution of assets is itself the mainhindrance to development. This is,in the first instance, a proposition aboutthe starting point, ,not about whatwill happen subsequently. Indeed, onlysome redistributively inspired proposalsadvocate a socialist economy in thecommon sense of the term. Most ad-vocate a private sector and even someforeign participation. Among the ele-ments of the program is the dismantlingof the monopoly over land by the fewthrough land reform and the disman-tling of monopoly control of the econo-my by large monopolies and foreignenterprises. According to this view, theremoval of these monopoly elements

will increase income for the majorityand generate the domestic financingneeded for development.

While a genuinely leftist program hasnever been tried, let us list here someof its perceived limitations based on thepublicly articulated objections to it.First, output will decline initially, ashas been the common experience inland reform, as a 'result of the redistri-bution program. Second, it will requirethat military support and protection,now' principally ehjoyed by the power-fut, be reassigned to the powerless sothat a noticeably significant redistri-bution might take place in a relativelyshort time. (It is often pointed outthat land reform has really only"succeeded" where the effort wascarried out through military interven-tion - as in the case of the Alliedoccupation of Japan.) Thi~d,as pointedout by the very conservative elementsin society, the strategy might lead to(instead of prevent, presumably) aCommunist takeover of the govern-ment.

Caught in between these two ex-tremely opposite strategies is the center,which has to attempt to pick out theelements from both sides that willenable it to survive and if possible,permit it to prosper, In this effortat survival, the center, unless it willdeliberately carry out policies to weak-en one side, must pick out more pro-posals from the side that is of themost immediate threat.

In the particular case of the Phil;ippines and the 'present Aquino govern-ment, the most immediate threat comesfrom those with concentrationist posi-tions and this has forced this govern-ment to pick its most significant eco-nomic policy initiatives from the con-centrationist program. (As a proponentof a liberal democratic program pub-licized even before the Marcos over-throw, I am as frustrated as manyothers in this development.)

At the same time, the centristAquino government has not yet ac-

JANUARY - MARCH 1987/5

cepted the, lOgic of the concentra-tionist program which requires that :the capability of the economically'powerless to wreak havoc on such aprogram be kept on a short leash, ifnot liquidated. Thus, its liberal demo-cratic instincts argue against its controlof labor union activity, as had occurred 'in the Marcos regime. Except to theextent that its direct control over themilitary is not complete, it has alsonot tried to control peasant organizingefforts. '

The Aquino govenrment appears alsoto find it most important to directlyalleviate the plight of the poor and thepowerless in .socletv. Given that itsmajor economic policy thrusts are con-centrationist, helping the poor beyondthe implicit trickledownnotlon in theconcentrationist program requires thatit encourage the economically powerfulto undertake programs that will help thepoor. To make this a viable strategyrequires that it guarantee to theeco-nomically powerful their eXistin~ claimsto property and therefore that it stud-iously avoid jhe redistributive program.

For this reason I would like to cha-racterize the nature of the Aquino eco-nomic strategy as one of charity, in thecommon sense of the term, whichrequires that existing inequalities bebasically maintained so that surplusresources are made available to helpthe poor. It also requires that, rapideconomic growth be attained so thatthe poor may be helped in the processwithout reducing the economic re-sources of the rich.

Let us now flesh out some of theseideas using a few examples from currentevents.

1. The government's strategy withrespect to the national debt inheritedfrom the previous regime might havebeen redistributive if suggestions forselective debt repudiation had beenpursued. This should have been under..taken right after the change in govern-ment; it is now too late for theAquinagovernment to pursue this strategy.

6;PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TlON

Selective repudiation would have in-validated "the existing property claims"of the international financiers of theMarcos government. The strategy wouldhave immediately forced a restructuringof the relationship between the large-sized sector of Philippine business andinternational business community.

The argument against this strategywas won by the business sector, in spiteof the fact that even two weeks after'the 7 February 1986 elections the largebusiness associations continued to waffleabout whether to abandon Marcos ornot. It was won almost immediatelyupon the appointment of Jaime Ongpin,who comes from a company with signi-ficant international debt subject to re-structuring, and the consequent reten-tion of Jose Fernandez, who has provento be primarily a commercial bankerand only incidentally a central banker.

Compared to other major debtorcountries, the Philippines has taken atepid nationalistic stance in its debtnegotiations. Apart from the natureof the Aquino government, part of thedifference in this stance is due to theinternationally-minded, if not pro-American, military officers corps whichis not in a decisive position in the otherdebtor governments. In the case of Peru,the officers corps is extremely nation-alistic, having taken over in 1968 toattempt, with limited success, to imple-ment .Iand reform and industrialization.

It is still true,' however, that thecountry will not be able to service itsforeign debt, through any restructuringagreement obtained within the presentstate of the world financial system,and still achieve the kind of economicgrowth rate that would be required tomaintain the viability of the "chari-table" strategy. The Aquino govern-ment's response is to seek fresh fundsfrom foreign governments (especiallyfrom the U.S. and Japan), from multi-lateral agencies (the World Bank, AsianDevelopment Bank, IMF), and fromthe private commercial banks.

The Aquino government has been

eminently successful in obtaining loans(Note that over 80 percent of theannounced amounts obtained by Presi-dent Aquino are in the form of loans,and only the remaining portion is inthe form of grants) from foreign govern-ments. It has been relatively but notcompletely successful in obtaining fundsfrom the multilateral agencies becauseof its popularity with foreign govern- .ments and because its announced poli-cies (as opposed to its actual imple-menting programs) are acceptable tothese aqencles. Efforts such as these,deliberately directed at "improving thecountry's credit rating," also pre-occupied the technocratic members ofthe newly installed martial law govern-ment in the early 1970s.

The government has not had thesame success with the private commer-cial banks which, as a group, have beenreducing their net exposure to countrieslike ours since 1982. The commercialbanks had been forced by the U.S.

. government at the end of September1986 to provide a generous restructur-ing package to Mexico. They are nowrefusing 'to extend the same package'to other countries.

What the government requires isfresh money as a necessary, but not asufficient condition, for achieving itstargeted growth rates in its six _yeardevelopment plan. Since it has com-mitted to service all of the country'sinternational debt; it must payoutapproximately $21 billion ($14 billionin interest and $7 billion in principal)in the next six years. Beyond restruc-turing, it is seeking a "growth facility"from the multilateral agencies and thecommercial banks to reduce this burden

, to $7 billion in the plan period.2. The government has announced

that it will pursue a P4.1 billion housingprogram that will involve the construc-tion of 91,000 housing units in 1987alone.

A housing program, both as an ins-trument for short-term recovery and asa component of the drive for industrial-

ization, is an appropriate response bythe present go.vernment (as it was by theprevious one). What is questionable isthat the government has chosen thesame method of implementation as thatused by the previous administration andthis choice can only be understood asbeing necessitated by its charitable eco-nomic strategy.

The proposed program will befinanced in the same way as the pre-vious government's program: (1) throughforced contributions except that insteadof Pagibig this will be raised throughincreased contributions to the SSS andGSIS, and (2) through foreign borrow-

. ing, principally from the World Bank.The first has the undesireble featurethat it -forces ~II the employed, themajority of whom do not have land on .which to build their houses, to finance'the housing construction of the fewwho do have access to land. The in-creased contributions of the landlessto the SSS and the GSIS might havebeen spent bvthem on additional food,clothing, and other things that our eco-nomy also produces apart from housing.The second has the undesirable featurethat the debt of the whole countryis being increased to benefit a few.Eighty percent of the housing will bebuilt in Manila.

In addition, the government willdirectly build housing units. As hasbeen the experience in the Philippinesand elsewhere, as embodied in the rowsof hulks ("grey elephants") of govern-ment-built tenement housing, suchprograms do not help the really poorwho end up abandoning such housingwhen they find themselves unable tomaintain them in working order. As inthe case of the Pagibilrbuilt housing,they. really help only those Who arealready. relatively well off and. whoshould not have needed governmentassistance, much less World Bankfinancing, in the first place. (Theseunits are populated by governmentofficials, newsmen, and other pro-fessionals.)

.k..

Given all of those unfortunatefeatures it is important to identify theimmediate beneficiaries of the program(which looks suspiciously like a blownup version of the program of ImeldaMarcos) to understand why it stillmight be pursued. In the first place, itwill immediately benefit developers,contractors, and real estate agents. Itwill benefit landowners, both those whocan build houses and those who can sellland. It benefits government officlalswho will have additional benefits toshower on their supporters. If the pro-gram does not help the really poor, whyborrow the resources for the programfrom the World Bank in the name of thewhole country?

The real root of the housing problemis land. If those Filipinos who mighthave wanted to build housing had a fairaccess to land, the private financial.system should be able to providethe financing against the land as colla-teral. Housing loans are the safest riskfor' financial instit~tions and, basedon its pronouncement, the Aquinogovernment can be presumed to wantto earnestly rely on the private sector.To solve the land' problem, however,really requires either massive govern-ment resources to buy off large lots -in the, urban areas or urban land re-form which involves, again, a reassign-ment of "existing claims to, property"or a redistributive approach. Such aland reform can be done either throughpunitive taxation or through landtransfer.

The Pagibig!tenement type housingstrategy studiously avoids the redistrib-utive approach because the funds thatare provided to it are used in the firstinstance to purchase land, confirmingthe property rights of existing owners.It enhances the capability of thefinancial system to generate profits.It permits developers, contractors, andlandowners to prosper while helpingthe poor, and their prosperity is aprerequisite to the pursuit of charity.

3. As a third example, it will not benecessary to discuss at length the poorrecord of the government with respectto land reform. We can say "poor" incomparison to the Marcos record inthe first few months after martial law.Beyond retaining the Ministry of Agra-rian Reform, the Aquino administrationhas not yet demonstrated a commit-ment to land reform. r

The Aquino government's appoln-,tive constitutional commission failedto legislate land reform, even thoughit saw fit to legislate in detail aboutmany other matters. As a member ofthe generation that worked hard fora "non-partisan" 'constitutional con-vention in the early, 70's, I mightsay that this was as "non-partisan" aconstitutional drafting committee ascould be had and its output is anotherbead in the string of "Iast chances"in our lifetime. We must now awaitthe convening of Congress. In themeantime, blessed with an armedforces that is "apolitical" because it is

sworn to the constitution, the Aquinogovernment will be unable to claimthat it will not require the assistanceof other armed groups should it decideto implement genuine land reform.

The Aquino administration's res-ponse to rural poverty is another P4billion rural public works employmentprogram. As a short term measureto help the economy recover from therecently concluded IMF program, thisis, again, a' sensible program. It isalso consistent with a "fire fighting"charitable economic strategy in thesense that it alleviates the rural povertywhile postponing a serious .considera-tion of its roots.

I can think of a better instrumentfor short-term economic recovery -but it will require a certain degree ofprior commitment to land reform.The government might decree a pro-gram that is directed toward a nation-wide temporary reduction (if nota temporary halt) to all rent pay-ments for two years, while the land

JANUARY - MARCH 1987n

reform program is being worked out.The Increased income of the ruralpoor, who (in contracst to the col-lectors of rent) tend to save very little,will _immediately be felt in increaseddemand for clothing, small appliances,and processed food that should revi-talize many of our industl'ies.

I claim that the bulk of economicpolicy actually in place can be under-stood from this charitable framework.One can cite the failure to raise taxrevenues which .is an essential ingre-dient to the privatization st~ategyand the failure to jettison the -debili-tating policy combination of pro-tectionism and openness to foreigninvestment. But I would now like todiscuss two of the limitations of cha-ritable economic. strategy.

The first obvious one is that thisstrategy requires more financial re-sources than either- of the other twostrategies. The concentrationist strategyin the first place seeks to raise itsfinancing by reducing the existingflow of resources to the non-investingsocial groups (as in the case of coconutlevy). The redistributive strategy raisesthe resources from an initial redistribu-tion from the economically advantagedto the disadvantaged. The charitablestrategy attempts to increase the flawof incomes for everyone. .

If such generalized income increasescannot be attained through rapid,growth, the dependence on - foreignfinancing will be enormous. For thegovernment, a heavy dependence onforeign support would likely be ac-companied- by some loss of sovereignty.

Foreign financing isa problem thathas to be solved in the context of thechosen strategy'. The funds can floweither in the form of increased exports,aid, loans, or foreign investment. Amore fruitful classification is whetherthe financing will come in voluntarily,that is from private initiative, includingforeign funds controlled by Filipinosbut mostly increased foreign loans byprivate banks and direct foreign invest',

8/PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

ment, or involuntarily as an expressionof the geopolitical interests of othercountries. Another type of voluntaryinflow would be some success in in-creasing export earnings.

The growth rates contained in thenew six-year plan in my view dependheavily on a significant amount of-voluntary inflow and this wW requirea lot of effort. Even the presumedinvoluntary inflows will be difficultas budgetary and trade adjustmentproblems hound governments of ad-vanced countries.

A second limitation is that, as inthe case of the housing program, thistype of strategy tends to help not thereally poor but those who are barelypoor though it will certainly help thosewho are not poor. Thus it could tieup enormous resources without suc-ceeding in its aims. It tends to post-pone the solution to economic prob-lems without setting the stage for aserious look at these problems. Itmight be said that, given enough timeand if "properly" implemented, theconcentrationist approach at least pro-vides the opportunity for an economicrestructuring, as had occurred in Eng-land when it was industrializing.

The Aquino government owes itsascension to power to the middleclass and in the near future it willlikely continue to float on this middleclass support. In a certain sense, evenif the economic program proved to beinfeasible, the government has almostno choice but to attempt to prosecuteit. Will a failure in its economic pro-gram put the administration's abilityto govern into question? I think not.The extent of economic plunder ofthe Marcos years attests to the factthat only a' political miscalcultion tothe right or to the left will inducethe loss of the support of the middleclass.

For whatever it is worth let us dis-cuss some "scenarios" as if some choiceswere possible.

1. The government obtains the re-

quired voluntary and involuntary foreignfinancing and achieves its plannedgrowth rates. Because of the post-ponement in dealing with the distri-

bution issues, there will be increasingtension in society, though a continuedsolid support from the middle classwill continue to be decisive. As theAquino administration wears on, foreignfinancial support will become increasing-ly difficult to obtain.

2. The government insists on pur-suing its high growth charitable strategyeven if a sufficient level of voluntaryforeign financing does not materialize.In this case; a balance of paymentscrisis, as early as in 1988, is unavoid-able. As long as the government retainsa Central Bank governor who is willingto recontract the economy at the first'sign of payments' instability, this isunlikely.

3. The government does not obtainan adequate level of voluntary foreignfinancing ari.d keeps a conservativestyle of economic management. Thenthe targeted growth rates will not beachieved. In a nationalistic tone, the un-cooperative behavior of the inter-national community will be blamed forthe economic shortfall and, as in theMarcos years, projects that have morebeneficial impact on the middle classwill be retained, while others will besuspended. There wil' be - increasingtension in society and, as in scenarioone, an increasing reliance on an "apo-Iitical" military. This is the most likelyscenario, in my judgement.

One might also paint some dreamscenarios.

4. The .government not only obtainsthe needed voluntary foreign inflow, italso obtains massive involuntary 'geopo-litically motivated inflows to financeredistribution programs. Obtaining thefunds will be difficult enough; obtain-ing the domestic consent of the middleclass prior to the application for thefunds will be even more difficult.

5. The government realizes early onthat the charitable strategy is not fea-

sible. It also succeeds in retooling themilitary to support a redistributiveeconomic program. It, redesigns itsdevelopment plan on the basis ofa lower overall growth rate whichimposes zero or slightly negative in-come growth on the middle class butprovides income growth rates of almost10 percent per year on the 85 percentwho are poor.

The' argument of a liberal for aredistributive approach at this pointlrrflme is that the application of thecharitable approach· will not changevery much' and will represent a missedopportunity. It might not even befeasible. A concentrationlst approachcan only be pursued' after the liquida-tion of the existing insurgency whichwill create' an economy that is justas slow growing as might be possibleunder a redistributive program.. If ·it were only politically and mili-tarily feasible, and because even redis-tribution cannot be completed over-night', low growth might be acceptableas long as it is accompanied by per-manent structural reforms. At the endof six years of relative independencefrom foreign financing, these reformsshould leave an ~onomy that is readyto take advantage'-of opportunltles jnthe international economy, just', asThailand's I economy is reaping now.'If the reforms, ar~ also accompaniedby the empowerment of the currentlypowerless, then even exchange ratemanagement six years hence will em-body the interests of the, majority.

If the economic problems of thecountry are principally economic (andnot "moral" or "managerial"), andif they are principally traceable toan innappropriate distribution of eco-nomic assets, then anyone who solvesthe distribution problem, solves thePhilippine economic problem and leadsthe great majority of the Filipinopeople into the modern world. Formy generation, the Aquino govern-ment represents one more, one hesi-tates to use the phrase, "Iast chance."

JANUARY - MARCH 1987/9

The U. P. College of

Social Work and

'Community, Dev,elopment. .

At the 998th meeting of the Boardof Regents of the University of thePhilippines held last 30 April 1987, theInstitute ot Social Work and Commu-nity Development was elevated to thestatusof College.

Since its establishment as an inde-pendent unit of the University of thePhilippines, the College of Social Workand Community Development (CSWCD)has consistently strived to improve theeconomic and social life of the poor anddisadvantaged sectors of society. TheCollege has stood firm in its commit-ment

"towards the creation of a societythat meets all man's. basic needs byassuring equal access to opportunitiesand benefits through people's partici-pation in building cultural, econo-mic, political, and social institutions- that each man may effectively con-tribute to the realization of his own

. and his fellowmen's potential."

r

This commitment has guided theCollege from its early beginnings up tothe present.

From Department to College

. The CSWCD traces its beginningsfrom the Department of Sociology andSocial Welfare established in 1950 asone of the academic departments of theCollege of Liberal Arts. Several personswere closely involved in these efforts,notably Miss Carmen Prudencio, aformer instructor at the Department ofEnglish. Miss Prudencio studied undera special program in psychiatric socialwork at Simmons College's School ofSocial Work, after which she joined the .Department of Sociology and SocialWelfare. She was encouraged in herpioneering work by the acting chair-man of the department, Prof. John E.De Young.

The, success of the Social Welfareprogram was evident in the recommen-'dations of the Department for the

creation of the Department of SecialWelfare. In 1~61, the two disciplineswere separated, and the Department ofSocial Welfare was established. The newdepartment offered courses toward· thedegree of Bachelor of. Science in Social

. Welfare. The curricular changes Intro-duced earlier by Prof., Petra De Jova,Department Chairman, became the basisfor a curricularrevlslon at a nationwidelevel through the Social Work EducationCommittee of the Philippine Associa-tion of Social Workers.

In 1963, the name of the departmentwas changed to the Department ofSocial Work. Prof. Luz A. Einsiedel,chairman of the. DSW, reiterated the

'proposal for the elevation of theDepartment to either a School or anInstitute.

The passage of Republic Act 5174 onJuly 20, 1967 established the Instituteof Social Work ~nd CommunityDevelopment whose mission was toprovide "professional and advaneedtraining,. research and extension

The UP College of Social Work and Community Development is an Associate Member of the PSSC. The Editorwould like to thank DeanSylvia H. Guerrero for providing the materials used for this article.

10/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

t.s

Dean Sylvia H. Guerrero, faculty membersand guests during a celebration of ISWCDWeek.

services to foster and inculcate the im-portance and relevance of social workand community development." The lawwas sponsored by Senators Eva Estrada-Kalaw, Ma. Kalaw Katigbak, JovitoSalonga and Congressman Aguedo Agba·yani, all of whom were alumni of theUniversity.

The development and expansion pro-gram of the Institute was accomplishedwith the assistance of consultants fromthe United Nations. Foremost amongthese was Prof. Josefa Jara Martinez,the first Filipina trained at the Colom-bia University School of Social Work.She had served as United Nations socialwelfare adviser for the government ofGuatemala, and as welfare adviser inMexico. Another was Dr. Aziz D. Paba-ney, a 'UN consultant in communitydevelopment who had held similarconsultancy posts in Latin America.Both consultants, viewed people'sparticipation and involvement asvital inputs in the development process.

In 1972, Dr. Nathaniel B. Tablantebecame the first democratically-electedDean of the Institute. The programs ofthe Institute received a boost with the

,construction of a new building in itspresent location in the U.P. DilimanCampus. During Dr. Tablante's term, anagreement was also signed with theInternational Association of Schools ofSocial Work to participate in its five-year Family Planning and Social WorkEducation Program. Funds for this out-reach program were obtained from theBread for the World, a West Germanfoundation.

Upon the appointment of Dr. Tab-lante as the University Vice Presidentfor Academic Affairs, Dr. Manuel F.Bonifacio was elected as Dean. Underhis administration from 1973 to 1978,the rural development thrust was em-phasized, and the graduate programs ofthe Institute were revised to reflect thisorientation. Physical improvementswere also undertaken. The Social WorkTeachers Training Program was imple-mented with assistance from the

UNICEF. One of the major projects ofthe ISWCD, Linking with .communitiesfor Development (LINK-COD) waslaunched during Dr. Bonifacio's term.

Dr. Sylvia H. Guerrero was electedin 1978 to succeed Dr. Bonifacio asDean. Several projects have been accom-plished from the beginning of her termto the present. Notable among theseprojects was the increased involvementof the Institute in research and exten-sion undertakings in the country and atthe international level. The continua-tion and intensification of faculty de-velopment, and the continuing examina-tion and revision of curricular programswere complemented by activities of theOffices of Research and Publication andContinuing Education. Rural laborato-ries and rural field work placement wereemphasized. The ISWCD also partici-pated in the International Associationof Schools of Social Work Paraprofes-sional Training Project, while the UPSocial Action and Research Develop-ment was founded during Dr: Guerrero'sterm. The Institute also serves as theinstitutional base for the Lambatlaya,a network for participatory develop-

ment. The improvement of physicalfacilities was also a continuing project.

In 1987, the Institute was elevated tothe status of College of Social Work andCommunity Development. At its 998thmeeting held last 30 April 1987, the UPBoard of Regents recognized that theColleqe has met all the criteria as adeqree-qrantlnq unit performing researchand extension activities, and offering Iboth undergraduate and graduate pro-grams.

Programs' and Activities

As with every unit in the University,the College performs the three functionsof teachinq, research, and extensionservices. With the College's rural thrustand participative approach, the activitiesfor these three functions, form an inte-grated, holistic program.

There are two departments under theacademic program of the CSWCD: theDepartment of Social Work and theDepartment of Community Develop-ment.

The field of social work is concernedwith the provision of services and the,

J

16,~~,.

JANUA8Y - MARCH 1987/11

Communlty-besed trainings are conducted regularly by the College.

creation of social conditions necessaryfor the effective social adjustment ofindividuals. The Department of SocialWork offers an undergraduate program,Bachelor of Science in Social Work(B.S.S.W.), and the graduate programsof Master of Social Work (M.S.W.) andDiploma in Social Work (D.S.W.).

Community development, on theother hand, involves the commitmentto the creation of a society that pro-vides for equal access to opportunitiesand benefits in the social, economic,and political spheres through popular \participation, the main components ofwhich are: critical awareness, demo-cratic organization, and responsibleaction. The Department of CommunityDevelopment offers the followingdegree programs: Bachelor of Sciencein Community Development (B.S.C.D.),Master of Community Development(M.C.D.), and Diploma in CommunityDevelopment (D.C.DJ. A new program,Diploma in Community Organization,is being offered beginning this academicyear.

Both departments are characterizedby an emphasis on supervised fieldinstruction which is intended to enablestudents to integrate theory and prac-tice, and to develop skills and tech-niques which prepare them for betterpractice.

The research and,extension programsof the CSWCD, designed to complementthe academic program, are implementedby the Office of Research and Publica-tion and the Office of Continuing Edu-cation.

The Office of Research and Publica-tion (ORP) has the following functions:stimulate, support and coordinate re-search and publication activities; for-mulate policies and set up the research

and publication priorities of the College;develop and recommend researches forfunding; develop and produce indige-nous materials on social work and com-munity development; and promote pub-lication and research linkages both with-in and outside the University. With

regard to research, the ORP developedseveral proposals and implemented com-missioned researches over the past year.In-house projects such as course evalua-tion} agency profile, and faculty creditload/research monitoring were carriedout in 1986. In the area of In-housepublication, news bulletins on Collegeactivities and a brochure were pre-,pared by the ORP. The third of a seriesof monographs on community organi-zing has been prepared. In cooperationwith the Lambatlaya Network for Par-ticipatory Development, a magazine

. with. the theme "Stretegies for Em-powering People" has been producedand released. To update its data bank,the ORP has .also started preparing theabstracts of faculty researches. Informa-

. tion dissemination Was further carriedout through fora and professorial chairlectures.

The Office of Continuing Education(OCE) responds. to the training needs ofcommunity leaders and developmentworkers by designing courses that. will

increase their skills in working' withindividuals, groups, organizations, andcommunities. The OCE has the follow-ing functions: develop short-term andIonq-terrn training programs and semi-nars; coordinate with government andnon-government agencies and organi-zations and other CSWCD units con-cerning their training needs; documentand disseminate course proceedings;study proposals and recommend prio-rities for training; and develop training

, 'materials.

In 1986, the OCE implemented threemajor programs, under which severalcourses were conducted. These majorprograms are: Training Program forSocial Development (TPSD), ContinuingEducation Program for Development(CEPD), and Community-Based Exten-sion Program. The TPSD responds tothe training needs of qrassrocts leaderorganizers and professional develop-ment workers who are not social workand community development.graduates,

(Continued on page 13)

;,-I,

12/PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

•

New PSSC Officers

CONSTITUTION

Bumper stickers such ·as these were produced by PSSC and distributed to 'the socialscience community.

~ Philippine Social Science Council.

.'I,-J:

t-• r .;.... ~ .'

TO THE 1986

Constitution Ratification Campaign

PSSC-SWSSeminar

The Philippine Social Science Coun-cil and the Social Weather Stations,Inc. (SWS) co-sponsored a seminar on"Predicting a Yes Vote: An Analysisof National Public Opinion:' The semi-nar was held last 19 January 1987 atthe PSSCenter Seminar Room.

Dr. Mahar K. Mangahas, President ofthe' SWS, discussed the probability ofa "yes" VOte for the 1986 Draft Consti-

After its active participation in thedrafting of the 1986 Constitution,the PSSC continued its involvement inthis national undertaking by launching'a constitution ratification drive.

Broadcast materials' consisting ofcomputer art television spots and radioplugs were developed 'by the Counciland submitted to the ConstitutionalCommission for distribution .to thedifferent radio and television stations.Bumper stickers and 'buttons expressingPSSC's "YES" vote for the constitutionwere produced and distributed to PSSCRegular Members, the Executive Board,and the Secretariat.

ception, Isidoro P. David, Oscar L.Evangelista, Gloria Gonzalez, Sylvia H.Guerrero, Carolina G. Hernandez, Gab-riel U. Iglesias, Ponciano Pineda, Do-mingo C. Salita, Edita A.. Tan and Al-Ien L. Tan.6. Instututional Development Com-mittee: Ma Cynthia Rose B. Bautista(chairman), Victoria A. Bautista, Fr.Nim Gonzales, Carolina G. Hernandez,Pilar Ramos Jimenez, Cesar P. Macuja,Isabel Panopio, Amor B. Pedro, andErnesto M. Pernia.7. Research Committee: Corazon M.Raymundo (chairman), Ma. RosarioP. Ballescas, Germelino M. Bautista,Lourdes S. Bautista, Florangel Rosario-Braid, June Prill Brett, Ledivina V.Carino, Mila ,C. Guerrero, ReynaldoLesaca, Nelia Marquez, Thelma Lee·Mendoza, Segundo E. Romero, andAmaryllis Torres.8. By-Laws Committee: Bonifacio P.Sibayan (chairman), Leslie E. Bauzon,Nestor N. Pilar, and Domingo C. Salita.9. Special Projects Task Force: SylviaH. Guerrero (chairman), Leslie E.Bauzon, Bro. Andrew B. Gonzalez,Carolina G. Hernandez, Patricia B.Licuanan, Cesar P. Macuja, BonifacioP. Sibayan, and Wilfrido V. Villacorta.

The PSSC Executive Board electeda new set of officers for CY 1987during the Executive Board Meet~ngheld last 18 December 1986.

Chairman - Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan,Vice President for Academic Affairs,Ateneo de Manila UniversityVice Chairman - Dr. Ma. CynthiaRose B. Bautista, Associate Professor,UP Department of Sociology and De-puty Director for Research, UP ThirdWorld Studies 'CenterSecretary - Prof. Ruben F. Trinidad,Executive Director, Philippine SocialScience Council and Deputy Direc-tor, National Tax Research CenterTreasurer - Mrs. Mercedes B. Suleik,Bank Executive Assistant, Central Bankof the Philippines

The Board also appointed the follow-ing members of .the Standing Com-mittees:

1. Finance and Business Affairs Corn-mittee: Mercedes B. Suleik (chairman),Ruperto P. Alonzo, Raul P. de Guz-man, Bro. Andrew B. Gonzalez, CesarP. Macuja, Cristina P. Parel, and Do-mingo C. Salita.2. Membership Committee: Manuel A.Caoili (chairman), Carmencita T. Agui-lar, Shirley C. Advincula, Josefina D.Pineda, and Ruperto P. Alonzo (ex.officio).3. Nominations Committee: Romeo V.Cruz (chairman), Jerome D. Bailen, andFeliciano M. Lapid4. Publications Committee: Ruperto P.Alonzo (chairman), Ricardo G. Abad,Leslie E. Bauzon, Alex B. Brillantes,Jr., Olivia Caoili, Rosario M. Cortes,Eliseo de Guzman, Bro. Andrew B.Gonzalez, Margarita Guerrero, Ma. 'Car-men Jimenez, Feliciano M. Lapid,Michael L. Tan, and Esther Viloria.5. Social Issues Committee: Segundo E.Romero (chairman), Leslie E. Bauzon,Ponciano L. Bennagen, Mercedes B. Con-

tution. Dr. Mangahas extrapolated datafrom the Second Opinion Report con-ducted by the SWS in October 1986,)lVhich touched on various aspects ofthe Draft Constitution. Specifically,some issues which were studied were:land reform, Us. military bases, presi-dential powers, structure of govern-ment, transitory provisions on the termsof President Aquino and Vice PresidentLaurel, and foreign relations.

MPP Data Now Available

Data from the Measuring the PubIicPulse (MPP), a landmark survey con-ducted during the last quarter of 1985,have been made available to socialscience researchers.

The survey was envisioned to gaugepeople's perceptions on local and inter-national issues affecting Philippinesocietv. Some of these views surveyedby the MPP Were voting preferences,level of trust in government officialsand opposition figures, attitudes towardforeign debts, the US Military Bases,multinational corporations, the NPA,and divorce.

Interested researchers may write tothe PSSC Research Committee torequest for access to the data. A main-tenance fee of 'P150.00 will be chargedfor the use of the data, which are storedat the UP Computer Center.

PSSC-CASS Exchange Program

policy, the progress of China's bourgeoisliberalization, and the state of literatureand economic studies in China. Thesediscussions were documented and re-corded in 18 cassette tapes. PSSC islooking into the possible publicationof Prof. Maranan's notes on his trip.

AASSREC Conference

The . Association of Asian SocialScience Research Councils will hold itsSeventh Biennial Conference fromAugust 19-21, 1987 in Seoul, Korea.Two symposia will be conductedwithin the conference: Societal Re-silience: The Asia-Pacific Context andSocial Development and Housing. Thesesymposia will give social scientists anopportunity to review and apply re-search findings, with emphasis onpolicy relevance.

Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan and Prof.Ruben F. Trinidad, Chairman andExecutive Director of PSSC, respective-ly, will attend the conference. Dr.Licuanan will present a paper onsocietal resilience and the Philippineexperience, while Prof. Trinidad willpresent the paper on housing and "thecountry report,

* * *

JANUARY - MARCH 1987/13

!JH~~I€~ . ,il-l ~I",.,·ll 'ow ., ...'Ii;!!"(Continued from page 13)

while· the CEPD is specifically designedfor graduates who are .involved in socialdevelopment work. The Community-Based Extension Program facilities thebuilding of self-reliant communitiesthrough participatory strategies andincreases the people's access to basicsocio-economic services and facilities.At the same time, the program inte-grates the teaching, extension and re-search activities of the different consti-

tuents of the C5WCD.Support programs also implemented

by the OCE are the Training MaterialsDevelopment Program and consultancyservices which include assistance incurriculum development, trainingmanagement and administration, 'faci-litation, training needs analysis, and re-source speakers. Administrative con-cerns such as staff development andthe creation of a committee to overseefinancial and maintenance matters arealso undertaken by the OCE.

With its elevation to the status ofCollege, the CSWCD will undoubtedlyimplement its; people-oriented pro-grams with even more vigor. As itsurges forward, the College of SocialWork and Community Development willalways be guided by the philosophy thatpeople are not just 'the objects but: arealso the meansof development.

With the revival of the exchange pro-gram between the PSSC and the ChineseAcademy of Social Science (CASS),Prof. Edgardo B. Maranan of the UPAsian Center went to China for amonth-long visit from February 25 toMarch 21. Prof. Maranan visited severalplaces in China, namely: Beijing, Xian,Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Hainan.While there, he met with Chinese socialscientists and discussed Chinese foreign

The PSSC Library is inviting organizationswith social science publications to exchangematerials with our PSSC Social Science Infor-mation.

Proposals forexchange should be addressedto the Librarian, Philippine Social ScienceCouncil, PSSCenter, Don Mariano· MarcOsAvenue, Diliman, QuezonCity.

14/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

"

~I

•

~w.., "".pc••. _ d ...... _ ....., HI...... _ .. _......1rI _ _ ••t 'h ....I _ of _1',.

"

Development Issues: ConstitutionalResponse

Shortly after the ratification of the1,986 Constitution, a monograph en-:

, visioned to help popularize, and explainthe charter was published. Development'Issues: Constitutional Response isedited by Dr. Florangel Rosario-Braid,a member of the Constitutional Com-mission of 1986.

The monograph is a COmpilation ofpapers written by several ConstitutionalCommissioners, social scientists, andmembers of the editorial staff of theAsian Institute of Journalism. The dif-ferent development issues -addressedby the Constitution are covered in the'six chapters of the monograph, namely:Human Resources Development; SocialJustice; National Economy and Patri~mony; Political Development; Commu-nication and Information; and Pro-Life,Pro-Poor, Pro-Filipino.

The monograph is available at thePSSC Central Subscription Service.

&di"'r ~ •• N'u.u:o .-te. _ ....t-~ ........ o.e.E;::=:.~~.. 1:5: .::~~::-. ~~:EL=n-;e~ottl.. ., ,alibi 1+-#_ &toiiU''' .- ~ua.. c,e,If .-UnU.. I ••_ llJ' I ••.,_'1.., 1Ot.....1..... -..___ ..... .,uo.~u _u otd.ul

~UI.t,.. nlu,.l..."....-_' If f ...._.U..... .:-a.. u ...mi."'" rJllona

... rUIIU CUI''''' UGIU.....11.1llO1

The journal is edited by Prof. Raul R.Ingles.

The issue features several' well-known authors writing on the variousaspects of mass media. Former Consti-tutional Commissioner Florangel Rosa-rio-Braid looks at the 1986 Constitu-tion's prospects for a new communica-tion order. Renowned nationalist andhistorian Renato Constantino examinesmass cutlure, communication, and deve-lopment. Hernando J. Abaya, a veteranjournalist, writes on dislntormatlon andthe Manila press. Other articles onjournalism and mass media are contri-butions from Nora C. Quebral, Rey-naldo V. Guloquio, Crispin C. Maslog,and Delia R. Barcelona.' Aside fromthe articles, the PCJaiso carries thefollowing regular departments: Com-mentary; Book Review; Communica-

tion Research in the Academe; andMedia Directory.

The journal is available at the U.P.Institute of Mass Communication andat the PSSC Central SubscriptionService.

Philippines Communication Journal

The Institute of Mass Communica-tion of the University of the Philippineshas come out with the maiden issue ofthe Philippines Communication Journal.

Man Agriculture' and the TropicalForest

Man, Agriculture and the TropicalForest: Change and Development in thePhilippine Uplands has just been pub-lished by Winrock International withsupport from the Ford Foundation.

The book, edited by Sam Fujisaka,Percy Sajise, and Romulo A. del Cas-tillo, examines the complex problemsof the Philippine uplands. It is a.cornpi-lation of13 papers written by biologicaland social scientists, joined by a fewforestry officials, all concerned bychange in the Philippine uplands. It,is an attempt at initiating a productiveexchange toward the solution of thecomplex upland problems. The volumediscusses the interrelated topics ofecosystem degradation, overpopulation,development strategies and technolo-gies, the economics of such technolo-gies, cultures and societies, landtenure and national laws, and agenciesworkJng toward upland development.

The book can be obtained from thePSSC Central Subscription Service, POBox 205, UP Post Office, Diliman,Quezon City, tel. no. 922-9621 local324. In other Asian and Pacific coun-tries, it is available from the AsianRegional Office, Winrock Interna-tional, Box 1172, Nana P.O.• Bangkok10112, Thailand. In the United States,the book can be ordered throughWinrock International, Rte 3, Morril-ton, AR 72110, USA, or Agribooks,1611 N. Kent se. Arlington, VA22209, USA.

JANUARY - MARCH 1987/15

Where HasVa'lor Gone?Dr. Michael L. Tan

,

~

It has been observed that in the Philippines,we seem to celebrate defeats, such as the Fall ofBataan in April and the Fall of Corregidor in May.Deposed President Marcos in fact combined the twoholidays into "Araw ng Kagitingan," National Heroes'Day. But the term "magiting" carries more than theEnglish "heroic"; it includes the attributes of honor,determination and valor.

Last year, National Heroes' Day, passed unevent-fully. Every Filipino was, in a sense, a hero for havingousted the Marcos dictatorship.

The picture has changed in 1987. We ,are onceagain being forced down to our knees by the arro-gance of power. In the middle of March, severalteen-aged scavengers from Mabalacat, Pampanga,

. were accosted by U.S. servicemen from Clark AirBase. They were handcuffed and dogs were let looseon them. The incident reminded Filipinos of anotherincident in 1969 when a scavenger was shot becausehe was "mistaken" for a wild boar by Americanservicemen. The US forces have made other "littlemistakes" in the recent past, such as "accidental"bombings of

lvillages. These are the incidents that

make it to the press, and disappear after a week. Whatabout the 'other indignities that Filipinos in Angelesand Olongapo have to go through on a daily basis?

Imperial arrogance was manifested in other ways- the U.S. government's "observation" that theAquino government lacked a "master 'plan" to dealwith the insurgency... and the change to praiseshortly after with the President's hard-line stand oninsurgents when addressing the graduatin'g class ofthe Philippine Military Academy, only a few daysafter rightist elements within the military had at-tempted to assassinate her.

How pleased, too, must the U.S. government be,over the endorsements given to Alsa Masa and NAKA-SAKA, paramilitary groups that scrawl "KiIIl forPeace, Kill for Democracy" in the streets of -Davao,and that parade around with decepltated heads of

suspected insurgents 'after drinking the blood of theirvictims. All this in the name of what the Depart-ment of Local Government has called "participatorydemocracy" and "people power." How easily havewe forgotten the gruesome murder of Fr. TulioFavali by one of those' fanatical cults in Marcos'time. Yet, Marcos never dared to even suggesftheywere supporting such groups. '

There has been. too much doublespeak about suchgroups being "tolerated, but not authorized," andthat they are "unarmed, except for bolos and sling-shots." The government's own human rights commis-sion submitted a fact-fincing report certifying thatAlsa Masa was responsible for salvaging, rape andother human rights violations.

History has shown that mobilizing people onthe basis of irrational fears and motives 'has neverbeen productive. The global holocaust that Hitler,created, it must be remembered, started as an 'anti-communist crusade. Sending peasants out to battlethe New People's Army with amulets has to be abad joke, paralleled only by the US-advisedpsywarsquads that fought the Huks in the ,19505 by killinga peasant and drainlr:tg·him of blood' to scare theHuks into believing there was a vampire in the area.

Former Constitutional Commissioner PonclanoBennagen in fact has compared the current red-baiting campaign to the use of 'the aswang (witch)to scar!'! children. Atty.J. Virgilio Bautista of theBagong Alyansang Makabayan (BAYAN) says weare now under "political anesthesia." ""

If the present trends condintue, we will moveinto a full-blown civil, war more bloody than thatunder Marcos. Former Constitutional CommissionerEd Garcia sees a "Frankenstein" in the making, muchlike the Orden in EI Salvador and the Mano Blancoin Guatemala. Historians will not be kind when t.heylook back' at these insane wars-by-proxy, devoidof honor and valor.

Dr. Michael L. Tan is the Executive Director of Health Action Information Network (HAINJ and a f~culty memberof the UP Department of Anthropology. Thisarticle is reprinted from Health Alert, the fortnightly publication ofHAIN.

16/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

•

Philippine Studies Celebrates Thirty-Five Years of Publication

Philippine Studies, the cuitural quar-terly published by the Ateneo' deManila University Press celebrates itsthirty-fifth year of publication in 1987.'To commemorate its anniversary, eightSpecial Issues of Philippine Studieswill be available at reduced prices. Theeight Special Issues include three issueson the Urian lectures on Philippine .ver-nacular literature; special issues to corn-memorate Jose Rizal's .graduation fromthe Ateneo and the International

.Year of the Child; a memorial issuein honor of Fr. Frank LYnch; and aspecial theology issue on Bernard Lo-nergan and Karl Rahner. The issues

. provide an excellent survey of Philip-pine cultural writing from 1960 to1980. These Special Issues and all otherback issues are available at the Ateneode Manila University Press at a 50per cent discount.

UP-JIR Research Projects

The UP 'Institute of Industrial Rela-. tions announces the following research

projects which have just been comple-ted:

1. The Nature, Consequences and Pros-pects ofNon-Formal Employment inSelected Cities in Metro Manila. JoseC. Gathalian, UP-IIR. Friedrich 'EbertStiftung (FES).

The study looked into the socio-economic-demographic profile of per-sons employed in the non-formal sector,types of activities that provide employ-ment and livelihood within the net-work of the non-formal urban economy,the specific reasons for the emergenceand growth of these activities, and theconditions under which these activitiesexist or take place.

2. Socio-Economic Impact of Deregula-tion in Agriculture. Rene E. Ofreneo,UP-IIR:FES.

The project has two major cornpo-nents: an analysis of the main frame-work for deregulation measures (freemarket regime) in agriculture;" andan investigation of the socio-economicinput of various deregulation measures(e.g., lifting of price controls on inputsand outputs, removal of subsidies to

. certain inputs like fertilizer and irri-gation, free interest and flotatlonl. Twovilh'!ges were used as case studies.

3. Freedom of Association and Collect-. tive Bargaining in the Public Sector:An ASEAN Perspective. Jose C. Gat-halian, Manuel C. Inoc, Julie Q.Casel, UP-IIR. ILO-UNDP.

The project lsa comparative analysisof laws on freedom of association ·andcollective bargaining in the publicsector in the ASEAN member countries.

4. Case Studies on Profit-Sharing. JoseC. Gathalian, Marie E. Aganon, Ma.

. Virginia Sinay-Aguilar, UP-IIR, ILO.

The study describes existing formsof profit-sharing in terms of goals,bases, coverage and methods of imple-mentation in selected firms in MetroManila. It also identifies factors whichinfluence the succeess or failure. of thescheme.

Inferences on the validity of profit-·sharing schemes in enhancing labor-management relations and productivityare also presented.

iThe follo~ing are the. on-going re-searches of UP-!IR:

1. The Filipino World of Work: FactorsRelated to Productivity Performance.Marie E. Aganon, UP-IIR. NSTA~UPS Integrated Research Program"A".

. This is Phase II of a two-phase studyon productivity. The study. aims toexamine the workers' concept of. workand productivity, certain socio-psych 0-.logical characteristics . of managers,including management and leadershipstyles, needs and motivation strengths,commitment and satisfaction levels, andsome organizational factors, includingfactor intensity, reward structure, laborrelations, work organization. and tech-nology.

2. Conflict Resolution Survey. JuanAmor F. Palafox, UP-IIR.

The survey inquires into the various. modes 'of resolving -contlicts employedby managers and workers when. labor-management conflicts arise in the workplace.. The instrument designed' byLaurence and Lersch to measure the-five conflict resolution modes identifiedby Blake and Morton (The Manaue.rial .(;irid, 1964) are used in the survey.

. .

3.' Curriculum DeviJlopmimtSurvey. So-fronio V.Amante, UP-IIR.

The study examines. the existing .demand for industrial relations training'both at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels ,and the factors thatdetermine the demand. The. data gene,rated by this study will be used in ins:tituting changes in the curriculum ofthe UP-IIR'sinstructional programs;specifically its graduate studies pro-gram in industrial relations.

Special Lambatlaya Issue on Sale

The special Lambatlaya-ISWCD Bul-letin is now on-sale. The issue's majorfeature, "Can' There be Recovery With-out Redistribution?". focuses on themacroeconomic adjustments in the1987 -1992 Development Plan: Otherarticles included in the issue are: "Stra-tegies and Mechanisms for Empower·'

ment of People in Rural Society;""The Pesantry: Images of Poverty andRevolt;" IIAng Karanasan ng AMVAMedical Committee;" "The Predica-ments of the Nuro Ami Issue;" and"Non-Structural Education."

Copies of the Lambatlaya are avail-able at the Office of Continuing Educa-'tion, Institute of Social, Work arid 'Com-munity Development, UP.

New Program for Labor Relations

The U.P. Institute of Industrial Rela-tions, in collaboration with the Depart-ment of Trade and Industry's Center for.Labor Relations Assistance (DTI-CLARA) recently launched a nation-wide program designed to promoteand sustain industrial peace in thePhilippines. The program involves theprovision of the following services toworkers and employers in export-oriented and labor-intensive establish-ments:1. Coordination of industri~1 disputes;2. Coordination and facilitation with

government agencies in the expe-ditious disposition of cases andimplementation of agreements, deci-sions, and orders;

3. Orientation, organization, operation-alization, maintenance, monitoring,and evaluation of labor managementcouncils (LMCs), community rela-tions and training in grievance hand-ling; and

4. Provisions of economic and industrialrelations data and counsel.ln the first quarter of 1987, eight

orientation training programs wereconducted for representatives of laborand management in establishments inthe' construction materials, garmentand textile industries. '

New IPC Director

The Ateneo de Manila Universityannounces the appointment of Dr.Romana P. de los Reyes as Directorof the Institute of Philippine Culture.

Dr. de los Reyes succeeds Dr. WilfredoF. Arce who will go on sabbatical leave,

Dr. de los Reyes, who obtained herPh. D. from the University of Califor-nfa, Berkeley, has been with IPC since1970. She has also been a lecturer atthe Department of Sociology and An-thropology since 1976. Her recentresearch work has focused on farmers'organizations which manage irrigation'systems and the development andapplication of social science methodsin rural development action programs.Dr. de los Reyes has also done re-search' on land reform and the socio-economic conditions of sugarcaneworkers .

Her appointment is for a term ofthree years beginning lJune 1987.

Suleik in PICPA Board

Mrs. Mercedes B. Suleik, Treasurerof the PSSC Executive Board, waselected as one of the directors of the

Philippine Institute of Certified Public

Accountants (PICPA). The officersof the PICPA were inducted last 30January 1987 at the Hotel Inter-continental Manila. The PICPA'stheme for 1987 is "Relevance, Integ-rity, Solidarity and Education·,':calling for its members to R-I-S-Eand perform a vital 'role in nation-building.

Diploma in'Community Organizing

The U.P. Institute' of Social Workand Community Development (ISWCD)is offering a Diploma in CommunityOrganizing starting academic year 1987-1988.

The program features class~oom andsupervised field instruction and may becompleted in ten months. The program,aims to: update theoretical knowledgeessential to community organizing prac-tice, training, supervision, program plan-ning, administration and Participatoryresearch; and upgrade practice skills.

,JANUARY -MARCH 1987/17

New Courses at IIR

Two new courses were added to thepresent curricular offering of the U.P.Institute of Industrial Relations: IR 2'10- Philippine Labor Movement; and IR29~.1 - Quantitative ApproaChes to•Industrial Relations. The scope of thecourse on Philippine Labor Movementincludes history of the labor movementin the Phitippines, the state of the labormovement today and its response tonational and international issues anddevelopments. Quantitative Approachto Industrial Relations covers an, intro-duction to statistical - concepts andmethods in the social sciences and theirrelevance to industrial relations. I~ fo-cuses on computer applications andusage in the analysis of current researchproblems in labor and industrial rela-tions.

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18/PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

•

Third World Studies Center LectureSeries

A series, of lectures entitled "TheAquino Government After One Year:Is the Euphoria Over? " was spensoredby the Third World Studies Centerlast 9 March 1987 at the Faculty Cen-ter Conference Hall.

The first lecture, "A Season ofCoups: Reflection of the PhilippineMilitary Policies" was presented byDr. Francisco Nemenzo of the UPDepartment of Political Science, withCol. Emiliano Templo of the CapitolCommand (CapCom) as reactor.

Prof. Alex A. Magno of the UpDepartment of Political Science spokeon "Aquino and the Philippine Left."Fidel Agcaoili of the Partido ng, Bayanserved as reactor.

The issue of land reform was tackledby Eduardo C. Tadem in his lecture"The Agrarian Question Confrontsthe Aquino Government." The reactorfor this lecture was Mr. Victor GerardoBulatao, Department of Agrarian Re-form Assistant Secretary and PlanningService Head.

J Dr. Ledivina V. Carino of the UPCollege of Public Administration pre-sented a paper on "The PhilippineBureaucracy Under the Aquino Govern-ment." Deputy Executive SecretaryFulgencio Factoran was the reactor.

Congress on Ancestral Domain

The need to assess the presentstatus of the tribal people's claim totheir ancestral domain spurred theUgnayang Pang-Aghamtao (UGAT),Universi,ty of San Carlos, the Depart-ment of Natural Resources, and theAsia Foundation to jointly sponsor

the Second Congress on AncestralDomain. The Congress was held atthe University of San Carlos RetreatHouse from 21-23 March 1987.

The Ancestral Domain and theNational Legal System was di~ussedby Any. Roan Libarios, ProvincialAttorney of Agusan del SJr. Thepanel of reactors was composed of Atty.Perfecto Fernandez of the UP Collegeof Law, Gov. Ceferino Paredes of Agu.san del SJr, human rights lawyers JakeZafra and Gregorio Andolana, and Atty.Owen Lynch, Visiting Professor in ln-digenous Law at the UP College of Law.

Other highlights of the Congress werethe presentation of cases from the field,and the screening of documentary filmson ancestral lands. Workshops wereconducted on the second day, followed'by a presentation of workshop reportsand statements of concern. The Con-gress was capped ~y a cultural tour onthe third day.

'ISWCD-UCLA Academic Exchange

The five-year ISWCD-UCLA FacultyStudent Exchange project gainedground with the. recent departure ofDr. Romeo C. Quieta of the Departmentof Social Work, to the University ofCalifornia (Los Angeles). As VisitingProfessor of the School of Social Wei·fare, he will teach...a course on "SocialWork in a Third Wor.ld Environment -The Case of the Philippines."

The academic exchange program ispart of a DECS·UCLA agreement toincrease academic and cultural rela-tions through collaborative researchoutput and teaching materials andresearch and teaching personnel/studentexchange.

Dr. Quieta will serve as academicadviser and fieldwork supervisor to se-

lected UCLA students who will be cross-registering for their supervised fieldinstruction lrrSoclal Administration.

f

Xavier Peace Center Inagurated

The Xavier Peace Center (XPC), anew Institution within the Xavier Uni-versity in Cagayan de Oro City, heldits inauguration rites last 5 December1986. The founding director of theXPC is Dr. Robert D. McAmis. TheXPC will coordinate programs withemphasis on peace, justice, humanrights, and development. The Centerhas three main objectives: peace edu-cation, peace research,. and peaceaction.

Peace' education entails the deve-lopment of concepts and materialsfor teaching from kindergarten throughthe graduate level, with special coursesto be developed and offered at the un-dergraduate and post-graduate levels.A certificate course in peace studieswill be granted and eventually upgra-ded to Bachelor's ,and Master's degreeprograms.

Peace research will cover such issuesas human rights, minority-majority prob-lems, and methods of mediation andpeace-making. These researches can con-tribute to the resolution of conflictproblems.

Peace action involves the dissemina-tion of issues and concepts throughseminars and conferences and throughpublications. The XPC will also estab-lish contacts with similar institutionsthroughoutthe world.

The XPC seeks to establish linkageswith as many persons and institutionsas possible, and would appreciate beingincluded in the mailig list of interestedinstitutions.

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JANUARY - MARCH 1987/19

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Prof. Asteya M. Santiago of the UPSchool of Urban and Regional Plan-ning presented a paper at the Ex-pert Group Meeting on Shelter and

.Services for the Poor in the Metropoli~tan Region held in Nagoya, Japan,under the sponsorship of the UN Centerfor Regional Development (UNCRD).She was away from January 2 to 16,1987.

* * *

Prof. Lita J. Domingo of the UPPopulation Institute left for Hawaii last

- January 5 to present a paper at the firstseminar on Changing Family Structureand Life Courses in the LCDs. Theseminar was sponsored by the inter-national Union for the Scientific Studyof Population OUSSP).Prof. Domingocame back on January 7.

* * *

Dr. Estrella D. Solidum of the UP .Department of Political Science deli-vered a paper at the seminar on "TheInternational Security of Small States"held in Dakka, Bangladesh. Dr. Solidumwas out of the country from January5 to 9.

Dr. Clarita Carlos of the UP Depart-ment of Political Science was inBrussels, Belgium from January 12 toFebruary 6 to avail of a grant from theFriedrich 'Ebert Stiftung to observe theEuropean community at work.

Upon invitiation of the VietnamWomen's Union, Dr. Carlos also went ona study visit to Vietnam from March 7to 22.

* * *

Dr. Mercedes B. Concepcion of theUP Population Institute was in Geneva,Switzerland from January 26 to 30 tochair a Steering Committee Meeting.

From February 2 to 9, Dr. Concep-cion undertook site visits to Havana,Cuba, and Sto. Domingo, Dominican'Republic. She then returned to Genevato attend a meeting of the Human Re-production World Health OrganizationSpecial Programme.

* * *

Dr. Milagros Guerrero of the UP De-partment of History presented a coun-try report at the Regional TrainingSeminar in Social Methods and Quan-titative Technologies in the Science ofHistory. The seminar was held in NewDelhi, India under the joint sponsor-ship of UNESCO and the Governmentof India. Dr. Guerrero was out of thecountry from January 28 to February8.

Prof. ,Edita A. Tan of the UP Schoolof Economics attended as member themeeting of the World Bank AdvisoryBoard on Educational Policy. Themeeting was held in Annapolis, Mary-land in February.

* * *

Dr. Gwendolyn Tecson of the UPSchool of' Economics attended ameeting sponsored by the Asian PacificDevelopment Center (APDC) on"Second Phase Import Substitution."The meeting was held in Bangkok,Thailand. Dr. Tecson was out of thecountry from February 7 to 18.

* * *

Dean Jose Encarnacion, Jr. of theUP School of Economics attended aworkshop on Inter-regional Coopera-tion Between Southeast and SouthAsia held in New Delhi, India fromFebruary 16 to 18.

* * *

Dr. Proserpina. Tapales of the UPCollege of Public Administration pre-sented a paper at the inter-regionalworkshop on "The Development ofManagerial Women." Dr. Tapales wasout of the country from February 22-to 28.

Dr. Tapales was also in Tokyo,Japan from March 22-19 to present areport at the final discussion meetingof the joint. research project on"Export Promotion, of Manufacturersof the Philippines." The meeting wassponsored by the, Institllte of De-veloping Economies. .

* * *

Dr. Zelda Zablan of the UP Popu-lation Institute was in Bangkok, Thai-land from February 9 to 13 to attendthe second meeting of the UN/ESCAPProject on "Study of Knowledge andAttitude of Grassroots Family WorkersAbout Contraception Methods: Impli-cations of Management."

Dr. 'Zablan also attended a workinggroup meeting on the Effect of Birth-.spacing on Child Mortality sponsoredl bythe East-West Population lnstitute. Dr.Zablan was in Honolulu, Hawaii fromMarch 16 to April 10.

* * *

Dr. Wilfrido V. Villacorta of the DeLa Salle University attended a work-shop on the Soviet Union and the AsiaPacific Region sponsored by the tast-West Center-Resource Systems Insti-tute. The Worshop was held in Hono-lulu, Hawai] from March 15 to 18.Dr. Villacorta presented a paper on thechanging Philippine perceptions of theSoviet Union in Asia, especially as itaffects the Philippines, and the bilateralpolicies and issues involved.

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(Continued'on next page)

20IPSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

A House Built on Sand

Continued from page3

The main body of the military seemsconsolidated under the control of Gen-eral Ramos and the new Minister ofDefense, General lIeto. "Enrile's boys"appear isolated and their militarycareers are probably at an end, althoughmore vigorous action against them is notcertain. There are some troops main-tained by provincial warlords loyal toMarcos and/or Enrile but they poseno immediate threat. The Presidentannounced a -deadline of November 30for a ceasefire agreement with the corn-munist insurgents, and a cabinet shake-up, measures which are seen as a con-cession to the military. At the sametime the removal of Enrile responds toone of the main demands of the left,and this may account in part for theleft's agreement to a ceasefire, nowscheduled to last 60 days beginningDec. 10. The "middle groups" which

Dr. Ledivina V. Carino of the UPCollege of Public Administration wasin !Bangkok, Thailand" from February9 to 22 to present her research proposalat a workshop sponsored by the Rocke-feller Foundation.

Dr. Carino was also in Malaysia fromMarch 23 to 30 to attend as one of thecase study writers a meeting of theresearch project on "Decentralizationfor Local Development."

* * *

Dean Emerenciana Y. Arcelfana ofthe UP Graduate School, Dr. NataliaM. Morales of the UP Department ofPolitical Science, and Prof. Oscar L.Evangelista of the UP Department ofHistory presented papers at the "SecondWorld Symposium on - the ThirdUniversal Theory: The Green Book"held in Libya last March.

played a major role in the Februaryevents but have been more recentlyupstaged. by the military and the leftare mobilizing for a massive effort tosupport "Cory" in the February pie'biscite.

Continued Church support for thePresident is indicated by the Novem-ber 21 pastoral Ietter of the Philip-pine Bishops affirming their agree-ment with the principles enunciatedin the draft Constitution. The linkwith the Church was dramatized, infact, on Sunday afternoon: imme-diately after announcing- on televisionher acceptance of Enrile's resignationshe proceeded to an open-air Masswhere, as scheduled, she read a prayerfor the nation, and then repeated' herannouncement to the applause ofthe thousands assembled there.

The whole situation provides thePresident with an opportunity anda challenge, an opportunity to beginagain with a new set of ministers andwithout the threats to her regimewhich have tended to paralyze and irn-

After the symposium, Dr. Arcellanaproceeded to the USA and Canada toupdate her research on a textbook onpolitical science. Dr. Morales and Prof.Evangelista went on to· visit someEuropean capitals.

* * *Dr. June Prill Brett of UP Baguio

and the Cordillera Studies Center wasin Thailand from March 7 to 15 to attenda meeting on cooperative interactions.Dr. Brett attended the meeting upon.the invitation of the East-West Environ-ment and Policy Institute.

* * *Dr. Consuela Paz of the UP Depart-

ment of Linguistics was out of the coun-try from March 1 to April 3 to accepta visiting scientist grant from theUNDP/World Bank/World Health Or-ganization· Special Programme for

mobilize her in recent months; and achallenge to address herself to thefundamental problems of poverty andinequality which lie at the root ofmost of the nation's life. History offersmany examples of moderate reformerswho failed and were supplanted bythose with less concern than they forhuman rights and _human values, be-cause they remained too tied to thestructures of the past. She has not yetdemonstrated a willingness to attacklong-standing social and economic struc-tures, and even the new appointmentsto her cabinet are middle-of-the-roador right·of-center individuals. Yet, until

the government, the Church and themiddle classes in particular, face up tothis chalfenge, polarization and conflictwill be endemic and Philippine democ-racy will remain a house built on sand.

In this context, the pressures forreform which will come from the leftduring the peace talks scheduled tofollow the ceasefire, may, if accom-panied by -serious proposals, be a veryconstructive force.

Research and Training in Troplcet :Diseases at Stanford University.

Dr. Manuel F. Montes of the UPSchool of Economics was in SaoPaolo, Brazil from March 3 to 15topresent a country paper at an inter-country conference, jointly sponsoredby the Lutheran World Federation andthe CCPD/World Council of Churches.

* * *

Prof. Elmer M. Ferrer of the UPInstitute of Social Work and Com-munity Development served as lecturerat the "Trafning Course on Principlesof Control Resources Management"held in PhiJket and Bangkok, Thailand.Prof. Ferrer was out of the countryfrom March 1.to 15.

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