14 - ISCA 978-93...CONVENER REPORT: DR.D.K.AWASTHI On behalf of Organizing committee, I extend a warm welcome to distinguished guests, speakers, participants, research persons attending

14th December, 2016

Edited by

Dr. Devendra Kumar Awasthi

Associate Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry

Sri Jai Naraian Post Graduate College Lucknow U.P

Jointly organized by

Bharat Raksha Dal Trust Environmental Cell

S.R. Institute of Management and Technology

Association of Chemistry Teachers

2017

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ISBN: 978-93-84659-88-2

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources iii

International E – Publication

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Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources iv


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CONVENER REPORT: DR.D.K.AWASTHI

On behalf of Organizing committee, I extend a warm welcome to distinguished guests, speakers,

participants, research persons attending National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources on

December 14th, 2016 organized by Bharat Raksha Dal Trust, SR Institute of Management &Technology

Lucknow and Association Chemistry Teachers., Firstly I would like to thanks, Our Honourable Chief Guest

Sri Pawan singh Chauhan MD SR Institute of Management &Technology Lucknow for his persistent

support & advice to customize and frame this event. Above all the support and guidance from Srinivasrai

Founder & President. I think topic of the seminar is more relevant. Today is the need to learn and

execute scientifically the methodologies, program, plans and implementation for generation of energy

and will have to think how to save for future. Er. S. K. Verma Director Technical Power Corporation UP

has provided knowledge how to save electricity and Dr. P. S. ojha has given lot of information for

generation of electricity from waste. Various research papers have been discussed.

)

DR.D.K.AWASTHI (convener)

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources v


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S.No Title Name Of Author

1. Opportunities And Challenges For A Sustainable Energy Future Dr.A.N.Dixit 2. Sustainable Energy As Deployment Foundation For National Transformation Dr. Archana Maurya

3. Renewable Energy : A Need For Environmental Sustainability Dr. Seema Joshi

4. Renewable Energy Resources And Their Applications Dr. Pallavi Dixit 5. Cellulosic Ethanol As A Sustainable Energy Resource Tahmeena Khan

6. Sustainable Energy : Needs, Types And Resources. Dr. Noohi Khan

7. Renewable Energy Sources And Climate Change Mitigation-A Review. Dr.Ruchi Srivastava

8. Biofuels As A Sustainable Energy Resource Upasanayadav 9. Equations For Kinetic Energy In Multiphase Porous Media Dr.Mohammad Miyan 10. Plasma Technique For Saving Energy Dr. Gyanendra Awasthi 11. Sustainable Energy Resources And Its Utility In Modern Times Dr. Jamal Haider Zaidi 12. High Performance Computing-Tool For Studying And Developing Sustainable

Energy Resources Sana Jafar

13. Eco-Friendly Biomass As An Alternative Future Fuel Dr. Jyotsna

14. Jatropha - A Substitute To Diesel Dr. Aseem Umesh 15. Concrete Efforts Are Needed To Conserve The Natural Resources For The

Survival Of Living Beings. Pushpa Vishwakarma

16. Green – IT Ms. Shikha Singh

17. Biofuel An Emerging Sustainable Energy Resource Dr.Niranjani Chaurasia

18. Bio-Gas Use In Rural India Jitendra Pal Singh

19. Study Of Different Renewable Energy Options For Environmental Sustainability

Manish Mishra

20. Concept Of Sustainable Development Anupriya Yadav

21. Nuclear Energy - An Alternative Option For Energy Demand Kalpana Singh

22. Production Of Fuel By Solar Energy Dr. N.K.Awasthi 23. Renewable Energy Sources And Its Policy Framework For Sustainable Growth

In India Dr Shobhit Goel

24. Consideration Of Power Sector For Sustainable Energy Dr.Sarita Chauhan

25. Carbon Dioxide: A Versatile Reagent As A Source Of Renewable Energy Devdutt Chaturvedi

26. Green Energy – A Better Option Over Fossil Fuels Dr.Sugandha Khare

27. A Review On Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (Dssc) Dr. Renu Gupta

28. Solar Energy: One Of The Sustainable Source Of Energy Dr.Sadhana Gupta 29. Sustainable And Unsustainable Energy Dr. Devendra Kumar

30. Wind Energy A Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy Dr. Usha Rani Singh

31. Solar Energy Mission: India Marching Ahead Dr. Sangeeta Verma

32. Role Of Computer Scientists In Making Renewable Energy More Cost Effective Anuradha Sharma 33. Integration Of Bio-Processing & Incineration Of Municipal Solid Waste Manish Mishra

34. Use Of Iron Complex System As A Photocatalyst For Treatment Of Methylene Blue Containing Wastewater

Savitri Lodha

35. Clean Green Practices For Sustainable Energy Resource In The Indian Pulp And Paper Industry

Ruchi Saxena,

ABSTRACT INDEX

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources vi


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36. Use Of Sustainable Energy: Necessity Of The Future Dr. (Mrs.) N.Verma 37. Tidal Energy : A Non Conventional Source Of Energy Dr. Alka Sharma

38. Renewable Energy And Pollution Dr.Jaya Panday

39. Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency For Sustainable Development Samarthpande

40. Solar Energy: An Alternative Source Of Energy Generation In India Dr. Himanshu Rastogi

41. Overview Of Green Building: The Sustainable buildings An Analysis Of Renewable Energy Resources

Dr. Nimish Gupta

42. Survey On Significant Use Of Renewable Energy Resources Richa Mehrotra,

43. Sustainable Energy Resources As Future Energy Dr. Praveen Srivastava,

44. Hydro Power Anamika Srivastava

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources 1


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1

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE

Dr. A. N. Dixit, Retd. Principal, Govt. Degree College,Faridpur (Bareilly)

ABSTRACT Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world’s increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Our use of energy in the twenty-first century must also be sustainable. Solar and water-based energy generation and engineering of microbes to produce biofuels are a few examples of the alternatives. This Perspective puts these opportunities into a larger context by relating them to a number of aspects in the transportation and electricity generation sectors. Concerns about sustainability, and the harsh realities of environmental catastrophe, can be traced back at least 4000 years. This paper points out how human pressures on the surrounding environment have had severe consequences over this period, coal burning has had adverse consequences traceable over the past 750 years, and the adverse environmental impacts of using other fossil fuels have aroused attention more recently. Heightened awareness of the need for sustainable development is a modern development, evident in international and national debates since the early 1970s. Fossil fuel use has continued to rise; renewable energy use has made insufficient inroads; waste and inefficiency in energy usage continues to be far too high; too many people remain without modern energy services or are exposed to severe pollution in the home and local atmosphere; there are mounting concerns about the conventional oil resource base—and future supplies and prices of oil and natural gas; greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and evidence of human-induced climate change continues to mount. Indices of national environmental performance suggest no country is performing adequately; population, housing and transportation pressures result in greater pollution, loss of natural habitats, and species reduction; and poor governance is frequently cited as a major cause of poor environmental performance. The prospects for sustainable energy are bleak on current trends. In its most extreme guise, sustainable energy is that which can be provided without change to the earth’s biosphere. However, no such form of energy supply exists. All require some form of land use, with attendant disruption of the associated ecosystems, extraction, which can be disruptive for fossil fuels, and less so for nuclear ones. Ultimately, all of these extracted materials reenter the biosphere as wastes, where their sequestration practices are at least as important as their masses in determining the accompanying ecological disruption. In this paper, we treat energy technologies as being sustainable if their net effects upon the biosphere do not significantly degrade its capabilities for supporting existing species in their current abundance and diversity. This definition is



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inherently conservative and favorable to the status quo. It reflects our ignorance in assessing the quality of alternative ecosystems and in understanding our effects upon them. It also provides a snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy future for the world.

2

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AS DEPLOYMENT FOUNDATION FOR NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION. Dr.Archana Maurya,

Assistant Professor,Chemistry Department Shri J.N.P.G. College, Lucknow. [email protected]

ABSTRACT Sustainable energy is sustainable as it is obtained from sources that are inexhaustible (unlike fossil fuels). Sustainable or Renewable energy sources include wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and hydro, all of which occur naturally.Renewable energy, generally speaking, is clean energy and non-polluting. Many forms do not emit any greenhouse gases or toxic waste in the process of producing electricity. It is a sustainable energy source that can be relied on for the long-term. Renewable energy is cost-effective and efficient. Even among those who accept the reality of climate change and the central role of human-produced carbon dioxide emissions, there is a view that renewable energy is not a viable alternative to energy produced by fossil fuels. Among other things, it is felt to be too expensive, unreliable, inadequate and/or impractical.Among the available technologies, three – utility-scale photovoltaics, large solar arrays and land-based wind turbines – have the potential to meet many times our current electrical requirements. Other technologies such as rooftop photovoltaics (solar panels), offshore wind power, biomass, hydrothermal, geothermal and hydropower also have tremendous productive potential, ranging from .4 to 4 TW.Usefully, the report also estimates the amount of land that would be required by wind and solar technologies, as well as the production potential of each state. By reviewing the report, a state (or community) can estimate its potential to meet all of its electrical power requirements with renewable energy. In addition to different land requirements, all of these technologies vary in their cost. However, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the cost difference between renewable energy projects and comparable conventional projects such as coal, natural gas and nuclear is narrowing. For example, the electricity produced by a wind energy farm is less expensive than all fossil fuel systems except natural gas systems. In addition, electricity generated by a utility-scale photovoltaic system costs only about 17 percent more than that generated by advanced coal plant systems.



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INTRODUCTION SOLAR POWER Solar power is clean green electricity that is created from sunlight, or heat from the sun. Installing solar power systems in a residential setting generally means setting up a solar photovoltaic or a solar thermal system on the roof. Definition of photovoltaic: Photo = “light” and photons = energy particles coming from sunlight; voltaic = producing a voltage or volts. Abbreviation = PV Solar energy is a renewable free source of energy that is sustainable and totally inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels that are finite. It is also a non-polluting source of energy and it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity. Solar electricity can supplement your entire or partial energy consumption. Using solar power means reducing your energy bills and saving money. Low maintenance and unobtrusive, installing solar panels adds value to your home. Wind power Wind power involves converting wind energy into electricity by using wind turbines. Wind comes from atmospheric changes; changes in temperature and pressure makes the air move around the surface of the earth. A wind turbine captures the wind to produce energy. Wind power is a clean energy source that can be relied on for the long-term future. A wind turbine creates reliable, cost-effective, pollution free energy. It is affordable, clean and sustainable. One wind turbine can be sufficient to generate enough electrical energy for a household, assuming the location is suitable. Because it is a renewable resource which is non-polluting and renewable, wind turbines create power without using fossil fuels, without producing greenhouse gases or radioactive or toxic waste. Wind power is one of the best ways to combat global warming. Micro hydro systems Micro hydro systems convert the flow of water into electrical energy. A turbine can be fully immersed in water. The flowing water rotates the turbine’s blades. The amount of energy created depends on the amount of water flowing on the turbine as well as the size of the turbine. Micro hydro systems are generally used as stand alone power systems which are not connected to the grid. They are recommended in remote areas where there is a continuous supply of water. Approximately 10% of Australia’s energy comes from this source. Australia’s biggest hydro system is in the Snowy Mountains. It is a cheap, reliable and non-polluting source of energy. Hybrid systems Hybrid systems consist of combining different types of energy production systems into a single power supply system. The most common type of hybrid system is combining a solar system with a wind generator; however, hybrid energy systems can integrate solar panels, diesel generator, batteries, and an inverter into the same system. Solar panels create electricity from sunlight. This electricity is then stored in batteries. The inverter converts the AC electricity into a DC current. The diesel generator automatically cuts in when the batteries are low. The generator when running supplies the load and charges the batteries. The key is to find the right mix of solar array, diesel generator and battery capacity. Green power Switching to green power means that electricity providers make it possible for customers to purchase green power from their power company if they pay extra for it. In theory, what this means is that instead of using normal electricity which comes from many non-renewable sources, the provider of the electricity ensures that the equivalent electricity used in your home is fed to the grid via a renewable source, such as solar arrays or wind turbines. However, in the past there has been instances of fraud involved in such schemes.



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Fuel cells Fuel cells create energy through chemical reactions. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell which captures the electrical energy of a chemical reaction between fuels. It is an electrochemical conversion device which converts the chemical energy of fuel (i.e. hydrogen and oxygen) into water; and which produces electricity and hot air in the same process. Fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion or noise pollution. A fuel cell is similar to a battery but does not need to be recharged; a battery gets recharged by using electricity which is then stored in a closed system, whereas a fuel cell uses an external supply of fuel which needs to be continuously replenished. Fuel cells are not commercially available yet, and remain very expensive. They are used as power sources in remote areas. NASA uses fuel cells on space shuttles; they are also used for military applications, and in large public parks. Fuel cells cannot store energy like batteries. Even if the energy delivered from fuel cells is stored, their electrical efficiency is not nearly as high as a battery’s efficiency which also happens to be a much cheaper option. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy cannot really be termed renewable, since there is only a finite amount of uranium on this planet. Nuclear reactors also produce a by-product other than the power they generate: toxic harmful waste that must be stored indefinitely. Nuclear energy is produced by a nuclear reaction when the splitting or fusion of atoms occurs. Fusion energy is not available on an industrial scale yet. The splitting of atoms is called fission. A typical example of fission energy is when an atomic nucleus of a high mass atom (such as uranium) splits into fragments inside a nuclear power reactor, which then releases several hundred million electron volts of energy. The energy produced by the nuclear fission yields an amount of energy which is a million times greater than what is obtained through a chemical reaction. Nuclear reactors emit no greenhouse gases, and are the closest thing to a non polluting energy source apart from renewable energy. Modern reactors are safer, and are more economic than what they used to be. The main issues with nuclear energy are the safety standards of a nuclear power plant and the storage of its radioactive waste. It is still a debated issue about whether or not nuclear power is a good alternative to limit our dependence on imported oil. France is the world leader in nuclear energy production, relying on nuclear power for 80% of its electricity. Renewable energy system components While renewable energy is plentiful, most of the environmental impact is related to the production of equipment to harness the energy. Even so the energy payback time, that is the amount of time it takes to repay the energy and resources gone into creating something such as a solar panel, is quite short. In the case of a solar panel, the energy payback time is around 1.5 years. Given a solar panel has a life of 25 years, this is quite economical ecologically speaking. The following are descriptions of common components used in solar power systems. Solar panels Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic modules, consist of a series of solar cells that convert light from the sun into DC electricity. A solar panel is a rugged piece of equipment, built to last decades of exposure to harsh climate conditions – from freezing to searing temperatures, storms and high wind. Solar hot water 30% of total greenhouse gases households produce is due to water heating. Solar water heaters can dramatically reduce energy bills without any environmental impacts. Installing solar hot water also reduces our dependency on fossil fuels. The technology for solar water heaters is entirely different to a photovoltaic grid connect system. For example, solar heaters use a flat plate with collector panels or evacuated tubes to absorb the heat from sunlight and then raise the temperature of the water.



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Solar pumping Widely used on farms and outback stations in Australia to supply bore water to livestock, solar powered water bore pumps provide an ideal water delivery solution in areas where mains electricity is not easily accessed. Batteries Batteries are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are classified according to their application and the way they are constructed. The main applications are in cars, boats and deep-cycle. Deep cycle batteries can be charged and discharged repetitively. Deep cycle batteries are used in solar PV systems. The construction type of a battery are flooded (wet), gelled and AGM (dry). Dry or wet / flooded refers to whether or not the electrolyte is liquid. A dry cell means that the electrolyte is a solid powder electrolyte; a wet cell means that the electrolyte is liquid and is allowed to flow freely in within the cell casing. Dry cell batteries are used in flashlights, toys, radios, laptops and mobile phones. Batteries are usually used in stand alone power systems – such as a rooftop solar power system or wind turbine system – however, stand alone power systems can be designed to run without battery backup. In a standalone power system, the house in question is not connected to the electricity grid (the distribution of electricity through high-tension cables). It is “off” grid. This means that the stand alone power system is the sole source of energy available to the home. In a standalone solar power system, the energy created during the day is stored in a battery bank for use at night. Sometimes batteries are used in grid connect systems as a backup. Power and solar inverters A solar inverter is a device used to transform direct current electricity (DC) from solar panels (AC). A power inverter does the same, but the source is a battery. AC current is the standard current that makes all household appliances work. The inverter converts the DC power of the battery bank into 240 volts, 50 Hz AC. There are two types of inverters: the Sine Wave Inverter and the Modified Sine Wave Inverter. A Modified Sine Wave Inverter can adequately power some household appliances and power tools. It is cheaper, but presents certain compromises with some loads such as computers, microwave ovens, laser printers, clocks and cordless tool chargers. Virtually all low-cost inverters are “Modified Sine Wave”. They are usually about 70% efficient, so expect some significant power losses if you are using a Modified Sine Wave Inverter in your system. A Sine Wave Inverter is designed to replicate and even improve the quality of electricity supplied by utility companies. To operate higher-end electronic equipment, a sine wave inverter is recommended. Efficiency has reached up to about 94% and the electricity from these devices is of a higher quality than grid power almost anywhere in the world. A high quality inverter usually has an auto-start system, tweaking ability and a high quality heavy-duty power transformer. Solar regulators/ controllers A regulator is an electronic device which controls the voltage of the charging source. Regulators are used to stop the batteries from being overcharged. When the batteries are fully charged, the regulator halts the flow of power from the solar panels to the batteries. Additionally, a regulator stops any power flow from the batteries at night. The controller is also used so that the batteries get charged at the correct voltage. In order to calculate the Amp rating of a controller you must follow this simple equation: Amps x Volts = Watts. So, if you have a 175W panel at 24 volts the following calculation should be made Amps x 175 = 24, then the regulator should be at 175/ 24= 7.3 Amps. Generators



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Though not a renewable energy product, generators are used extensively in renewable energy system. They are primarily used as a source of backup electricity. Generators are a petrol or diesel motor. It is basically a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A generator can create a supply of 240 volts AC and can be used for charging DC batteries. A generator is used in a backup situation when required. A generator is hooked to a battery charger which recharges batteries when they are running low otherwise damage can occur if the battery discharge is too high. Generators can be automatically started when the batteries reach a certain state of charge (“SOC”). Battery chargers Battery chargers are used in conjunction with the generator or main power to provide DC power to recharge batteries. There are many types of battery chargers, including solar chargers, and they primarily vary in the amount of time they take to charge batteries and how they take care of the batteries while Conclusion there is an emerging opportunity to redirect investment to support renewable energy development. Of the thousand or so existing coal plants, more than 60 percent were built before 1964 and will soon need to be replaced. This presents us with an excellent opportunity to use money that would have been spent replacing aging coal plants to instead build solar and wind projects on a scale large enough to significantly impact carbon dioxide emissions.Communities can take action now to begin to build their local renewable energy production using existing technologies. While they may not become energy self-sufficient, they will become more self-reliant and the world will become more sustainable. In addition, the involvement of more communities in applying these technologies will contribute to their improvement, as well as help clarify the advantages of regional collaboration and integration.All things considered, the challenge of reducing carbon dioxide emissions should be met with a sense of guarded optimism. Because, unlike just a few years ago, renewable energy technologies are now ready for local deployment at scales that can make a big difference. Such deployment can serve as the foundation for a national transformation. References;

1. Rural energy services ;a handbook for sustainable energy development Anderson , T Doig, A Rees, D Khennas

2. Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review Volume 15,issues 4,may 2011,pages 1753-1761 3. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews Volume 4 ,issue 2,june 2000,pages 157-175



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3 RENEWABLE ENERGY :A NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

DR. SEEMA JOSHI ASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPTT. OF CHEMISTRY

ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKHNOW ABSTRACT Continual use of Non-renewable sources is posing detrimental impact on the environment. In day today life, every day various devices and electrical appliances are consuming a lot of energy which is being produced from natural resources. The ever growing demand is a challenge before us. Total effect of extensive use of our natural resources is the environment changes which has led to global warming at a level that is threatening the long term stability of life. New challenges to save the environment are needed to be tackled to make the system safe for living. Thus in order to sustain our environment conservation of energy and more usage of renewable energy sources is urgently needed . Renewable energy sources are sources of energy that are theoretically inexhaustible and not derived from fossil fuels or nuclear sources for example wind, sun, water and geothermal sources etc. More use of renewable energy sources is important because these not only save our natural resources but also are more reliable and impose a substantially lower impact on the environment. New challenges to save the environment are needed to be tackled to make the system safe for living. One of the major challenges of renewable energy usage is its cost. In order to have zero emission power generation and economic efficiency , the cost of renewable energy is needed to be reduced. High performing transmission grids are the backbone of the entire power system. The high costs of these grids add to the price of energy. New highly cost effective ways of connecting renewable energy generation to the grid are significant issues. Intelligent and efficient power transmission will definitely be a key to reduce the cost of alternate source of energy. This can be achieved to some extent by reducing the distance between the centers of load in high densely populated areas and the places of generation of electricity. New technical approaches will make it possible to get power to where it is needed in an efficient, reliable and socially acceptable manner. Many new stake holders, new source of energy, fluctuating demand and new regulations needed to be considered. US energy department provides renewable energy funding to encourage business and local government to use renewable methods to generate energy .Some simple things to save the environment are : Using less energy, practicing water conservation and recycling it regularily, less use of automobile vehicles and more use of bicycles.

4

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS DR. PALLAVI DIXIT

ASSISTANT PROFESSORDEPTT. OF BOTANY MAHILAVIDYALAYA DEGREE COLLEGE LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT

For every walks of life we need energy. Energy is the key input to improve our living. The demands for energy in the country has been growing rapidly which indicates that the country would be facing constraints in indigenous availability of renewable energy resources (fossil fuel ) which are exhaustible, limited in supply, more expansive, and emits more CO2 into the environment . With the increasing demand of energy and with the fast depleting conventional sources of energy the renewable energy resources such as solar, wind ,biomass. Tidal , geothermal etc. are gaining importance



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.Renewable energy is generated from the natural processes that are continuously replenished. All the renewable energy ultimately comes from the Sun. These resources can be renewed with the minimum effort and money. This energy is abundant, renewable, eco-friendly , pollution free, non- exhaustible. It is the energy for the future. Switching over to renewable energy system is being increasingly considered by the various countries globally. To meet our future energy demands & to provide green, pollution free, non-exhaustible energy supply to our population recent world attention go for, renewable energy resource because they are derived from natural process & being replaced & generate at the rate that they are being used. No wonder ,renewable energy is fast catching the imagination of the people in India.

Keywords : Renewable Energy; Definition, Type, Applications.

5 CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

TAHMEENA KHAN, SAMANRAZA DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKNOW-226007

ABSTRACT Use and development of sustainable energy resources which would lead to reduced dependence on fossil fuel resources and alleviate the environmental hazards of greenhouse gases is an urgent need in present times. One of the economically viable options is the use of bio-fuels like bio-ethanol, bio-diesel and cellulosic ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol is a bio-fuel produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. Considerable interest in cellulosic ethanol exists because it has the potential for strong economic importance. It is more useful than other bio-fuels as the raw material used does not compete with food sources like grains for ethanol production. Additionally, transport may be unneeded, because grasses or trees can grow almost anywhere temperate. It could reduce demand for oil and gas drilling and even nuclear power in ways that grain-based ethanol fuel alone cannot.1Cellulosic ethanol is produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the bulk of plant body. The raw material is plentiful and found almost everywhere. In addition to this, paper, cardboard, and packaging materials which comprise a substantial part of the solid waste also contain cellulose, which can be transformed into cellulosic ethanol. This may have additional environmental benefits because decomposition of these products produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas.2 However, commercially viable bio-refineries to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fuel are yet to be developed.3 Also, the enzymes cellulase and hemicellulase used in the production of cellulosic ethanol are expensive. Therefore more research is needed in the development of commercially viable and cost effective production of cellulosic ethanol for use fuel. Keywords: sustainable energy, bio-fuel, cellulosic ethanol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel



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References:

1. Somma D, Lobkowicz H, Deason JP, Clean Techn Environ Policy, 12: 373–380, 2010. 2. National Geographic Magazine, 'Carbon's New Math', October 2007. 3. National Research Council of the National Academies, Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential

Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, p. 3, 2011

6 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY : NEEDS, TYPES AND RESOURCES

DR.NOOHI KHAN ( AP II) AMITY SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCESAMITY UNIVERSITY ,LUCKNOW,UP

ABSTRACT The study of sustainable energy sources is an important topic in the field of combustion science.Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects. Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.The aim of this paper is to know about the needs and types of sustainable energy. Keywords :Sustainable,renewable sources ,energy sources

1) Introduction Some renewable energy sources Sustainable sources of energy include solar, wind, water, biomass and geothermal. Non renewable energy sources include coal, oil and natural gas. Sustainable electricity production plays an increasing role in reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.Solar energy does not emit harmful greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide that contributes to climate change, does not rely on non-renewable carbon-based fuel or produce harmful radioactive waste, as does nuclear power. Solar energy depends on the natural energy produced by the sun to generate electricity.Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation

2) Need for Sustainable Energy During ancient times, wood, timber and waste products were the only major energy sources. In short, biomass was the only way to get energy. When more technology was developed, fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas were discovered. Fossil fuels proved boom to the mankind as they were widely available and could be harnessed easily. When these fossil fuels were started using extensively by all the countries across the globe, they led to degradation of environment. Coal and oil are two of the major sources that produce large amount of carbon dioxide in the air. This led to increase in global warming.Also, few countries have hold on these valuable products which led to the rise in prices of these fuels. Now, with rising prices, increasing air pollution and risk of getting expired soon forced scientists to look out for some alternative or renewable energy sources. The need of the hour was to look for resources that are available widely, cause no pollution and are replenishable. Sustainable Energy, at that time came into the picture as it could meet our today’s increasing demand of energy demand of energy and also provide us with an option to make use of them in future also.

3) Types of Sustainable Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13105&page=3

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13105&page=3

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/EnergySources.php

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/BioMassEnergy.php

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/CoalAsFossilFuel.php

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.php

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.php



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Sustainable energy are not just a part of renewable energy sources, they are also the sources of energy that can best be used to power homes and industries without any harmful effects being experienced. This is the sole reason why many people advice the use of these forms of energy in everyday life. It is because its effects to the environment are purely beneficial. Solar energy is the best form of sustainable energy. This energy manifests itself in tow forms. There is the light and the heat. Both of these forms are equally important to us in our day to day living and other forms of life. For instance, the plants need the light to grow and generate food while man needs the heat energy to maintain body temperature and power their homes and industries. This means that it is the greatest form of sustainable energy. It can be used two folds with greater results as needed. This only serves to generate confidence and ensure that we live the way we intended without causing further harm to the environment. According to activists, it is the future of energy. Evidence of intensive use of this alternative energy source can be seen everywhere. There are many companies that are making solar panels to tap this energy for use at home or in the industries. Consequently, the energy is also being tapped for commercial purposes in many fields like powering of homes in power grids. All that one needs to do is to get hold of the solar panel and install it in the homes or commercial property. During the summer periods, you can cut down on your energy costs. Wind Energy ,Wind is a sustainable energy source. It is available naturally and can be tapped to produce vast amounts of power that can be used in many ways and places. For instance, sailors tap this energy to help the ship propel through its various directions to distant shores for trading. Nowadays, this energy sources is being commercialized. There are many companies that have invested heavily on power grids and windmills to tap into this energy source. The energy generated can be sold to other people to power their homes and industries. In the near future, sustainable energy like wind power will be a big industry and the fossil fuels exploration will have halted and no longer being used. Geothermal energy allows us fetch the energy from beneath the earth. This occurs by installing geothermal power stations that can use heat coming out from inside the earth and use it to generate electricity. The temperature below the earth around 10,000 meters is so high that it can used to boil water. Geothermal energy cannot be harnessed everywhere as high temperature is needed to produce steam that could move turbines. It can be harnessed in those areas that have high seismic activity and are prone to volcanoes. They are environment friendly and can produce energy throughout the day but their ability to produce energy at suitable regions restricts us from using it on a much wider scale. Ocean Energy There is massive size of oceans in this world. About 70% of the earth is covered with water. The potential that ocean energy has to generate power is much higher than any other source of energy. This sustainable energy allows us to harness it in 3 ways i.e. wave, tidal or ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Tides have immense power which when effectively tapped can generate a lot of energy and can be used to power millions of homes. Waves produced at the oceans can be used by ocean thermal plants to convert the kinetic energy in waves to mechanical energy of turbines which can again converted to electrical energy through generators. Setting up of big plants at ocean may cause ecological imbalance and disturb aquatic life. Biomass Energy Biomass energy is produced by burning of wood, timber, landfills and municipal and agricultural waste. It is completely renewable and does not produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide which is primarily responsible for increase in global warming. Although, carbon dioxide is produced by burning these products but that is equally compensated when plants take this carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. It also helps to reduce landfills but are not as effective as fossil fuels. Hydroelectric Power On the other hand, there are the rivers or waterfalls whose energy of the moving water is captured that can turn turbines to generate power. This is commonly known as hydroelectric power. It is very common nowadays and it is powering most parts of the world and one of the biggest

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http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/WaveEnergy.php

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http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarmingCauses.php

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form of alternative energy currently being used. There are many companies and countries that are exporting this energy to other countries who unable to harness it on their own due to lack of the necessary resources or conditions. The energy is commonly transported in form of power lines to various parts of the country and even outside the country. These are the three best case examples of sustainable energy forms that are projected to run the world in the near future. They are very sustainable and so not cause any environmental effects. Their inability to be depleted and lack of effect to the environmental makes them a perfect candidate to future energy needs. References: 1) http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/renewable-energy/ 2) Urban happiness: context-sensitive study of the social sustainability of urban settings Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design January 1, 2016 43: 34-57 3) Yosef Rafeqjabreen, sustainable urban forms their typologies,models,concepts,Journal of planning education & research.

7 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION-A REVIEW.

DR.RUCHI SRIVASTAVA ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT The paper presents an review of the literature on the scientifi c, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of the contribution of six renewable energy (RE) sources to the mitigation of climate change.Demand for energy and associated services, to meet social and economic development and improve human welfare and health, is increasing. All societies require energy services to meet basic human needs (e.g., lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and communication) and to serve productive processes. [1,2] Since approximately 1850, global use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) has increased to dominate energy supply, leading to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions .Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the provision of energy services have contributed signifi -cantly to the historic increase in atmospheric GHG concentrations. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) concluded that “Most of the observed increase in global average temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”Recent data confirm that consumption of fossil fuels accounts for the majority of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Emissions continue to grow and CO2 concentrations had increased to over 390 ppm, or 39% above preindustriallevels, by the end of 2020. [3]There are multiple options for lowering GHG emissions emissions from the energy system while still satisfying theglobal demand for energy services. [4] Some of these possible options, such as energy conservation and efficiency, fossil fuel switching, Renewable Energy.As well as having a large potential to mitigate climate change, RE can provide wider benefits. RE may, if implemented properly, contribute to social and economic development, energy access, a secure energy supply, and reducing negative impacts on the environment and health. [5]. Renewable energy sources and technologies

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1. Bioenergy- Itcan be produced from a variety of biomass feedstocks, including forest, agricultural and livestock residues; short-rotation forest plantations; energy crops; the organic component of municipal solid waste; and other organic waste streams. Through a variety of processes, these feedstocks can be directly used to produce electricity or heat, or can be used to create gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels.The range of bioenergy technologies is broad and the technical maturity varies substantially. Some examples of commercially available technologies include small- and large-scale boilers, domestic pellet-based heating systems, and ethanol production from sugar and starch.Advanced biomass integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants and lignocellulose-based transport fuels are examples of technologies that are at a pre-commercial stage, while liquid biofuel production from algae and some other biological conversion approaches are at the research and development (R&D) phase.[6]

Fig.1 - Share of energy sorces

1.2 Bioenergy technology and applications Commercial bioenergy technology applications include heat production— with scales ranging from home cooking with stoves to large district heating systems; power generation from biomass[7]. 1.3 Environmental and social impacts Bioenergy production has complex interactions with other social and environmental systems. Concerns—ranging from health and poverty to biodiversity and water scarcity and quality—vary depending upon many factors including local conditions, technology and feedstock choices,sustainability criteria design, and the design and implementation of specific projects. Perhaps most important is the overall management and governance of land use when biomass is produced for energy purposes on top of meeting food and other demands from agricultural, livestock and fibre production. [2.5]. Air pollution effects of bioenergy depend on both the bioenergy technology (including pollution control technologies) and the displaced energy technology. Improved biomass cookstoves for traditional biomass use can provide large and cost-effective mitigation of GHG emissions with substantial co-benefits for the 2.7 billion people that rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating in terms of health and quality of life.[8]The production of biogas from a variety of waste streams and its upgrading to biomethane is already penetrating small markets for multiple applications, including transport in small networks and for heat and power in Nordic and European countries. A key factor is the combination of waste streams, including agriculture residues. Improved upgrading and reducing costs is also needed. [9] 2. Direct solar energy- Thistechnologies harness the energy of solar irradiance to produce electricity using photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to produce thermal energy (heating or cooling, either through passive or active means), to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be used for transport and other purposes. The technology maturity of solar applications ranges from R&D (e.g., fuels produced from solar energy), to relatively mature (e.g., CSP), to mature (e.g., passive and active solarheating, and wafer-based silicon PV). Many but not all of the technologies are modular in nature, allowing their use in both centralized and decentralized energy systems.[10]



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2.1 Technology and applications Solar technologies currently in use to capture the Sun’s energy to provide both residential energy services and direct electricity. 2.12 Solar thermal: The key component in active solar thermal systems is the solar collector. Afl at-plate solar collector consists of a blackened plate with attached conduits, through which passes a fluid to be heated. Flat-plate collectors may be classified as follows: unglazed, which are suitable for delivering heat at temperatures a few degrees above ambient temperature; glazed, which have a sheet of glass or other transparent material placed parallel to the plate and spaced a few centimetres above it, making it suitable for delivering heat at temperatures of about 30°C to 60°C; or evacuated, which are similar to glazed, but the space between the plate and the glass cover is evacuated, making this type of collector suitable for delivering heat at temperatures of about 50°C to 120°C. To withstand the vacuum, the plates of an evacuated collector are usually put inside glass tubes, which constitute both the collector’s glazing and its container. In the evacuated type, a special black coating called a ‘selective surface’ is put on the plate to help preventre-emission of the absorbed heat; such coatings are often used on the non-evacuated glazed type as well. Typical efficiencies of solar collectors used in their proper temperature range extend from about 40 to 70% at full sun. [11]For passive solar heating, the building itself—particularly its windows—acts as the solar collector, and natural methods are used to distribute and store the heat. The basic elements of passive heating architecture are high-efficiency equatorial-facing windows and large internal thermal mass. 2.22 Concentrating solar power electricity generation: CSP technologies produce electricity by concentrating the Sun’s rays to heat a medium that is then used (either directly or indirectly) in a heat engine process (e.g., a steam turbine) to drive an electrical generator. CSP uses only the beam component of solar irradiation, and so its maximum benefi t tends to be restricted to a limited geographical range. The concentrator brings the solar rays to a point (point focus) when used in central-receiver or dish systems and to a line (line focus) when used in trough or linear Fresnel systems. 2.3 Industry capacity 2.3.1 Photovoltaic electricity generation: The compound annual growth rate in PV manufacturing production from 2003 to 2009 exceeded 50%.In 2009, solar cell production reached about 11.5 GW per year (rated at peak capacity) split among several economies: China had about 51% of world production (including 14% from the Chinese province of Taiwan); Europe about 18%; Japan about 14%; and the USA about 5%. Worldwide, more than 300 factories produce solar cells and modules. In 2009, silicon-based solar cells and modules represented about 80% of the worldwide market. 2.3.2 Concentrating solar power: In the past several years, the CSP industry has experienced a resurgence from a stagnant period to more than 2 GW being either commissioned or under construction. More than 10 different companies are now active in building or preparing for commercial-scale plants. They range from start-up companies to large organizations, including utilities, with international construction. 2.4 Environmental impacts- Apart from its benefits in GHG reduction, the use of solar energy can reduce the release of pollutants—such as particulates and noxious gases—from the older fossil fuel plants that it replaces. Solar thermal and PV technologies do not generate any type of solid, liquid or gaseous by-products when producing electricity. 3. Geothermal energy- utilizes the accessible thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted from geothermal reservoirs using wells or other means. Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas reservoirs that are sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Once at the surface,fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity or can be used more directly



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for applications that require thermalenergy, including district heating or the use of lower-temperature heat from shallow wells for geothermal heat pumps used in heating or cooling applications.[8] 3.1Geothermal Technology Geothermal energy is currently extracted using wells and other means that produce hot fluids from: (a) hydrothermal reservoirs with naturally high permeability, or (b) Enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS) with artificial fluid pathways (Figure TS.4.2). Technology for electricity generation from hydrothermal reservoirs is mature and reliable, and has been operating for about 100 years. Technologies for direct heating using geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) for district heating and for other applications are also mature. The basic types of geothermal power plants in use today are steam condensing turbines and binary cycle units. Condensing plants can be of the flash or dry-steam type (the latter do not require brine separation, resulting in simpler and cheaper plants) and are more common than binary units. They are installed in intermediate- and high-temperature resources (≥150°C) with capacities often between 20 and 110 Mwe. 3.2 Environmental and social impacts Environmental and social impacts related to geothermal energy do exist, and are typically site- and technology-specifi c. Usually, these impacts are manageable, and the negative environmental impacts are minor. The main GHG emission from geothermal operations is CO2, although it is not created through combustion, but emitted from naturally occurring sources. A fi eld survey of geothermal power plants operating in 2010 found a wide spread in the direct CO2 emission rates, with values ranging from 4 to 740 g/kWhe depending on technology design and composition of the geothermal fluid in the underground reservoir. Direct CO2 emissions for direct use applications are negligible, while EGS power plants are likely to be designed as liquid-phase closed-loop circulation systems, with zero direct emissions. Several prospects for technology improvement and innovation can reduce the cost of producing geothermal energy and lead to higher energy recovery, longer fi eld and plant lifetimes, and better reliability. Advanced geophysical surveys, injection optimization, scaling/corrosion inhibition, and better reservoir simulation modelling will help reduce the resource risks by better matching installed capacity to sustainable generation capacity. [12]



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Fig. Selected examples of (top) solar thermal, both passive and active integrated into a building; (bottom left) a photovoltaic device schematic for direct solar to electricity conversion; and (bottom right) one common type of concentrating solar power technology, a trough collector. 4. Wind energy- Harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air. The primary application of relevance to climate change mitigation is to produce electricity from large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore). Onshore wind energy technologies are already being manufactured and deployed on a large scale. Offshore wind energy technologies have greater potential for continued technical advancement. Wind electricity is both variable and, to some degree, unpredictable, but experience and detailed studies from many regions have shown that the integration of wind energy generally poses no insurmountable technical barriers. [13]. The cost of most Resource Energy technologies has declined and additional expected technical advances would result in further cost reductions. Significant advances in RE technologies and associated long-term cost reductions have been demonstrated over the last decades. 4.1 Technology and applications Generating electricity from the wind requires that the kinetic energy of moving air be converted to electrical energy, and the engineering challenge for the wind energy industry is to design cost-effective wind turbines and power plants to perform this conversion. Though a variety of turbine configurations have been investigated, commercially available turbines are primarily horizontal-axis machines with three blades positioned upwind of the tower. In order to reduce the levelized cost of wind energy, typical wind turbine sizes have grown significantly (Figure TS.7.2), with the largest fraction of onshore wind turbines installed globally in 2009 having a rated capacity of 1.5 to 2.5 MW. As of 2016,onshore wind turbines typically stand on 50- to 100-m towers, with rotors that are often 50 to 100 m in diameter.



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Offshore wind energy technology is less mature than onshore, with higher investment costs. Lower power plant availabilities and higher costs have also been common both because of the comparatively less mature state of the technology and because of the inherently greater logistical challenges of maintaining and servicing offshore turbines.The deployment of wind energy must overcome a number of challenges,including: the relative cost of wind energy compared to energy market prices, at least if environmental impacts are not internalized and monetized. These studies employ a wide variety of methodologies and have diverse objectives, but the results demonstrate that the cost of integrating up to 20% wind energy into electric systems is, in most cases, modest but not insignifi cant. Specifically, at low to medium levels of wind electricity penetration, the available literature suggests that the additional costs of managing electric system variability and uncertainty, ensuring generation adequacy, and adding new transmission to accommodate wind energy will be system specific. 4.2 Environmental and social impacts Wind energy has significant potential to reduce (and is already reducing) GHG emissions. Moreover, attempts to measure the relative impacts of various electricity supply technologies suggest that wind energy generally has a comparatively small environmental footprint. [] As with other industrial activities, however, wind energy has the potential to produce some detrimental impacts on the environment and on human activities and well being, and many local and national governments have established planning and siting requirements to reducethose impacts. As wind energy deployment increases and as larger wind power plants are considered, existing concerns may become more acute and new concerns may arise[14]. 5. Integration into present and future energy systems



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Various RE resources are already being successfully integrated into energy supply systems The characteristics of different RE sources can influence the scale of the integration challenge. Some RE resources are widely distributed geographically. Others, such as large-scale hydropower, can be more centralized but have integration options constrained by geographic location. Integrating RE into most existing energy supply systems and end-use sectors at an accelerated rate—leading to higher shares of RE—is technologically feasible, though will result in a number of additional challenges. The costs and challenges of integrating increasing shares of RE into an existing energy supply system depend on the current share of RE, the availability and characteristics of RE resources, the system characteristics,and how the system evolves and develops in the future. There are multiple pathways for increasing the shares of RE across all end-use sectors. The ease of integration varies depending on region, characteristics specifi c to the sector and the technology. 6. Advancing knowledge about renewable energy Enhanced scientific and engineering knowledge should lead to performance improvements and cost reductions in RE technologies. Additional knowledge related to RE and its role in GHG emissions reductions remains to be gained in anumber of broad areas including: [15] • Future cost and timing of RE deployment; • Realizable technical potential for RE at all geographical scales; • Technical and institutional challenges and costs of integrating diverse RE technologies into energy systems and markets; • Comprehensive assessments of socioeconomic and environmental aspects of RE and other energy technologies; • Opportunities for meeting the needs of developing countries with sustainable RE services; and • Policy, institutional and fi nancial mechanisms to enable cost-effective deployment of RE in a wide variety of contexts. Knowledge about RE and its climate change mitigation potential continues to advance. The existing scientifi c knowledge is significant and can facilitate the decision-making process. References 1.Ardente, F., M. Beccali, M. Cellura, and V. Lo Brano (2008). Energy performances and life cycle assessment of an Italian wind farm. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), pp. 200-217. 2. Alsema, E.A., and M.J. de Wild-Scholten (2006). Environmental Impacts of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Production. In: 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Leuven, Belgium, 31 May - 2 Jun, 2006. Available at: www.mech.kuleuven.be/lce2006/Registration_papers.htm. 3. Badea, A.A., I. Voda, and C.F. Dinca (2010). Comparative Analysis of Coal, Natural Gas and Nuclear Fuel Life Cycles by Chains of Electrical Energy Production. UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Electrical Engineering, 72(2), pp. 221-238. 4. Bergerson, J., and L. Lave (2007). The Long-term Life Cycle Private and External Costs of High Coal Usage in the US. Energy Policy, 35(12), pp. 6225-6234. 5. Bernier, E., F. Maréchal, and R. Samson (2010). Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Natural Gas-combined Cycle with Carbon Dioxide Capture in a Life Cycle Perspective. Energy, 35(2), pp. 1121-1128. 6. Corti, A., and L. Lombardi (2004). Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle with reduced CO2 emissions: Performance analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA).Energy, 29(12-15), pp. 2109-2124. 7. Cottrell, A., J. Nunn, A. Urfer, and L. Wibberley (2003). Systems Assessment of Electricity Generation Using Biomass and Coal in CFBC. Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development, Pullenvale, Qld., Australia, 21 pp. 8. Faix, A., J. Schweinle, S. Scholl, G. Becker, and D. Meier (2010). (GTI-tcbiomass) life-cycle assessment of the BTO-Process (biomass-to-oil) with combined heat and power generation. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 29(2), pp. 193-202.



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9. Frick, S., M. Kaltschmitt, and G. Schroder (2010). Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs. Energy, 35(5), pp. 2281-2294. 10. Gmünder, S.M., R. Zah, S. Bhatacharjee, M. Classen, P. Mukherjee, and R. Widmer (2010). Life cycle assessment of village electrification based on straight Jatropha oil in Chhattisgarh, India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(3):347-355. 11. Graebig, M., S. Bringezu, and R. Fenner (2010). Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of maize-biogas and photovoltaics on a land use basis. Solar Energy, 84(7), pp. 1255-1263. 12. Odeh, N.A. and T.T. Cockerill (2008). Life cycle GHG assessment of fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage. Energy Policy, 36(1), pp. 367-380. 13. Tiwary, A., and J. Colls (2010). Mitigating secondary aerosol generation potentials from biofuel use in the energy sector. Science of the Total Environment, 408(3),pp. 607-616. 14. World Energy Council (2004).Comparison of Energy Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment. World Energy Council, London, UK, 67 pp. 15. Zhang, Y.M., S. Habibi, and H.L. MacLean (2007). Environmental and economic evaluation of bioenergy in Ontario, Canada. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 57(8), pp. 919-933.

8 BIOFUELS AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

UPASANA YADAV SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES, AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT The term biofuel is referred to liquid, gas and solid fuels predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomicissues related to the rural sector. Biofuels include bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, bio-synthetic gas (bio-syngas), bio-oil, bio-char, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, and biohydrogen. Most traditional biofuels, such as ethanol from corn, wheat, or sugar beets, and biodiesel from oil seeds, are produced from classic agricultural food crops that require high-quality agricultural land for growth. Bioethanol is a petrol additive/substitute. Biomethanol can be produced from biomass using bio-syngas obtained from steam reforming process of biomass. Biomethanol is considerably easier to recover than the bioethanol from biomass. Ethanol forms an azeotrope with water so it is expensive to purify the ethanol during recovery. Methanol recycles easier because it does not form an azeotrope. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative liquid fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification.There has been renewed interest in the use of vegetable oils for making biodiesel due to its less pollutingand renewable nature as against the conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Due to its environmental merits, the share of biofuel in the automotive fuel market will grow fast in the next decade. There are several reasons for biofuels to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The biofuel economy will grow rapidly during the 21st century. Its economy development is based on agricultural production and most people live in the rural areas. In the most biomass-intensive scenario, modernized biomass energy contributes by 2050 about one half of total energy demand in developing countries.

9

EQUATIONS FOR KINETIC ENERGY IN MULTIPHASE POROUS MEDIA



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DR.MOHAMMAD MIYAN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, SHIA P.G.COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW, LUCKNOW,

ABSTRACT The macroscopic transport analysis for the incompressible fluid flow in the porous media based on the volume-average method for the heat transfer was given in the various researches. In the present paper there are the analysis and derivations of equations based on the concept of time-average. This gives a new concepts and method for the analysis of turbulent flow in porous media. The time-averaged transport equations play an important role on analyzing the transportation over the highly permeable media where the turbulent flow occurs in the fluid phase. Keywords: Heat, Porous media, Turbulent flow, Transportation. 1. Introduction The concept of macroscopic transportation for the incompressible fluid flow in the porous media was used by Vafai& Tien [10] in 1981 and Whitaker [12] in 1999, based on the volume-average method for the heat transfer by Hsu & Cheng [4] in 1990. The concept of space average in porous media is based on the assumption that although fluid velocities and pressure may be irregular at the pore scale, locally space-averaged measurements of these quantities vary smoothly [12]. Macroscopic equations are commonly derived by spatially averaging the microscopic ones over a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of the porous media. A REV should be the smallest differential volume, which results in meaningful local average properties. It implies that the length scale of this volume must be sufficiently larger than the pore scale. Also, the dimensions of the system must be considerably larger than the REV’s length scale for avoiding the non-homogeneities i.e.,

where pis the pore scale or microscopic length scale, D is the macroscopic length scale and L is the megascale or scale of the system as represented by figure-1 .

Figure-1. Identification of different length scales.

A schematic representation of a spherical REV consisting of a fixed solid phase saturated with a continuous fluid phase and is shown by the figure-2, here the solid phase is fixed, i.e., the solid phase does not change randomly if different ensembles are considered. The volume of the REV is constant i.e., independent of the space and its value is equal to the sum of the fluid and solid volumes inside the REV, i.e.,



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Figure 2. Spherical representative elementary volume (REV).

The spherical representative elementary volume is shown by figure-2.On taking the time fluctuations of the flow properties with spatial deviations, there are generally two methods for deriving and studying the macroscopic equations. The first method based on the time-average operator followed by the volume-averaging initially used by Kuwahara et al. [5] in 1998. The second method based on the concept of volume-averaging before time averaging that was used by Lee & Howell [7] in 1987, and the macroscopic transport equations established by these two methods are equivalent. This initial method for the flow variables has been extended to the nonbuoyant heat transfer for the porous media by considering the phenomenon of time variations and spatial deviations was taken by Rocamora&Lemos [8] in 2000.Later, the researches on the natural convection flow on the porous layer, double-diffusive convection for the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the porous media was given by de Lemos et al. [2] in 2004. The numerical based analysis for applications of double-decomposition theory to buoyant flow was also reviewed by de Lemos [1] in 2003. 2. Governing Equations The macroscopic instantaneous transfer equations for the incompressible fluid flow having the constant properties are given as:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Where is the velocity vector, P is the pressure, μ is the viscosity of the fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid, is the acceleration vector due to gravity, is the specific heat, T is the temperature and λ is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. The mass fraction distribution related to chemical species e is governed by the transport equation given as:

( ) ( ) Where me is the mass fraction of component e, is the mass-averaged velocity of the fluid mixture, so we have

∑

( )

Where is the velocity of species e. The mass diffusion flux is due to velocity slip of the species e and is given as:

( ) ( ) where is the diffusion coefficient of species e for the mixture. The equation (6) is also known as the Fick’s law. The Re represents the generation rate of species per unit mass.



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If the density ρ varies with the temperature T for the natural convection flow, the remaining density based on the Boussinesq concept will be given as:

[ ( )]( ) whereTr is the temperature at reference value and β is the thermal expansion coefficient and is defined as:

(

) ( )

By using the equation (2) and (7), we get ( ) ( ) ( )( )

where( ) represents the modified pressure gradient. From equation (3), we have the equation for fluid as:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Also from equation (3), we have the equation for solid or porous matrix as:

( ) ( )

where the suffix F and p are used for fluid and porous matrix respectively. The factor or vanishes in

the absence of heat generation. The volume-averaging in the porous medium was given by Slattery in 1967 [9], Whitaker [11], [12], in 1969 and 1999 and Gray et al. [3] in 1977. It makes the concept of REV (representative elementary volume) and by using the concept, the equations are integrated. 2.1 Volume and Time Average Operators The volume average of the general property term φ over REV for the porous medium was given by Gray et al. [3] in 1977 and is written as:

[ ]

∫ ( )

where[ ] is taken for any point surrounded by REV of size . The average is given as: [ ] [ ] ( )

where the suffix ‘i’ is used for the intrinsic average and ϕ is the porosity of the medium and is defined as:

[ ] ( ) in addition to the condition that

[ ] ( ) where is the spatial deviation of for the intrinsic average . To derive the flow equations, we have to know the relation between the volume average of derivatives and derivatives of volume average. The relation between these two was presented by Slattery [9] in 1967 &Gray et al. [3] in 1977. So we have

[ ] { ( ) }

[∫ ]

( )

[ ] { ( ) }

[∫ ]

( )

[

]

{ ( ) }

[∫ ( ) ]

( )

where αi, and are interfacial area, velocity and unit vector normal to αi respectively. If the porous substrate is fixed then But if the medium is rigid and heterogeneous then depends on the space and doesn’t depend on time as taken by Gray et al. [3]. The time average of is given as:

∫ ( )



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where is very small time interval as compared to but sufficient to calculate the turbulent fluctuations of Now the time decomposition will be taken as:

( ) with the condition that

( ) where is the time fluctuation of with respect to 3. Time-Averaged Transport Equation Let us consider the following:

( ) The equations (1), (2) and (9) will be

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )( )

Taking, { ( ) }

( )

( )

( )

By using the eddy-diffusivity concept, we have from equation (24),

ρ ( ) μ

ρ ( )

whereμ are the turbulent viscosity and unity tensor respectively.

Again by using the eddy-diffusivity concept for the turbulent heat flux for equation (25), we have

ρ ( ) μ ( )

where is the turbulent Prandlt number. The transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy will be founded by taking the multiplication of the difference between the instantaneous and the time-averaged momentum equations by Again, using the time-average operator, the equation takes the form:

ρ ( ) ρ { ρ } μ ρ ( )

where

ρ ( ) due to the mean velocity gradient

ρ β ( ) ( )

The term is the buoyancy generation rate of

( )

4. Conclusions The paper gives a new method for the analysis of turbulent flow in the porous media by using the time-averaged transport equation. This might be better when studying transport over highly permeable media where the turbulent flow occurs in the fluid phase. The analysis gives opportunities for environmental and engineering flows from these derivations. References 1. de Lemos, M.J.S. and Silva, R.A., 2003, Turbulent Flow Around a Wavy Interface Between a Porous Medium and a Clear Domain, Proc. of ASME-FEDSM 2003,4th ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference (on CD-ROM), Paper FEDSM2003–45457, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 6–11.



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2. de Lemos, M.J.S. and Tofaneli, L.A., 2004, Modeling of Double-Diffusive Turbulent Natural Convection in Porous Media, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, no.19–20, pp. 4233–4241. 3. Gray, W.G. and Lee, P.C.Y., 1977, On the theorems for local volume averaging of multiphase system, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 3, 333–340. 4. Hsu, C.T. and Cheng, P., 1990, Thermal dispersion in a porous medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 33, 1587–1597. 5. Kuwahara, F., Kameyama, Y., Yamashita, S., and Nakayama, A., 1998, Numerical modeling of turbulent flow in porous media using a spatially periodic array, J. Porous Media, 1, 47–55. 6. Lee, K. and Howell, J.R., 1987, Forced convective and radiative transfer within a highly porous layer exposed to a turbulent external flow field, Proc. 1987 ASME-JSME Thermal Eng. Joint Conf., 2, 377–386. 7. Pedras, M.H.J. and de Lemos, M.J.S., 1999a, On Volume and Time Averaging of Transport Equations for Turbulent Flow in Porous Media, Proc. 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Eng. Conf. (on CDROM), ASME-FED-248, Paper FEDSM99-7273, ISBN 0-7918-1961-2, San Francisco, CA, July18–23. 8. Rocamora Jr., F.D. and de Lemos, M.J.S., 2000a, Analysis of convective heat transfer for turbulent flow in saturated porous media, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 27(6), 825–834. 9. Slattery, J.C., 1967, Flow of viscoelastic fluids through porous media, A.I.Ch.E.J., 13, 1066–1071. 10. Vafai, K. and Tien, C.L., 1981, Boundary and inertia effects on flow and heat transfer in porous media, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24, 195–203. 11. Whitaker, S., 1969, Advances in theory of fluid motion in porous media, Ind. Eng.Chem., 61, 14–28. 12. Whitaker, S., 1999, The Method of Volume Averaging, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

10 PLASMA TECHNIQUE FOR SAVING ENERGY

DR. GYANENDRA AWASTHI HOD, DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

DOLPHIN INSTITUTE , DEHRADUN UTTARAKHAND.

ABSTRACT: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) are considered as most important Green House Gases. They are playing significant role in global climate change as well as environmental disbalance.Carbon dioxide and Methane are stable compounds, Can exist at low potential energies. Warm plasma is eco-friendly and auto sustainable. More recently plasma gas dry reforming technique is developed which is energy saving and does not create any environmental pollution. In the plasma reforming high electron energy provides not only radical species but also the enthalpy required for endothermic reaction. The dry reforming is an endothermic process there fore high external energy is required to complete the process. The conversion of hydrocarbon in by –products with addition of warm plasma which develops dissociation and ionization process, with respect to other techniques of hydrocarbon reforming plasma discharges. Many references are available for RF Plasma discharges, operating at much reduced pressure, even it there is presence of low pressure plasma, the conversion of high hydrocarbon and good H2 Selectivity.

11 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND ITS UTILITY IN MODERN TIMES

DR. JAMAL HAIDER ZAIDI ,ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY



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Sustainable energy resource is the demand of today's world. This is the type of energy which can be renewed and cannot be depleted or expired and can be used over and over again. The solar energy, hydropower, geothermal, wind etc. are renewable energy resource and are available in plenty. The usage of these energy does not pollute the environment or cause any damage to our plant and ecosystem. With the increase in population and subsequent demand in increased energy usage, our current resources of fossil fuels is fast depleting and we need to shift towards sustainable energy resources. As of today nearly 20% of the world's energy comes from renewable resources, and we need to increase this percentage. The world today is facing the dangers of pollution and many cities are so polluted that the air itself has become poisonous to breathe, causing many diseases and deaths. Steps have been taken by various countries and societies to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and shift towards a better and healthier alternative of renewable energy resource. For our day to day usage, solar energy can be efficiently used for heating and lighting up our houses and other buildings, for generating electricity, hot water heating etc. Many countries are now encouraging people to put up solar panels. With the advancement of science the cost of making solar panels has reduced and has become more affordable. Wind energy can be used to drive turbines and windmills and this energy can be captured for the generation of electricity. This energy source is being commercialised and soon will be a big industry for the generation of power when the usage of fossil fuels would have halted. Geothermal energy, or the energy which is produced beneath the earth is also used as a renewable energy resource however it cannot be used and harnessed in all places. Only places with high seismic activity and those prone to volcanoes can be used to harness this energy. Shifting our energy utilisation from fossil fuels to sustainable energy resource is the call of the day and save mankind from self destruction.

12 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING-TOOL FOR STUDYING AND DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

RESOURCES SANA JAFAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW Energy is needed for every single piece of task. This energy comes from the sources which may be sustainable or non sustainable. The non-sustainable energy resources are likely to finish after a certain period of time. A good example of this is fossil fuels, nuclear energy. Therefore, efforts are made to develop sustainable energy resources that could be used in place of non-sustainable energy resources and for a longer period of time. Some of the examples of sustainable energies are-solar energy, wind energy, geo thermal energy, bio energy, hydro power, ocean energy and so on. The sustainable energy is important due to many factors like:

They have a lower environmental impact than non sustainable energy.

The sustainable energy resources will never run out so they can replenish generations after generations.

Mostly the investments in sustainable energy are made on material and man-power to build and maintain the facilities rather than in importing the costly energy resources. This promotes better employment opportunities within the country. Also the renewable technologies develop and built in the country can be sold overseas, boosting the country’s trade.



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Considerable drop in prices of renewable energy resources as compared to non-renewable energy resources. In one of his articles, Cedric Philibert, a senior analyst in the Renewable Energy Division of the International Energy Agency, has shown considerable drop in prices of solar energy, on-shore and off-shore wind energy resources.

The article has also quoted that use of renewable energy resources has affected the whole value chain tremendously. More energy efficient equipment has led to better engineering work and has enabled a technology leap with innovation.

Being an infinite source of energy, the renewable are highly encouraged by policy measures and financial support with the aim of further bringing down the cost with early deployment.

Since sustainable energy is domestic, it reduces the nation’s dependence on foreign sources of energy. Having diversified sources of renewable energy in a country further leads to energy security as it protects the power supply from market fluctuations and volatility.

Technology has not only brought the renewable in the center of global energy usage but it also offers great prospects to unlock the untapped energy. This technology is High Performance Computing. What is High Performance Computing? High Performance Computing is a domain of computing where in the computing power is aggregated in order to provide much higher performance than that could be achieved by a single computer. It has its applications in solving the complex problems of engineering, science or business. High Performance Computing is achieved by supercomputers and parallel processing techniques in solving complex computational problems. It aims at developing parallel processing algorithms and systems by incorporating parallel and administration computational techniques. It achieves this by computer modeling, simulation and analysis. Role of High Performance Computing in boosting Sustainable Energy With the help of High Performance Computing, researchers can now take regions across the world and model them at much higher resolutions than previously possible. It’s also possible to test numerous hypothesis. As an example, the researchers can model a global sea level and run this simulation by raising the sea level by two meters and see its impact on the environment. It is possible with the power of high performance computing to develop hypothesis, simulate the real models, analyze large sets of data and the outputs, to test the hypothesis, to do forecasting. All this significantly reduces the time and cost of working on real sites. NREL- The House for HPC for Research on Renewable Energy and Energy efficiency Technologies One of the best example of HPC labs working on renewable energy is the HPC center located at NREL ( National Renewable Energy Lab) in Golden, Colorado, USA. It is the primary lab of US for providing high speed, large scale computer processing to advance research on renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. Through computer modeling and simulation, researchers can explore processes and technologies that can’t be observed otherwise directly in a lab or that are too costly and too time consuming to be controlled. The HPC capabilities of the NREL drives the technology innovation as a research tool by which the researchers and scientists can tackle the nation’s energy challenges that can’t be addressed through traditional experimentation alone, reducing the industrial risks and uncertainties in adopting new and innovative technologies. HPC Data Center at NREL- The data center is located in NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF). The purpose for the Data Center is to increase efficiency and lower the costs for technologies like solar photovoltaic, wind energy, energy storage, electric vehicles and large-scale integration of renewable with the smart grid. It’s designed to be the world’s most energy efficient data centers.



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There is no mechanical and compressor based cooling systems. The warm-water liquid cooling is used for its high-power computer components, then the waste heat is captured as the primary heat source in the ESIF offices and labs to provide air conditioning. Processing Unit at NREL- They use Peregrine as the processing unit that is comprised of a total of 58,752 Intel Xeon processor cores and 576 Intel Phi many core co-processors with a total capability of 2.26 PetaFLOPS ( 1 PetaFLOP= 1015 floating-point operations per second). The nodes comprising of Peregrine are connected using 56 GB/sec InfiBand. It runs the Linux Operating System and has a dedicated Lustre file System with about 2.25 petabytes of online storage and 3 petabytes of mass storage. Data Storage in HPC environment- The HPC data retention is provided by Gyrfalcon Mass storage System. This is designed for quick access to the most frequently used data and economical storage of less often used data. This is achieved by employing high-performance disks for the running data and software algorithms for storing the older data to economical tape storage. The system also employs Oracle’s QFS file System, Oracle StorageTek robotic tape library and a set of high performance T10000C tape drives. The system allows easy expansion of disk and tape storage at relatively low cost. No external backups of data are required. NREL provides HPC and related capabilities to support big bodies like Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), USA, who are looking after Energy Consumption and Energy Renewal. Projects allocated to ESIF HPC in 2016- Following are few of the many projects with ESIF Data center of NREL in 2016 are:

Biological Studies of Energy Systems- Beckam, Gregg-This project is focusing on understanding of natural systems for cost effective biomass conversion.

Blade-resolved computational fluid dynamics simulations of wind turbine rotors- Barone, Matthew-This project aims at applying NEXUS resources to simulate proposed validation experiments where details of wind turbine wakes and their interactions will be measured. The computational fluid dynamics models will resolve the blade geometry and the details of the near-and far –rotor wakes using a hybrid Reynolds-averaged/large eddy simulation turbulence modeling approach.

Capacity Expansion Planning with ReEDs- Jones, Wesley- The Regional Energy Deployment Systems (ReEDs) provide detailed representation of electricity generation and transmission systems and addresses a variety of issues related to renewable energy technologies, including accessibility and cost of transmission, regional quality of renewable resources, seasonal and diurnal load and generation profiles, variability and uncertainty of wind and solar power, and the influence of variability on reliability of electric power provision.

13

ECO-FRIENDLY BIOMASS AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUTURE FUEL DR. JYOTSNA,

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, SRI J.N.P.G. COLLEGE, LUCKNOW

[email protected] ABSTRACT Biomass is widely available all over the world as waste matter. This waste involves biodegradable waste, recyclable waste, along with dangerous toxic waste. Organic waste in the form of dead leaves, grass and trees, animal byproducts are available in abundance and can be used to produce energy. It can be used to produce methane gas, biodiesel and other biofuel also used directly as heat or to generate electricity

mailto:[email protected]



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using a steam turbine. Biomass shows the greatest potential for providing a replacement of coal and other fossil fuels for producing energy with waste management. There are still some issues must be overcome before changing completely over to biomass fuels as an alternative fuel , but improving in the way power plants and engines are built make it easier to accommodate biomass fuel. Biomass is the only energy source that is completely CO2 neutral and not increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and by removing a potential source of pollution it convert into usable energy . Key words: biofuel; biodegradable; waste management.

14 JATROPHA - A SUBSTITUTE TO DIESEL DR. ASEEM UMESH1 AND M.P. VIKRAM SINGH2

1-DEPARTMENT OF ZOLOLOGY; 2-DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SRI J.N.P.G.COLLEGE, LUCKNOW

[email protected]

ABSTRACT Increasingly use of Petroleum products is regularly decreasing its limited stocks on earth up to threatening levels, therefore it is the urgent need to develop a substitute for Petrol, Jatrpha an angiosperm belonging to family Euphorbiaceae is the answer to this problem for some extent. Oil content of Jatropha seed is up to 37% and its oil is used for making biodiesel. These days Jatropha oil is used to run water pumps for irrigation purpose. There is need for further scientific study on Jatropha oil for much better uses. Key words: Jatropha; biodiesel.

15

CONCRETE EFFORTS ARE NEEDED TO CONSERVE THE NATURAL RESOURCES FOR THE SURVIVAL OF LIVING BEINGS.

PUSHPA VISHWAKARMA# & RAKESH KUMAR PANDEY* HOD # DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY , * DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

SRI JNPG COLLEGE (KKC), LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT Out of the world’s total population of six billion, one billion in U.S.A. and Europe alone use 84% of world’s total energy. Three billion people of India, China, Brazil and few other countries use only 15%. India contains the world’s second largest resources of coal and third and four largest resource of manganese and iron. Fossil fuels (coal, petrol, and natural gas) on which modem industrial centers are based are limited. The sustenance and welfare of mankind depend upon the exploitation of different natural resources. The utilization of soil, water minerals, coal, electricity, oil, gas and nuclear energy is very important for the development of nation. These resources have changed the level of living standards of the man. We are aware of the fact that earlier the human being was essential part of the nature and human society had impact on the other components of the biosphere. However, with the advancement of social and Cultural Revolution the conflict between man and nature started. The




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important conservation approaches which should be taken into consideration: To reduce wastes and to minimize demand, to change the way of life, and, to increase reclamation and recycling of materials. Nature has gifted us a priceless biotic wealth, the wildlife which is a thing of beauty. It needs to be preserved rather than destroyed. In broad sense, the wildlife involves animals living in a natural, undomesticated state and uncultivated plants and microbial communities living within their natural environ 16

“GREEN – IT”

MS. SHIKHA SINGH [email protected]

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW, INDIA

ABSTRACT Green IT means to minimize the negative effect of IT operations on the earth by planning, fabricating, working and discarding PCs and PC related items in a naturally amicable way. The intentions behind green IT hones incorporate lessening the utilization of dangerous materials, amplifying vitality productivity amid the item's lifetime and advancing the biodegradability of unused and obsolete items. The study and routine of lessening the ecological effect of IT and in addition utilizing IT as an instrument to enhance maintainability in different ranges more often than not with regards to a business is Green .It used to be a bit equipment situated e.g. making gadgets more vitality proficient, decreasing electronic waste, yet in the most recent decade the consideration has been moving increasingly to programming arrangements, for instance Environmental management system to monitor and investigate the natural execution of an organization. Life-cycle assessment programming to research how precisely an item effect the earth and what are the all the more ecologically agreeable parts or options. In this paper, center will be on these different programming's which a few or alternate ways making us take after natural well disposed methods for utilizing IT. Introduction

The idea of Green IT alludes to each one of those practices and studies that are done to diminish the effect of IT on environment. A gigantic rate of the world's power is utilized to run PCs, both in workplaces and server ranches. On the off chance that any individual is utilizing a PC to get to any site, it is sit out of gear 99.99% of the time. The crevice between every keystroke he/she make may be a billion CPU cycles with nothing for it to do. In any case, the entire time it is turned on, it utilizing possibly 250W for the PC and 50W for the show. Rather, one could run Windows (or whatever) on a focal server, which takes care of 20 clients. This focal server may expend 500W, as you will need an excess server. At that point, every client just requires a similar show, console and mouse yet associated with a minor box which draws just a couple of Watts, its exclusive part is as a screen, console and mouse controller.

Lets compare the power usage:

PCs: 20 users of PCs = 20 * (250W + 50W) = 6KW

Virtualized: 20 users = 20 *(10W + 50W) = 1,200W + 500W = 1,700W total




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This is a gigantic contrast in vitality utilization. Increase it by possibly 50 million office specialists and these innovations can possibly hugely decrease power utilization. Indeed, even a home client can do this. There are bunches of virtual servers for lease on the web. You may even have the capacity to utilize your telephone as the neighborhood gadget in the event that you can reflect it to your TV. The main thing they can't do is amusements, on account of transfer speed contemplations. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you utilize one of these virtualized Windows cases, you are utilizing a tiny measure of force. Considering the colossal measure of force utilized by PCs, and the undeniable simple investment funds in power, this will get significantly more consideration. Nearly anything you do in the virtualization space - advancing the innovation, building up the innovation, actualizing the innovation - will have an immediate and significant decrease in world vitality needs.

Life-cycle assessment

Life-cycle assessment (LCA, otherwise called life-cycle examination, biological adjust, and support to-grave investigation) is a system to evaluate natural effects connected with every one of the phases of an item's life from support to grave (i.e., from crude material extraction through materials preparing, produce, conveyance, utilize, repair and upkeep, and transfer or reusing). Architects utilize this procedure to scrutinize their items. LCAs can keep away from a limited point of view toward ecological worries by:

•Compiling a stock of applicable vitality and material sources of info and natural discharges;

•Evaluating the potential effects connected with distinguished sources of info and discharges;

•Interpreting the outcomes to settle on a more educated choice.

The objective of LCA is to think about the full scope of natural impacts assignable to items and administrations by measuring all sources of info and yields of material streams and surveying how these material streams influence the earth. This data is utilized to enhance forms, bolster strategy and give a sound premise to educated choices. Life Cycle Assessment: A methodical arrangement of methodology for gathering and inspecting the data sources and yields of materials, vitality and the related natural effects straightforwardly inferable from the working of an item or administration framework for the duration of its life cycle.

The term life cycle alludes to the thought that a reasonable, all encompassing appraisal requires the evaluation of crude material generation, make, dissemination, utilize and transfer including all mediating transportation steps vital or brought on by the item's presence.

Environmental management system

Environmental management system (EMS) alludes to the administration of an association's ecological projects in a far reaching, efficient, arranged and recorded way. It incorporates the hierarchical structure, arranging and assets for creating, executing and keeping up approach for natural assurance. All the more formally, EMS is "a framework and database which incorporates systems and procedures for preparing of faculty, checking, condensing, and reporting of particular ecological execution data to inner and outside partners of a firm. The most broadly utilized standard on which an EMS is based is International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001. Choices incorporate the EMAS.



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An Environmental management information system (EMIS) is a data innovation answer for following ecological information for an organization as a major aspect of their general natural administration framework.

The objectives of EMS are to build consistence and lessen squander:

•Compliance is the demonstration of coming to and keeping up negligible lawful guidelines. By not being consistent, organizations may confront fines, government mediation or will most likely be unable to work.

•Waste Reduction goes past consistence to decrease natural effect. The EMS creates, actualize, oversee, arrange and screen natural approaches. Squander lessening starts at the outline stage through contamination avoidance and waste minimization. Toward the end of the life cycle, waste is diminished by reusing.

To meet these objectives, the determination of ecological administration frameworks is regularly subject to a specific arrangement of criteria: a demonstrated ability to handle high recurrence information, superior markers, straightforward taking care of and preparing of information, capable estimation motor, modified variable taking care of, numerous reconciliation capacities, robotization of work processes and QA forms and inside and out, adaptable reporting.

An ecological administration framework (EMS):

•Serves as a device, or process, to enhance ecological execution and data for the most part "outline, contamination control and waste minimization, preparing, answering to top administration, and the setting of objectives"

•Provides a deliberate method for dealing with an association's ecological issues

•Is the part of the association's general administration structure that locations prompt and long haul effects of its items, administrations and procedures on the earth. EMS helps with arranging, controlling and checking strategies in an association.

•Gives request and consistency for associations to address ecological worries through the allotment of assets, task of obligation and continuous assessment of practices, methods and procedures

•Creates natural purchase in from administration and workers and allocates responsibility and duty.

•Sets structure for preparing to accomplish goals and fancied execution.

•Helps comprehend authoritative necessities to better decide an item or administration's effect, importance, needs and targets.

•Focuses on ceaseless change of the framework and an approach to actualize arrangements and targets to meet a wanted result. This likewise assists with exploring and evaluating the EMS to discover future open doors.

•Encourages contractual workers and providers to build up their own EMS.



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17

BIOFUEL AN EMERGING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

DR.NIRANJANI CHAURASIA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPTT. OF CHEMISTRY

SRI J.N.P.G.COLLEGE,LUCKNOW.

EMAIL [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The world wide energy demand is continuously rising due to the increase of population. According to

the forecasts of International Energy Agency, It is expected to rise by a approximately 50% until 2030.

Due to increased usage and requirement of alternative fuel, search for novel easily available energy

resource has become a matter of concern. The most abundantly available raw material in the globe is

plants and its biomass (plant dry matters).its composed of carbohydrates and aromatic polymers.

Utilization of these carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses)and aromatic(lignin) polymers are a

potential resource for the production of second generation boifuels. The conversion technologies are

biochemical and thermo chemical conversions which includes pretreatment of substrats,cellulose

hydrolysis, substrate cleaning, fermentation, biofuel recovery

and residual solids processing. There are many difficulties in production of biofuel from waste biomass.

There are many challenges involved in the utilization of biomass as an alternative sustainable energy

resource with no green house effects.

In recent years fossil fuel depletion and global warming issues are the point of concern

around the world. To reduce carbon emission and decreasing reserves of fossil fuels, biofuel can be an

attractive source of energy.

Energy consumption of a nation is usually considered as an index of its development because all the

development activities are directly or indirectly dependent upon energy. Development in different

sectors relies largely upon energy. Agriculture, Industry, transportation, cooling, heating etc. all need

energy. Today though we are moving towards 21st century , talking about various developments , but

energy deficit is observed all around the world due to growing population. Therefore to meet these

disastrous conditions, todayuse of renewable energy resources has become a highly focused thrust area.




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It has become a remedy for sustainable development. The work throws light on various remedial

measures opted to increase energy deficits.

18

BIO-GAS USE IN RURAL INDIA

JITENDRA PAL SINGH AND ANIL KUMAR SONI*

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SHIA P.G.COLLEGE, LUCKNOW-226020 U.P. (INDIA)

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Bio-gas (CH4+CO2) is being already used in African countries and in the countries adjoining to India viz

Nepal, Bhutan, Myamar, Srilanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In India about 20% villages use bio gas as an

alternate source of energy for cooking food and for generating light energy. The ministry of government

of India is already providing the assistance and subsidies in the production of bio gas in rural India. It is

production from cellulosic material or unwanted green parts of sea weeds, grasses do not require high

amount of money and is affordable. The process of converting cellulosic, lignin in to bio gas in controlled

supply of air and in presence of methanogenesis bacteria is called as anerobic digestion or

methanogenesis. Highest yield of bio gas was reported at the temperature range from 25-38°C and at

neutral medium. By the application of certain chemicals viz NaNO3 and urea as promoters the rate of its

production can be increased. The residual substance left after fermentation found to contain high

percentage of N, P and so can be used as organic manure. The liquefaction of bio gas can reduce the

purdon on the availability of LPG, CNG, PNG.

19

STUDY OF DIFFERENT RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

MR. MANISH MISHRA, M.TECH. STUDENT, FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SRMU, LUCKNOW-DEVA

ROAD, BARABANKI (U.P), INDIA; EMAIL: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

India is a large consumer of fossil fuel such as coal, crude oil etc. The rapid increase in use of Non

renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has created problems of demand & supply. Due to




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which, the future of non renewable energies is becoming doubtful. Also India has a negative energy

balance for decades, which has resulted in the need to trade in energy from outside the country to fulfill

the needs of the entire country.

In industrial revolution era the conventional energy sources such oil, coal, and natural gas have proven

to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time emissions from such sources

have damaged our environment contributing to global warming and consequent climate change.

Renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal can provide

sustainable energy services. Switching over to renewable-based energy systems is being increasingly

considered by various countries.

This paper exhibits the whole issues of alternative energy sources took momentum from these

discussions and realization of scientific community and people at large that finding alternative sources

of energy, as a resort

Key words: Renewable and Non Renewable Energy, Sustainability ,Fossil Fuel

20

CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ANUPRIYA YADAV

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

9450983655,[email protected]

Abstract-In India, there has been respect for the environment and this has been reflected in the lives of

people and also embodied in our cultures and religion. However in recent times there has been an

exponential expansion in environmental degradation mainly because of industrial growth and

overpopulation. The well recognized principle of sustainable development for the protection and

improvement of environment has been unanimously accepted by the world countries as a strategy that

caters to the needs of the present without depriving the future generations of their right to available

natural resources. It has been rightly said that sustainable development is meant to secure a balance

between developmental activities for the benefits of the people and environmental protection.

Sustainable development means that the richness of the earth’s biodiversity would be conserved for

future generations by greatly slowing and, if possible, halting extinctions, habitat and ecosystem

destruction, and also by not risking significant alternations of the global environment that might – by an



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increase in sea level or changing rainfall and vegetation patterns or increasing ultraviolet radiation - alter

the opportunities available for future generations. It is true that in order to improve and protect the

environment from pollution sustainability must be there between environment and development. The

concept of sustainable development based on the notion that natural resources should be exploited for

the benefit of both present and future generation. Environment and development are considered as the

two sides of the same coin. Any one of these cannot be sacrificed for the other. Thus the responsibility

lies on the various laws related to environment to deal with these cases in order to achieve our goal i.e.

to secure a pollution free developed country for our next generation. This article laid emphasis upon the

various concept related to sustainable development.

Keywords: enviornment, sustainable development, ecosystem, future, balance

Introduction

The protection of environment is needed for sustainable development. The Industrial pollution,

degradation of forests, depletion of ozone layer, the green house gases results in global warming and

climate which will have an adverse impact on environment and human health. In India, depletion of

resources and environmental crisis is not only because of poverty and population explosion but also

industrial development.

The concept of 'Sustainable Development' is not a new concept. The doctrine had come to be known as

early as in 1972 in the Stockholm declaration. It had been stated in the declaration that:

" Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an

environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well being and he bears a solemn

responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generation "

But the concept was given a definite shape in a report by world commission on environment, which was

known as ' our common future'. The commission, which was chaired by the then Norway Prime Minister,

Ms. G.H. Brundtland defined 'Sustainable Development' as:

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future

generations to meet their own needs.

The report was popularly known as 'Brundtland report' the concept had been further discussed under

agenda 21 of UN conference on environment and development held in June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil.

Objective of the principle of sustainable development

(i) to maintain essential ecological processes,

(ii) to preserve genetic diversity; and



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(iii) to secure sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems.

Principles related to Sustainable Development

a) Inter-Generational Equity: The principle talks about the right of every generation to get benefit from

the natural resources. Principle 3 of the Rio declaration states that:

"The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental

needs of present and future generations

" The main object behind the principle is to ensure that the present generation should not abuse the

non-renewable resources so as to deprive the future generation of its benefit.

b) The Precautionary Principle:

This principle has widely been recognized as the most important principle of 'Sustainable Development'.

Principle 15 the Rio declaration states that: "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary

approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of

serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for

postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation."i

c) Polluter Pays Principle

Principle 16 of the Rio declaration states that:

National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use

of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear

the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade

and investment.

It is quite obvious that the object of the above principle was to make the polluter liable not only for the

compensation to the victims but also for the cost of restoring of environmental degradation. Once the

actor is proved to be guilty, he is liable to compensate for his act irrelevant of the fact that whether he's

involved in development process or not.

The Constitutional aspects on environmental law

The Indian Constitution is amongst the few in the world that contains specific provisions on

environment protection. The chapters directive principles of state policy and the fundamental duties

are explicitly enunciated the nation commitment to protect and improve the environment. It was the

first time when responsibility of protection of the environment imposed upon the states through

Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 1976.



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Article 48-A iithe provision reads as follows: “The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the

environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of the country.”The Amendment also inserted

Part VI-A (Fundamental duty) in the Constitution, which reads as follows:

Article 51-A (g) iii“It shall be duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural

environment including forests, lakes,, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creature.”

Environmental protection: the judicial approach

There are numbers of the following judgments which clearly highlight the active role of judiciary in

environmental protection these are follows:

(a) The right to a wholesome environment

The Court resorted to the Constitutional mandates under Articles 48A and 51A(g) to support this

reasoning and went to the extent of stating that environmental pollution would be a violation of the

fundamental right to life and personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution.

(b) Public nuisance: the judicial response

Ratlam Municipal Council v. Vardhichandiv

The judgment of the Supreme Court in instant case is a land mark in the history of judicial activism in

upholding the social justice component of the rule of law by fixing liability on statutory authorities to

discharge their legal obligation to the people in abating public nuisance and making the environmental

pollution free even if there is a budgetary constraints., J. Krishna Iyer observed that,” social justice is

due to and therefore the people must be able to trigger off the jurisdiction vested for their benefit to

any public functioning.”Thus he recognized PIL as a Constitutional obligation of the courts.

(c) Judicial relief encompasses compensation to victims

Delhi gas leak case: M.C. Mehta v. Union of Indiav.

In instant case, the Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law:

1) The power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental

right (in case if Article21) includes the power to award compensation.

2) The judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new “no fault”

liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in hazardous activities which has brought

about radical changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes

hazardous industries absolutely liable from the harm resulting from its activities.

(d) Fundamental right to water

The fundamental right to water has evolved in India, not through legislative action but through judicial

interpretation. The Supreme Court of India upheld that “Water is the basic need for the survival of



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human beings and is part of the right to life and human rights as enshrined in Article 21 of the

Constitution of India and the right to healthy environment and to sustainable development are

fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life.

Conclusion

The concept of sustainable development based on the notion that natural resources should be exploited

for the benefit of both present and future generation. As we know that increased industrial activity

worldwide requires the use of natural resources which are depleting day by day. If the principles of

sustainable development are followed then definitely with the economic growth and industrial

development of a country environment protection can be maintained.

References.

J.J.R. Upadhaya – Environmental Law

V.N. Paranjape – Environmental Law

21

NUCLEAR ENERGY - AN ALTERNATIVE OPTION FOR ENERGY DEMAND

KALPANA SINGH

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR – DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

J. N. P. G. COLLEGE LUCKNOW 226001

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

India is one among the fastest developing countries which is facing the critical problem of power crisis.

At the time of independence our country did not have sufficient electricity. Now a days electricity has

reached to all households. The primary energy demand in India is largely dependent on coal thermal

.The coal accounts for 61.4%, nuclear power2%,hydropower14%.The burning of fossil fuel and other

carbonaceous matter generate Carbon dioxide ,a major Green house gas .To mitigate the impact of

generation of carbon dioxide some other energy source ,nuclear energy can be used.

Nuclear energy has given us a viable energy option as it is safe and reliable energy source. Nuclear

energy option can provide sustainable energy for the world .Using nuclear energy there is a fear of

radiation for all living beings but the radiations are much less in doses than they receive by human

activity such as X-rays, medical diagnosis using X-ray or CT Scan.

India has huge Thorium reserve, so nuclear energy can thought an alternative option .Thorium energy

can lead us to a stage when we do not have to look outwards for meeting energy demands for centuries.



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i http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/jud.htm

ii The Constitution of India,1950

iii ibid

iv AIR 1980 SC 1622

v AIR 1987 SC 965

22

PRODUCTION OF FUEL BY SOLAR ENERGY

DR. N.K.AWASTHI

ASSOCIATE PROF. & HOD

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

B.S.N.V (PG)COLLEGE LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT

Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy

that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and

transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermo chemical or

photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron

catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon

dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water

as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multi electron oxidation of two water

molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan

areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell

electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system.

Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and

buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

23

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ITS POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN INDIA

DR SHOBHIT GOEL

FACULTY, AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL,



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AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

E- MAIL.: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

India is a large consumer of fossil fuel such as coal, crude oil etc. The rapid increase in use of Non

renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has created problems of demand & supply.

Because of which, the future of Non renewable energies is becoming uncertain. Also India has had a

negative Energy Balance for decades, which has resulted in the need to purchase energy from outside

the country to fulfill the needs of the entire country.Over a past few decades, the electricity

requirement is increasing at an alarming rate due to increased population & industrial growth. This rapid

increase in use of energy has created problems of demand & supply. Because of which, the future of

Non renewable energies is becoming uncertain. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy

consumption. Coming to power generation in the country, India has increased installed power capacity

from 1362MW to over 112,058MWsince independence & electrified more than 50,000 villages. This

achievement is impressive but not sufficient .It is matter of concern that 44% of households do not have

access to the electricity & as many as 80,000 villages are yet to be electrified. It indicates that India has

had a negative Energy Balance for decades. 3 As per 16th electric power survey, the anticipated

demands require an additional 1, 00,000MW supply. In other words, the achievements of more than 5

decades need to be reproduced in the next decade. The task is overwhelming but not unachievable,

because India has significant potential for generation of power from renewable energy sources. As India

has a large amount of, supply of renewable energy resources, India has decided to organize a program

for proper utilization of renewable energy resources. As a result of which, India is the only country in the

world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy development, The Ministry of

NonConventional Energy Sources (MNES). The present paper is anattempt to study the various aspect of

policy framework for renewable energy resources for sustainable development of the economy

Keywords

Renewable, Energy Consumption, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), Industrial

growth, Sustainable development.

24

CONSIDERATION OF POWER SECTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

DR.SARITA CHAUHAN & DR.D.K.AWASTHI (ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS)




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SRI. J.N.P.G. COLLEGE LUCKNOW

EMAIL:[email protected]

A vibrant power sector is crucial for the socio economic development of in any part of the world.

Ensuring energy sustainability is however not an easy task. The other Renewable energy resources like

small hydro power, biomass, solar etc.also hold forth prospects of improving power availability. If rich

biomass potential is tapped pragmatically this could provide help in rural electrification .Utilization of

solar power also give bright prospects of sustainable energy resources. Sustainable development in

power sector is very important from the point of view of improving the energy security of the country.

More hydro power stations should be installed in all over the country. For the production of more

sustainable power modern technology up gradation including induction of smart grid technologies is

required. Some of the key areas to focus are accelerated development of other renewable energy

resources, large scale expansion of the Transmission and Distribution system considering in view of

market opportunities, efficiency improvements, creating conducive policy and regulatory framework, an

efficient governance mechanism and human resources development. Improving efficiency in the

demand-supply chain is key to optimal development and performance of any power system.

Development of suitable business models and creation of public awareness would be important in

saving power.LED lights must be used to save power and unnecessary use of electricity should be

stopped immediately

Key Words- electrification, Transmission, Distribution, power, grid, LED, policy

25

CARBON DIOXIDE: A VERSATILE REAGENT AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

DEVDUTT CHATURVEDI*

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL & MATERIAL SCIENCES,

MAHATMA GANDHI CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, MOTIHARI-845401(EAST CHAMPARAN),

BIHAR, INDIA.

E-MAILS: [email protected]; [email protected]




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ABSTRACT:

The production of carbon dioxide around the globe resulting the emergence of global warming day by

day. Burning of coal, vehicles fuel, natural gas and nuclear explosions also generates carbon dioxide in

the environment, has been the major constituents which majorly influences the global warming. This

burden of carbon dioxide in our environment necessitates the need of transforming carbon dioxide into

greener valuable products. Also, carbon dioxide has been playing an important role in balancing our

environment through photosynthesis in plants.

In recent years, carbon dioxide has been employed as a cheap and safe alternative eliminating the use of

harmful reagents such as CO and COCl2. Recently, carbon dioxide has frequently been employed as a

green reagent in its various conditions and forms for the syntheses of structurally diverse biologically

potent scaffolds employing diversity of starting materials, reagents and catalytic systems. In the present

talk, I will focus some of the greener applications of carbon dioxide as a source of renewable energy.

26

GREEN ENERGY – A BETTER OPTION OVER FOSSIL FUELS

DR.SUGANDHA KHARE

SHRI J.N.P.G. COLLEGE, LUCKNOW

In the last few decades research and development in Green Energy – a sustainable source of energy,

yielded hundreds of promising new technologies that can reduce our dependence on coal,oil and natural

gas. Green energy comes from natural sources comes from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain,

tides, plants, algae and geothermal heat. These resources are renewable i.e.they are naturally

replenished. In contrast fossil fuels are a finite resource that takes millions of years to develop and will

continue to diminish with usage . The renewable energy resources do not cause pollution like fossil fuel

which produce pollutants such as green house gases as a byproduct contributing to climate change

.Green energy can therefore replace fossil fuels in all major areas of use including electricity, water,



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space heating and fuel for vehicles. There are 6 types of green energy which are non polluting and are

advancing at a fast pace. These are: solar power, wind power, hydro power, geothermal energy, biomass

and biofuels. In future these will surely replace the present fossil fuels.

27

A REVIEW ON DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC)

DR. RENU GUPTA

LUCKNOW CHRISTIAN DEGREE COLLEGE

ABSTRACT

The dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs) provide a promising alternative

concept to conventional p–n junction photovoltaic devices. However, liquid-state DSSCs possess the

problem of low stability since a volatile liquid electrolyte is utilized. An effective approach to solve such

a problem is by replacing the volatile liquid electrolyte with solid-state or quasi solid-statehole

conductor, such as p-type semiconductors, ionic liquid electrolyte and polymer electrolyte. In this paper,

the recent progress on the selection and utilization of thesehole conductors are mainly discussed.

Research on mechanisms of solid-state DSSCs was also summarized here including the hole transfer

process at dye/hole conductor interface, ionic transportation inside hole conductor media and the

factors which depress the efficiency of solid-state cells. With a thorough analysis of the problems of

solid-state DSSCs, several ways towards higher efficiency and lower cost are suggested.

Keywords- DSSCs, nano-crystalline, semi-conductor, p-n junction photovoltaic cells, polymer electrolyte,

liquid electrolyte.

1. INTRODUCTION

The modern version of a dye solar cell, was originally co-invented in 1988

by BrianO'Reganand Michael Grätzel at UC Berkeley1 and this work was later developed by the

aforementioned scientists at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne until the publication of the

first high efficiency DSSC in 19912. Michael Grätzel has been awarded the 2010 Millennium Technology

Prize for this invention.Photovoltaic devices are based on the concept of chargeseparation at an

interface of two materials of different conduction mechanism. To date this field has been dominatedby

solid-state junction devices, usually made of silicon,and profiting from the experience and material

availabilityresulting from the semiconductor industry. The dominanceof the photovoltaic field by

inorganic solid-state junctiondevices is now being challenged by the emergence of a thirdgeneration of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Regan_(chemist)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize



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cells, based, for example, on Nanocrystallineand conducting polymers films. These offer the prospective

of very low cost fabrication and present attractive features that facilitate market entry. It is now possible

to depart completely from the classical solid-state junction device, by replacing the contacting phase to

the semiconductorby an electrolyte, liquid, gel or solid, thereby forming a photo-electrochemical cell.

The phenomenal progress realizedrecently in the fabrication and characterization of Nanocrystalline

materials has opened up vast new opportunities for these systems. Contrary to expectation, devices

based on interpenetrating networks of mesoscopic semiconductors have shown strikingly high

conversion efficiencies, which compete with those of conventional devices. The prototype of this family

of devices is the dye-sensitized solar cell, which realizes the optical absorption and the charge

separation processes by the association of a sensitizer aslight-absorbing material with a wide band gap

semiconductor of Nanocrystalline morphology 3.

2. SEMICONDUCTOR SOLAR CELLS

In a traditional solid-state semiconductor, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals, one doped

with n-type impurities (n-type semiconductor), which add additional free conduction band electrons,

and the other doped with p-type impurities (p-type semiconductor), which add additional electron

holes. When placed in contact, some of the electrons in the n-type portion flow into the p-type to "fill

in" the missing electrons, also known as electron holes. Eventually enough electrons will flow across the

boundary to equalize the Fermi levels of the two materials. The result is a region at the interface, the p-

n junction, where charge carriers are depleted and/or accumulated on each side of the interface. In

silicon, this transfer of electrons produces a potential barrier of about 0.6 to 0.7 V.4

When placed in the sun, photons of the sunlight can excite electrons on the p-type side of the

semiconductor, a process known as photoexcitation. In silicon, sunlight can provide enough energy to

push an electron out of the lower-energy valence band into the higher energy conduction band. As the

name implies, electrons in the conduction band are free to move about the silicon. When a load is

placed across the cell as a whole, these electrons will flow out of the p-type side into the n-type side,

lose energy while moving through the external circuit, and then flow back into the p-type material

where they can once again re-combine with the valence-band hole they left behind. In this way, sunlight

creates an electric current.5

In any semiconductor, the band gap means that only photons with that amount of energy, or more,

will contribute to producing a current. In the case of silicon, the majority of visible light from red to

violet has sufficient energy to make this happen. Unfortunately higher energy photons, those at the blue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-type_semiconductor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-type_semiconductor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_level

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_barrier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoexcitation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_band

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_band

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap



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and violet end of the spectrum, have more than enough energy to cross the band gap; although some of

this extra energy is transferred into the electrons, the majority of it is wasted as heat. Another issue is

that in order to have a reasonable chance of capturing a photon, the n-type layer has to be fairly thick.

This also increases the chance that a freshly ejected electron will meet up with a previously created hole

in the material before reaching the p-n junction. These effects produce an upper limit on the efficiency

of silicon solar cells, currently around 12 to 15% for common modules and up to 25% for the best

laboratory cells. By far the biggest problem with the conventional approach is cost; solar cells require a

relatively thick layer of doped silicon in order to have reasonable photon capture rates, and silicon

processing is expensive. There have been a number of different approaches to reduce this cost over the

last decade, notably the thin-film approaches, but to date they have seen limited application due to a

variety of practical problems. Another line of research has been to dramatically improve efficiency

through the multi-junction approach, although these cells are very high cost and suitable only for large

commercial deployments. In general terms the types of cells suitable for rooftop deployment have not

changed significantly in efficiency, although costs have dropped somewhat due to increased supply.By

far the biggest problem with the conventional approach is cost; solar cells require a relatively thick layer

of doped silicon in order to have reasonable photon capture rates, and silicon processing is expensive.

There have been a number of different approaches to reduce this cost over the last decade, notably

the thin-film approaches, but to date they have seen limited application due to a variety of practical

problems. Another line of research has been to dramatically improve efficiency through the multi-

junction approach, although these cells are very high cost and suitable only for large commercial

deployments. In general terms the types of cells suitable for rooftop deployment have not changed

significantly in efficiency, although costs have dropped somewhat due to increased supply.

3. DYE-SENSITIZEDNANOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL (DSC)

At the heart of the system is a mesoporous oxide layer composed of nanometer-sized particleswhich

have been sintered together to allow for electronic conduction to take place. The material of choice has

been TiO2 (anatase) although alternative wide band gap oxides such as ZnO,6 and Nb2O57have also been

investigated. Attached to the surface of the nanocrystalline film is a MediatorOxmonolayer of the charge

transfer dye. Photo excitation of the latter results in the injection of an electron into the conduction

band of the oxide.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film





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Figure 1 – Simplified setup of a dye solar cell.

The original state of the dye is subsequently restored by electron donation from the electrolyte,

usually an organic solvent containing redox system, such as the iodide/tri iodide couple. The

regeneration of the sensitizer by iodide intercepts the recapture of the conduction band electron by the

oxidized dye. The iodide is regenerated in turn by the reduction of tri iodide at the counter electrode the

circuit being completed via electron migration through the external load. The voltage generated under

illumination corresponds to the difference between the Fermi level of the electron in the solid and the

redox potential of the electrolyte.Overall the device generates electric power from light without

suffering any permanent chemical transformation.

Mechanism of DSSCs

The following primary steps convert photons to current are the main processes that occur in DSSC.

1. The incident photon is absorbed by Ru complex photosensitizers adsorbed on the TiO2 surface.

2. The photosensitizers are excited from the ground state (S) to the excited state (S ). The excited

electrons are injected into the conduction band of the TiO2 electrode. This results in the oxidation of the

photosensitizer (S+).

S + hν → S (1)

S → S+ + e− (TiO2) (2)

3. The injected electrons in the conduction band of TiO2 are transported between TiO2 nanoparticles

with diffusion toward the back contact (TCO). And the electrons finally reach the counter electrode

through the circuit.



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4. The oxidized photosensitizer (S+) accepts electrons from the I− ion redox mediator leading to

regeneration of the ground state (S), and the I− is oxidized to the oxidized state, I3−.

S+ + e− → S (3)

5. The oxidized redox mediator, I3−, diffuses toward the counter electrode and then it is reduced to

I− ions.

I3− + 2 e− → 3 I− (4)

The efficiency of a DSSC depends on four energy levels of the component: the excited state

(approximately LUMO) and the ground state (HOMO) of the photosensitizer, the Fermi level of the

TiO2 electrode and the redox potential of the mediator (I−/I3−) in the electrolyte.15

Figure 2 – Energy diagram of a dye solar cell. Highlighted in red are all single steps which are explained

in the text.

4. Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

One alternative which offers itself to confront the sealing problem is the replacement of the redox

electrolyte by a solid p-type semiconductor interpenetrating the Nano crystalline TiO2 structure which

would permit the charge neutralisation of dye molecules after electron injection by its hole transport

properties. Since the sensitizing dye itself does not provide a conducting functionality, but is distributed

at an interface in the form of immobilized molecular species, it is evident that for charge transfer each

molecule must be in intimate contact with both conducting phases. It is evident that this applies to the

porous wide bandgap semiconductor substrate into which the photo-excited chemisorbed molecules

inject electrons8. It is also evident that in the photo-electrochemical format ofthe sensitized cell the

liquid electrolyte penetrates into the porosity, thereby permitting the intimate contact with the charged

dye molecule necessary for charge neutralisation after the electron loss by exchange with the redox



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system in solution. It is not immediately evident that an interpenetrating network of two conducting

solids can so easily be established that an immobilized molecule at their interface can exchange charge

carriers with both. However results are promising. The charge transport materials are deposited by spin

coating from the liquid phase in order to achieve the necessary intimate contact, thereby introducing a

solution of the conducting compound into the previously sensitized nanostructure9.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The dye-sensitized Nanocrystalline electrochemical photovoltaicsystem has become a validated and

credible competitorto solid-state junction devices for the conversion ofsolar energy into electricity. It is

the prototype of a series ofoptoelectronic and energy technology devices exploiting thespecific

characteristics of this innovative structure for oxideand ceramic semiconductor films. Recent

developments inthe area of sensitizers for these devices have lead to dyeswhich absorb across the

visible spectrum leading to higherefficiencies. The recent development of an all solid-state

heterojunctiondye solar cell holds additional potential for furthercost reduction and simplification of the

manufacturingof dye solar cells.With improvements on non-volatile electrolytes,10 organic dyes and

Nanoporous semiconducting electrode, cheaper but more robust DSSCs will definitely take their share in

the solar cell markets competing with the traditional thin film solar technologies.11

REFERENCES

1 A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Acc. Chem. Res. 33 (2000) 269–277.

2 Brian O'Regan; Michael Grätzel (24 October 1991). "A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based

on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films". Nature. 353 (6346): 737–740.

3 (a) B. O’Regan, M. Grätzel, Nature 335 (1991) 737;

(b) M. Grätzel, Nature 414 (2001) 338–344.

4 "Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells), How They Work". specmat.com. Retrieved 22 May2007.

5 Gerischer,H.; Michel-Beyerle,M.; Rebentrost, E.; Tributsch, H. (1968). "Sensitization of Charge-

Injection into Semiconductors with Large Band Gap". Electr

6 K. Tennakone, G.R.R. Kumara, I.R.M. Kottegoda, V.S.P. Perera, Chem. Commun. 15 (1999).

7 K. Sayama, H. Suguhara, H. Arakawa, Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 3825

8 J. Krüger, R. Plass, M. Grätzel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2) (2002) 367–369. 6. K. Tennakone, G.R.R.

Kumara, I.R.M. Kottegoda, V.S.P. Perera, Chem. Commun. 15 (1999).

9 Q.B. Meng, K. Takahashi, X.T. Zhang, I. Sutanto, T.N. Rao, O. Sato, A. Fujishima, H. Watanabe, T.

Nakamori, Uragami Langmuir 19 (2003) 3572–357

http://www.specmat.com/Overview%20of%20Solar%20Cells.htm



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10 M. Bouachrine;J.mater Environ sci 1 (2) (2010) 78-83.

11 Belghiti A.J.of Pure & Applied Chemistry vol.6( 14) PP 164-173 Dec 2012

28

SOLAR ENERGY: ONE OF THE SUSTAINABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

DR.SADHANA GUPTA

ASSISTANT PROFESS DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

I.G.G.P.G. COLLEGE BANGARMAU, UNNAO

E- MAIL ID [email protected]

ABSTRACT

More than 20% of India’s population currently coping without access to electricity. They depend on

mostly kerosene to use as light at night, which get expensive over time and poses a lot of health risks at

home. But there is viable solution already available today i.e. affordable solar energy. It can be produced

more cheaply than often high wholesale power prices; reduce country’s exposure to expected future

fossil fuel prices and above all, they can be built very quickly.Earlier this year ,the central government

announced an ambitious target of 175GW of renewable energy of which 100 GW would come from solar

alone by 2022. But growth in the sector has been relatively slow, considering the immense potential ,

according to the Indian ministry of renewable energy, the total installed solar capacity crossed over

3GW for the first time in December last year , adding only 886MW in 2014- in contrast , Tata Solar

Power, in a report released in 2014, estimated that India could reach 145GW of solar energy by 2024.

This good news has further positive implications: as solar power rapidly becomes a mainstream energy

option, the industry could create over 670,000 new, clean-energyjobs in India.These positives however,

would be impossible to achieve without a paradigm shift in policies that boost the rapidly improving

business of renewables. It will be important to ensure that this shift from polluting power to clean

renewables is done in a way where citizens are in greater control over their own power supply, as

virtually infinite potential from wind and solar energy can truly democratise the generation of, and

access to, power.

KEY WORDS:Solar energy, Renewable source.



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29

SUSTAINABLE AND UNSUSTAINABLE ENERGY

DR. DEVENDRA KUMAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

B.S.N.V.P.G. COLLEGE, LUCKNOW, U.P (INDIA)-226001

Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

1.3 billion People worldwide are living without electricity. That is more than 1 in 5 people around the

globe. The UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moonmade sustainable energy one of his five priorities that

will guide his second-5-years term. Unsustainable patterns of energy production and consumption

threaten not only human health and quality of life but also affect ecosystem and contribute to

climate change. Sustainable energy does not include any sources that are derived from fossil fuels

(coal, oil and natural gas) or waste products. Sustainable energy is a form of energy which meets our

today’s demand of energy, without putting humans in danger of getting expired or depleted and can

be used over and over again.Sustainable energy, therefore, can be proved as an engine for poverty

reduction, social progress, equity, economic growth andenvironmental sustainability.Sustainable

energy should be widely encouraged as it does not cause any harm to the environment and is

available widely free of cost.Sustainable energy helps us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.All

renewable energy resources like solar,wind, geothermal, hydropower and ocean energy including

tidal and hydro power energies are sustainable,as they are stable and available in plenty.

KeyWords:Sustainable Energy, Ecosystem, Fossil Fuels, Geothermal Energy, Tidal Power

30

WIND ENERGY A NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

DR. USHA RANI SINGH, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY MAHILA VIDYALAYA P. G. COLLEGE LUCKNOW

[email protected]

MOB-9415765186




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ABSTRACT

Energy consumption of a nation is usually considered as an index of its development. This is because

almost all the developmental activities are directly or indirectly dependent upon energy. Energy is a

primary input in any industrial operation. Energy is also a major input in sectors such as commerce,

transport and telecommunications. Wind energy a non-conventional sources of energy and they can be

used again and again. Wind energy is environment friendly and has zero emission. The high speed winds

have a lot of energy in them as kinetic energy due to their motion. The driving force of the winds is the

sun. The wind energy is harnessed by making use of wind mills. A wind mill works on the principle of

converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical energy. A large number of wind mills are installed in

clusters called wind farms. These farms are ideally located in coastal regions, open grass lands or hilly

regions. The minimum wind speed required for satisfactory working of a wind generator is 15 km/hour.

Wind energy has proved to be economically competitive renewable source of energy in Coastal region in

Gujarat, Kachchh and Saurashtra, Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, plans in Uttar Pradesh & Rajasthan, Hill

tops in MP, Tuticorin and Kayathar. The wind power potential of our country is estimated to be about

25000 MW while at present we are generating about 1020 MW. Wind energy is growing as the second

fastest growing source of clean energy. The countries with largest wind energy production include

Germany, United state, Spain & Denmark. About 400 million people in India lack access to electricity, the

government has promised electricity for every household by 2019. The Indian power sector is expected

to attract investment of US$ 250 billion by 2019 across diverse areas of the energy sector. India has an

installed capacity of 267 gig watt (GW) as of March 2015, dominated by fossil fuels; the additional

electricity demand creates a large opportunity for renewable energy sources.

31

SOLAR ENERGY MISSION: INDIA MARCHING AHEAD

DR. SANGEETA VERMA, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY

SRI J.N.P.G.COLLEGE, LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW.

Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available. Unlike fossil fuel it

does not emit any green house gases while producing electricity .India has tremendous scope of

generating solar energy due to its geographical location, and country is on course to emerge as a solar

energy hub. The techno-commercial potential of photo voltaics in India is enormous. Most parts of India

have 300-330 sunny days in a year which is equivalent to over 5000 trillion KWh per year, more than



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India's total energy consumption per year. Daily solar radiation incident, varies from 4-6 KWh per sq.

meter of surface area depending on location and time. Solar power plants can be built as distributed

generation or as a central station(like traditional power plants).

With a view to promote solar energy globally, a declaration was signed and exchanged by ministry of

New and Renewable Energy and ISA(International Solar Alliance)cell and world bank recently. The joint

declaration is expected to help in acclerating mobilization of finance for solar energy. ISA is India's 1st

international and inter-governmental organization headquartered in India. It will be dedicated to

promotion of solar energy for making solar energy a valuable source of affordable and reliable green

and clean energy in 121 member countries. The National Solar Mission(NSM) launched in January 2010

is a major initiative by government of India, which involves states, R &D institutions and industries to

promote solar energy. Thus it is an important Indian contribution to the global efforts to curb challenges

of climate change. It is a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC).Objective of this

mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating policies so that it can diffuse

fast across the country, abatement of carbon emission and give employment opportunities to both

skilled and unskilled persons. The mission had set a target for deployment of grid connected solar

capacity of 20,000MW by 2022(in three phases). The solar capacity has grown from 1023MW in 2011-12

to 6763MW in 2015-16.India stands among the top six countries in terms of solar capacity and if the

present trend continues it may move up as a global leader. The India energy portal estimates that if 10%

of the land were used for harnessing solar energy, the installed solar capacity would be at 8000 GW or

around 50 times the current total installed power capacity in the country.

The conducive policies initiated by government of India have helped in bringing about competitive rates

in bidding process. Government is also coming up with schemes for providing production incentives to

encourage growth in manufacturing of solar cells and solar modules, which will help in domestic

manufacturing. Achievement of 100GW solar power will lead to abatement of 170.482 million tonnes of

CO2 over it's life cycle, with an enhanced target of 1 lac MW upto 1 million jobs will be created. Solar

power generation will reduce the need to import coal and gas, improve energy security and energy

access thereby leading to foreign reserve savings.



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32

ROLE OF COMPUTER SCIENTISTS IN MAKING RENEWABLE ENERGY MORE COST EFFECTIVE

ANURADHA SHARMA

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Renewable energy can surely be made more cost effective if discontinuous or less responsive power

supplies can serve the power demands more easily. This is due to the face that renewable sources tend

to have one or both of these characteristics. Software engineers are working on the model of designing,

improving and operating the market which may act as a middle man between the demand and supply.

This middle man may become active in case of greater demand and less supply. It is like creating a

warehouse of energy and supplying to a particular area when demand is more and firing up peaking

plants or blackouts are more costly.

Keywords: warehouse, power supply.

33

INTEGRATION OF BIO-PROCESSING & INCINERATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: A VIABLE

APPROACH TO PRODUCE CLEAN ENERGY

MANISH MISHRA1, DR.MINAXI B. LOHANI2 & DR.R V SINGH3

1: SR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, NH24, BKT, LUCKNOW

2: DEPTT OF CHEMISTRY, INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

3: MPC DIVISION, CSIR-CDRI, LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT

To meet development objectives of World Health Organization (WHO) & Millennium Development Goal

(MDG); The developing economies are fastly working on smart cities with objective to supply of clean

drinking water, safer health, open defection free sanitations and awareness of hygiene etc. Government

of India also started “Swachh Bharat Mission” in 2014 and development of 100 smart cities keeping in

view of these objectives in mind and to attract investment from Multinational companies to participate




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in “Make In India”. The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its disposal is major constraints

in terms of developing of clean cities. Number of expert in various areas working closely to develop low

cost solution for safe disposal of MSW.

In present study, an approach for bio-degradation of MSW to produce the clean energy has been

explored & reviewed. In the proposed study, the segregation of MSW into bio-degradable & non-

biodegradable materials at source required. The bio-degradable material collected for 48 hrs cycles for

composite analysis of C, H, N, P & K availability as in biological process required. The collected material

goes for digester for bio-degradation of material. During digestion under anaerobic conditions the

degraded source produces CH4, C2H6 gases. The produced gases passes through water based scrubbers

to absorb soot’s, aerosols and unsaturated compounds such as Carbon mono-oxide (CO) & Sulfur

monoxide (SO) etc. the clean & purified gases collected in storage vessel and can be utilized to supply

for domestic cooking gas supply. The volume of MSW reduced to 3-4% of actual volume and can be

utilsed as manure in green field applications, lawn maintenance etc.

The non-biodegradable material from MSW in majority contains plastic, polythene bags. land site fill

options was initially planned in India, the landfill source makes chelates- metal complexes and leads to

problem of arsenic, chromium , fluoride etc in ground water. This affects the health of nearby living

population.

Incineration of non-biodegrable material is one of effective option for disposal. Material is charged in

primary incineration chamber have operating temperature 8000C. Most of material converted to CO,

SO, CO2, SO2 & water vapors. The gases further passes through secondary chamber operated at 1000-

10500C to convert unsaturated (CO, SO etc) to CO2 & SO2 in presence of excess air. Thus the huge

volume gets reduced to gases and solid residue. The final residue collected from primary chamber

reduced to maximum 1% of charged quantity. After secondary chamber gases are cooled passed

through advanced pollution control devices (APCD) and gases discharged to open environment and

water in municipal sewage wastewater. The collected residue can be used for making fly-ash bricks and

road construction filling material etc.

By proposed waste management plan; MSW can effectively be reduced through integration of Bio-

process and incineration of non-degradable waste. The process has advantage of huge reduction in

quantity and effective utilization of product in form of domestic household cooking gas supply,

community lawn maintenance and by-product of integrated process in fly-ash bricks, construction

material etc



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Keywords: MSW, bio-process, incineration, waste management, process integration

Author to whom all correspondence to be made:

Manish Mishra

Assistant Professor

S R Institute of Management & Technology

NH 24, Bakhshi-Ka-Talab

Lucknow.

34

USE OF IRON COMPLEX SYSTEM AS A PHOTOCATALYST FOR TREATMENT OF METHYLENE BLUE

CONTAINING WASTEWATER

SAVITRI LODHA AND PINKI B. PUNJABI

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, APPLIED SCIENCE

S R GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, LUCKNOW-226021, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA.


ABSTRACT

The Photocatlytic process is emerging as a promising technology for the oxidation \ degradation of

organic contaminants in environment control. It has been widely established as an alternative physical –

chemical process for the elimination of toxic and hazardous organic substances and in wastewaters,

drinking water, and air. A group of waste treatment methods called AOPs (advanced oxidation processes),

such as photo-Fenton and Photocatlytic methods, are now widely used for this purpose. The use of

Fenton’s reagent for degradation of organic pollutants is well established but the reaction stops after

complete consumption of ferrous ions. The photo-Fenton’s reagent will get an edge over Fenton’s reagent

as ferric ions are reduced back to ferrous ions photo chemically thus, making this a cyclic process. In

present work, the photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue was reported by thiocyanate complex of

iron and hydrogen peroxide. The effect of different parameters, such as the pH, concentration of the

complex and dye, amount of H2O2, light intensity etc. on the rate of photo catalytic degradation was

observed spectrophotometrically and it follows pseudo-first order kinetics. A tentative mechanism for the

degradation of dye has also been proposed.



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35

CLEAN GREEN PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

IN THE INDIAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

RUCHI SAXENA, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY,

NARI SHIKSHA NIKETAN,P.G. COLLEGE, LUCKNOW.

The Indian Pulp and paper industry accounts for about 1.7% of the world’s production of paper and

paper-board. The domestic demand for paper consumption is on the rise due to increasing population,

literacy rate, and growth in GDP. Currently there are 759 pulp and paper mills with an installed capacity

of 12.7 Million tons per annum (MTPA), producing around 14.49 MTPA paper, paper board and

newsprint. The production is anticipated to grow up to 14.9 MTPA by the year 2020. The industry

employs wood, agro residues and recycled/waste paper as the major raw material for manufacture. Indian

paper industry ranks sixth among the energy intensive industries with an energy requirement of about 10

MTPA of coal and 10.6 Giga Watt hours (GWh) of electricity. The study of industries in the Indian Paper

Manufacturers Association (IPMA) focuses on the increase use of biomass by agro forestry and on

increasing energy efficiency by use of biomass and its residues for heat and power generation. With the

new production processes, sustainable use of the biomass by change in plantations and the use of biomass

in heating will reduce the carbon emissions too.

Reference

1. A Report on Opportunities for Green Chemistry Initiatives: Pulp and Paper Industry office of the

Principal Scientific Advisor to the GOI Vigyan Bhawan Annexe, New Delhi 2014.



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36

USE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: NECESSITY OF THE FUTURE

DR. (MRS.) NIHARIKA VERMA

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

SRI. J. N.P.G. COLLEGE

LUCKUOW (U.P.)

ABSTRACT

Energy is the backbone for the economic development and well being of any country. India’s economy

which is third largest in the world is growing rapidly. Policies are prepared for country’s modernisation

and expansion of the manufacturing facilities. This modernisation and expansion needs huge energy

requirement. However, the relationship between economic growth and increased energy demand is not

always a straightforward linear one. For example, under present conditions, 6% increase in India's Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) would impose an increased demand of 9 % on its energy sector. India is the

fourth largest energy consumer in the worlds after US; China & Russia. Thus the energy sector assumes a

critical importance in view of ever increasing energy needs which require huge investment to meet them.

The most of the energy need is met through fossil fuel, in which coal has a dominant share, as it

contributes upto 44% of the total primary energy production. Increased consumption of coal is mainly due

its availability and affordability relative to other fossil fuel for coal-fired power generation, use as

cooking fuel in rural areas, heavy demand in industries. Energy is also needed for improving the quality

of life and for increasing opportunities for development. In India 600 million people do not have access to

electricity and about 700 million use biomass as their primary energy resource for cooking, but its share

in the primary energy mix has declined by almost ten percentage points since 2000, as households moved

to other fuels for cooking, notably liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).The oil, other fossil fuel, is mainly

consumed in transport sector. Demand for diesel, account for 70% of road transport fuel, has been

particularly very high as this has large share of road freight traffic. Today nearly 72% of the primary

energy is generated from the non-renewable fossil fuels as coal and oil, which have taken years to form,

are fast depleting due to excessive use. According to survey data of 2015, coal is just sufficient for 114

years and oil for 50 years with present rate consumption. Abundant use of fossil fuels is adversely

affecting not only our economy and environment but also our future. So in order to meet the energy

demand of our future generation we can not entirely depends on these sources. We have to find out some

sustainable energy sources such as Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydro Power, Tidal energy etc to meet our



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today's demand of energy without putting them in danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used

over and over again to meet energy requirement of future generation. Sustainable energy should be widely

encouraged as it do not cause any harm to the environment and is available widely free of cost.

37

Tidal Energy : A Non Conventional Source Of Energy

Dr. Alka Sharma, Assistant Professor

Department Of Physics, Sri J.N.P.G. College

Lucknow (Up)

Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of the tides into electricity or other useful

forms of power. The tide is created by the gravitational effect of the sun and the moon on the earth

causing cyclical movement of the seas. Tidal energy is therefore an entirely predictable form of renewable

energy, Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high

cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting

its total availability. However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design

(e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow

turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed,

and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.In the present

paper author has depicted Tidal Energy as a source of non-conventional energy thus explores its

generation plants and problems therein. The author investigates the solution to resolve cost constraints to

make it an effective medium of energy source in context to coastal areas of India.

38

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POLLUTION

DR.JAYA PANDAY

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR


AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS LUCKNOW

It is generally better for the Environment Every year, power plants in the US alone put more than 2.5

million tons of CO2, a major greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are also responsible for a

significant amount of land, water, and air pollution beyond their CO2 production. For example, coal

mining brings solid wastes to the surface that would normally remain underground and the areas around a

mine can remain barren for generations if due to the lack of proper topsoil. The burning of coal for energy

also produces many different types of particulate matter that pollute the air. The finest of these particles



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can be inhaled deeply and cause various respiratory health problems in people living around the power

plant. These pollutants make their way into the water cycle and fall the the ground as acid rain, which can

destroy land and pollute large bodies of water.

39

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SAMARTHPANDE,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW.

[email protected]

ABSTRACTAs the world is rapidly progressing in terms of economic development, the use and demand

for energy is also increasing in the same proportion. This phenomenon is resulting in emission of

Greenhouse Gases which has adverse effects like global warming, ocean acidification, changes to plant

growth and nutrition levels, smog and ozone pollution, ozone layer depletion, etc. In order to have

solution for these environmental problems we need to have a long-term policy followed with action which

supports sustainable development, which means economic development without depletion of natural

resources. Renewable energy sources, in this regard, are being considered as being one of the most

efficient and effective solution as there is a close connection between sustainable development and

renewable energy. To achieve sustainable development first we need to achieve energy sustainability,

which requires not only changes in the manner energy is produced and supplied but also in the manner it

is consumed and thus reducing the amount of energy consumption required for delivery of goods and

services. Therefore energy efficiency and use of renewable energy technologies are considered as two

important pillars of achieving energy sustainability and thus sustainable development. This research

article is an attempt to discuss and highlight various issues related to impact of rapid economic

development on environment in the context of current and future energy consumption pattern. It also

discusses the concept and technologies of renewable energy and energy efficiency as an effort towards

solving these problems and achieving economic development with minimum negative impact on

environment.

Keywords :- Sustainable development, energy sustainability, renewable energy, energy efficiency



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40

SOLAR ENERGY: AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY GENERATION IN INDIA

DR. HIMANSHU RASTOGI

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY –

UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

With the increasing population and rising emission levels there is risk to the survival on life on planet in

times to come. These increasing emissions are impacting our health through unnoticeable slow poison of

toxic gases. Thus all over the world there has been increasing demand for adoption and development of

clean air and green environment. One of the important sources which are available in abundance with no

negative impact on environment is Solar Energy. This new source has got tremendous potential of energy

which can be harnessed using a variety of devices. With recent developments, solar energy systems are

easily available for industrial and domestic use with the added advantage of minimum maintenance. Solar

energy could be made financially viable with government tax incentives and rebates. Most of the

developed countries are switching over to solar energy as one of the prime renewable energy source. In

India National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to

promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. Adoption of

solar energy can also be helpful in tackling with the problem of climate change. India has got

geographical advantage too as being a tropical country, where sunshine is available for longer hours per

day and in great intensity. Solar energy, therefore, has great potential as future energy source. The paper

tries to focus on the initiatives that can be taken on the part of government to utilize this unexplored

sector in the field of power and electricity generation, defense and other sectors of national priority and

push up further the economic pace and self-reliance of the country.

Keywords: Renewable energy, climate change, electricity generation, emission levels.




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41

OVERVIEW OF GREEN BUILDING: THE SUSTAINABLEBUILDINGS

AN ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

DR. NIMISH GUPTA

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY

UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

With the increase in population the demand for electricity and power supply has been increasing

at an enormous pace causing a gap between demand and supply. Resulting in acute power shortages in

countries like India. Apart from power shortage the threat before all of us if fast depletion of resources

like coal, petroleum and natural gas and other conventional resources, presently being used for generation

of electrical energy. These conventional resources are also blamed for polluting air and water

environment. In this background and to save our coming future generations increasing demand has been

to find alternative sources of energy which is not only renewable but also pollution free and safe on

human health. Subsequently there have been introduction of solar panels, magnetic-hydro-dynamic power

generation plants, thermo electric generator, power generation through wind mills etc. However, these

methods are still in initial stages of development which can be converted to strong source of energy

generation in times to come. The present paper tries to study the different energy sources and to analyze

and find answer to why we are trying to opt for non-conventional energy sources.

Keywords: Conventional energy resources, Renewable energy, Pollution, Environment.




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42

Survey On Significant Use Of Renewable Energy Resources

Richa Mehrotra, Ap, Amity School Of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh

Climate change and global warming concerns couple with high oil prices have increased renewable

energy legislation. Renewable energy resources are resources which are naturally replenished on a human

timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy resources are

considered as clean sources of energy. Use of these resources produce minimum secondary wastes and

minimize environmental impacts. It often displaces conventional fuels in areas such as electricity

generation, hot water/ space heating, transportation and rural(off grid) energy services. This paper gives a

survey on renewable energy resources and various technologies employed to use these resources.

Keywords: Renewable energy resources, electric power generation, air quality improvement in

transportation.

Introduction

Renewable energy: True renewable energy sources are energy supplies that are refilled by natural

processes at least as fast as we use them. ‘Energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy

occurring in the immediate environment’. An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy, where

‘repetitive’ refers to the 24-hour major period. Note that the energy is already passing through the

environment as a current or flow, irrespective of there being a device to intercept and harness this power.

Such energy may also be called Green Energy or Sustainable Energy. All renewable energy comes,

ultimately, from the sun. We can use the sun directly (as in solar heating systems) or indirectly (as in

hydroelectric power, wind power, and power from biomass fuels). Renewable energy supplies can

become exhausted if we use them faster than they become replenished: most of England’s forests were cut

down for fuel before the English started using coal. If used wisely, however, renewable energy supplies

can last forever.

Types of renewable energy sources

Hydropower

Hydropower represents one of the oldest and largest renewable power sources. Hydropower is the

extraction of energy from falling water (from a higher to a lower altitude). This is primarily done by

damming rivers to create large reservoirs and when it is made to pass through an energy conversion



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device, such as a water turbine or a water wheel. A water turbine converts the energy of water into

mechanical energy, which in turn is often converted into electrical energy by means of a generator.

Alternatively, hydropower can also be extracted from river currents when a suitable device is placed

directly in a river. The devices employed in this case are generally known as river or water current

turbines or a “zero head” turbine. Existing hydropower capacity is about 80,000 megawatts (MW – one

million watts or one thousand kilowatts). Hydropower results in no emissions into the atmosphere but the

process of damming a river can create significant ecological problems for water quality and for fish and

wildlife habitat. Hydropower systems can range from tens of Watts to hundreds of Megawatts. A

classification based on the size of hydropower plants is presented in table 9. However, there is no

internationally recognized standard definition for hydropower sizes, so definitions can vary from one

country to another.

Classification of hydro-power size

Large-hydro More than 100 MW and usually feeding into a large electricity grid Medium-hydro 10 or 20

MW to 100 MW—usually feeding into a grid Small-hydro 1 MW to 10 MW or 20 MW—definitions

vary, Europe tends to use 10 MW as a maximum, China uses 20 MW and Brazil 30 MW. Usually feeding

onto a grid Mini-hydro 100 kW to 1 MW—either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into a grid

Micro-hydro 5 kW to 100 kW—usually provide power for a small community or rural industry in remote

areas away from the grid. Pico-hydro 50 W to 5 kW—usually for remote rural communities and

individual households. Applications include battery charging or food processing

Biomass

Biomass is second to hydropower as a leader in renewable energy production. Biomass has an existing

capacity of over 7,000 MW. Bioenergy is a general term that covers energy derived from a wide variety

of material of plant or animal origin. Strictly, this includes fossil fuels but, generally, the term is used to

mean renewable energy sources such as wood and wood residues, agricultural crops and residues, animal

fats, and animal and human wastes, all of which can yield useful fuels either directly or after some form

of conversion. The range of bioenergy technologies is broad and the technical maturity varies

substantially. Some examples of commercially available technologies include small- and large-scale

boilers, domestic pellet-based heating systems, and ethanol production from sugar and starch. Biomass

burns cleaner than coal because it has less sulfur, which means less sulfur dioxide will be emitted into the

atmosphere. Biomass can also be used indirectly, since it produces methane gas as it decays or through a



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modern process called gasification. Methane can produce power by burning in a boiler to create steam to

drive steam turbines or through internal combustion in gas turbines and reciprocating engines. Advanced

biomass integrated gasifi cation combined-cycle power plants and lignocellulose-based transport fuels are

examples of technologies that are at a pre- commercial stage, while liquid biofuel production from algae

and some other biological conversion approaches are at the research and development (R&D) phase.

There are technologies for bioenergy using liquid and gaseous fuel, as well as traditional applications of

direct combustion. The conversion process can be physical (for example, drying, size, reduction or

densification), thermal (as in carbonization) or chemical (as in biogas production). The end result of the

conversion process may be a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel and this flexibility of choice in the physical

form of the fuel is one of the advantages of bioenergy over other renewable energy sources. The basis for

all these applications is organic matter, in most cases plants and trees. There is a trend towards

purposefully planted biomass energy crops, although biomass can also be collected as a by-product and

residue from agricultural, forestry, industry and household waste. Bioenergy can be used for a great

variety of energy needs, from heating and transport fuel to power generation. There are numerous

commercially available technologies for the conversion processes and for utilization of the end-products.

Although the different types of bioenergy have features in common, they exhibit considerable variation in

physical and chemical characteristics which influence their use as fuels. There is such a wide range of

bioenergy systems that this module does not aim to cover and describe each one.

Examples of bioenergy applications Fuel state Application

Biogas Supplementing mains supply (grid-connected) Biogas Cooking and lighting (household-scale

digesters), motive power for small industry and electric needs (with gas engine) Liquid biofuel Transport

fuel and mechanical power, particularly for agriculture; heating and electricity generation; some rural

cooking fuel Solid biomass Cooking and lighting (direct combustion), motive power for small industry

and electric needs (with electric motor) Bioenergy technologies have applications in centralized and

decentralized settings, with the traditional use of biomass in developing countries being the most

widespread current application. Bioenergy typically offers constant or controllable output. Bioenergy

projects usually depend on local and regional fuel supply availability, but recent developments show that

solid biomass and liquid biofuels are increasingly traded internationally.

Strengths and weaknesses of bioenergy systems Strengths Weaknesses



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Conversion technologies available in a wide Production can create land use competition range of power

levels at different levels of technological complexity Fuel production and conversion technology Often

large areas of land are required (usually indigenous in developing countries low energy density)

Production can produce more jobs than other Production can have high fertilizer and water renewable

energy systems of a comparable size requirements Conversion can be to gaseous, liquid or solid fuel May

require complex management system to ensure constant supply of resource, which is often bulky adding

complexity to handling, transport and storage Environmental impact low (overall no increase Resource

production may be variable in carbon dioxide) compared with conventional depending on local

climatic/weather effects, i.e. energy sources drought energy sources Likely to be uneven resource

production throughout the year Solar Energy Solar energy comes directly from the power of the sun.

Solar energy technologies can be loosely divided into two categories: solar thermal systems and solar

electric or photovoltaic (PV) systems. Solar's contribution to heating and lighting is much larger. Solar-

electric power can be produced either by power plants using the sun’s heat or by photovoltaic (PV)

technology, which converts sunlight directly to electricity using solar cells. PV technology is more

practical for residential use. Systems to use the heat of the sun directly can be either active or passive. In

active systems, air or liquid circulate through solar collectors and bring heat to where it is used. In passive

systems, buildings are built with windows and heat-absorbing surfaces set up to maximize solar heating in

winter. Either technology is suitable for residential use. Systems to directly use the light of the sun are

most common. The most usual device for using sunlight is thewindow, but skylights and skylight tubes

are also used.

Examples of solar power applications and system type Technology type (PV/solar thermal) System

Application

PV (solar electric) Grid connected Supplementing mains supply PV (solar electric) Stand-alone Small

home systems for lighting, radio, TV, etc

Small commercial/community systems, including health care, schools, etc.

Telecommunications

Navigation aids

Water pumping

Commercial systems

Remote settlements



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Mini-grid systems

Solar thermal Connected to existing Supplementing supply of hot water and/or water and/or space space

heating provided by the electricity heating system grid or gas network Solar thermal Stand-alone Water

heating, i.e. for rural clinics Drying (often grain or other agricultural

products)

Cooking

Distillation

Cooling

Photovoltaic (PV) systems

Photovoltaic or PV devices convert sun light directly into electrical energy. The amount of energy that

can be produced is directly dependent on the sunshine intensity. Thus, PV devices are capable of

producing electricity even in winter and even during cloudy weather albeit at a reduced rate. Natural

cycles in the context of PV systems thus have three dimensions. As with many other renewable energy

technologies, PV has a seasonal variation in potential electricity production with the peak in summer

although in principle PV devices operating along the equator have an almost constant exploitable

potential throughout the year. Secondly, electricity production varies on a diurnal basis from dawn to

dusk peaking during mid-day. Finally, short-term fluctuation of weather conditions, including clouds and

rain fall, impact on the inter-hourly amount of electricity that can be harvested. The strengths and

weaknesses of this technology are as follows:

Strengths and weaknesses of PV energy systems

Strengths Weaknesses

Technology is mature. It has high reliability Performance is dependent on sunshine levels and and long

lifetimes (power output warranties local weather conditions from PV panels now commonly for 25 years)

Automatic operation with very low Storage/back-up usually required due to fluctuating maintenance

requirements nature of sunshine levels/no power production at

night.

No fuel required (no additional costs for fuel High capital/initial investment costs nor delivery logistics)

Modular nature of PV allows for a complete Specific training and infrastructure needs range of system

sizes as application dictates Environmental impact low compared with Energy intensity of silicon

production for PV solar conventional energy sources cells The solar system is an easily visible sign of

Provision for collection of batteries and facilitiesa high level of responsibility, environmental to recycle



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batteries are necessary awareness and commitment The user is less affected by rising prices for Use of

toxic materials in some PV panels other energy sources PV devices use the chemical-electrical interaction

between light radiation and a Semi-conductor to obtain DC electricity. The base material used to make

most types of solar cell is silicon (approx. 87 per cent). The main technologies in use today are: Mono-

crystalline silicon cells are made of silicon wavers cut from one homogenous crystal in which all silicon

atoms are arranged in the same direction. These have a conversion efficiency of 12-15 per cent);

Poly-crystalline silicon cells are poured and are cheaper and simpler to make than mono-crystalline

silicon and the efficiency is lower than that of monocrystalline cells (conversion efficiency 11-14 per

cent);

Thin film solar cells are constructed by depositing extremely thin layer of photovoltaic materials on a

low-cost backing such as glass, stainless steel or plastic (conversion efficiency 5- 2 per cent);

Multiple junction cells use two or three layers of different materials in order to improve the efficiency

of the module by trying to use a wider spectrum of radiation (conversion efficiency 20-30 per cent).

Wind Energy

Winds are due to the fact that the Earth’s equatorial regions receive more solar radiation than the Polar

Regions, setting up large-scale convection currents in the atmosphere. According to estimations from

meteorologists, about 1% of the incoming solar radiation is converted into wind energy, while the 1% of

the daily wind energy input is nearly equivalent to the present world daily energy consumption. This

means that the global wind resource is very large, but also widely distributed. The extraction of power

from wind began very early in centuries, with wind powered ships, grain mills and threshing machines.

Only toward the beginning of this century high-speed wind turbines for generation of electrical power

have been developed. The term Wind Turbine is widely used nowadays for a machine with rotating

blades that converts the kinetic energy of wind into useful power. Two basic categories of Wind Turbines

exist: horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) and vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT), depending on the

orientation of the rotor axis. The primary application of relevance to climate change mitigation is to

produce electricity from large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore).

Onshore wind energy technologies are already being manufactured and deployed on a large scale.

Offshore wind energy technologies have greater potential for continued technical advancement. Wind

electricity is both variable and, to some degree, unpredictable, but experience and detailed studies from

many regions have shown that the integration of wind energy generally poses no insurmountable technical



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barriers.

A wind turbine produces power by converting the force of the wind (kinetic energy) acting on the rotor

blades (rotational energy) into torque (turning force or mechanical energy). This rotational energy is used

either within a generator to produce electricity or, perhaps less commonly, it is used directly for driving

equipment such as milling machines or water pumps (often via conversion to linear motion for piston

pumps). Water pumping applications are more common in developing countries. Wind power by its

nature is variable (or intermittent), therefore some form of storage or back-up is inevitably involved. This

may be through:

(a) connection to an electricity grid system, which may be on a large or small (mini-grid) scale; Source:

Canada Center for Mineral and Energy Technology (Ottawa, Canada, 1999).

(b) incorporating other electricity producing energy systems (from conventional generating stations

through diesel generators to other renewable energy systems);

(c) or the use of storage systems such as batteries or, for mechanical systems, storage via water held in a

tank.

Strengths and weaknesses of wind energy systems

Strengths Weaknesses

Technology is relatively simple and robust Site-specific technology (requires a suitable with lifetimes of

over 15 years without major site) new investment Automatic operation with low maintenance Variable

power produced therefore requirements storage/backup required. No fuel required (no additional costs for

High capital/initial investment costs can fuel nor delivery logistics) impede development (especially in

developing countries) Environmental impact low compared with Potential market needs to be large

enough to conventional energy sources support expertise/equipment required for implementation Mature,

well developed, technology in Cranage and transport access problems for developed countries installation

of larger systems in remote areas The technology can be adapted for complete or part manufacture (e.g.

the tower) in developing countries Usually wind energy systems are classified in three categories: grid-

connected electricity generating, stand-alone electricity generating (often subdivided into battery-based or

autonomous diesel, the later having automatic start-up when the wind speed falls, although diesel

generators may also be used within stand-alone battery systems) and mechanical systems.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy utilizes the accessible thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted

from geothermal reservoirs using wells or other means. Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and



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permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas reservoirs that are sufficiently hot but that are

improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Once at the surface,

fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity or can be used more directly for

applications that require thermal energy, including district heating or the use of lower-temperature heat

from shallow wells for geothermal heat pumps used in heating or cooling applications. Hydrothermal

power plants and thermal applications of geothermal energy are mature technologies, whereas EGS

projects are in the demonstration and pilot phase while also undergoing R&D. When used to generate

electricity, geothermal power plants typically offer constant output. The thermal energy of the Earth is

therefore in great abundance and practically inexhaustible, but it is very dispersed, rarely concentrate and

often at depths too great for industrial exploitation. So far our utilization of this energy has been limited to

areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid phase or steam) to ‘transfer’ the

heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal resources. In one sense,

this geothermal energy is not renewable, since sometime in the future the core of the earth will cool. That

time is so far off (hundreds of millions of years) that we think of it as renewable. Most geothermal power

plants are located in the western United States, but some costal regions of Virginia (near Wallops Island)

have geothermal power potential. The environmental impact of the use of geothermal heat is fairly small

and controllable. In fact, geothermal energy produces minimal air emissions. Emissions of nitrous oxide,

hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, methane, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide are extremely

low, especially when compared to fossil fuel emissions.

Yet, both water and condensed steam of geothermal power plants also contain different chemical

elements, among which arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, boron and sulphur, whose toxicity is obviously

depend on their concentration. However, the most part of such elements remains in solution in the water

that reinjected into the same rock reservoir from which it has been extracted as hot water or steam. The

binary geothermal plant, along with the flash/binary plant, produce nearly zero air emissions. In the direct

use of heat from hot geothermal water, the impact on the environmental is negligible and can be easily

mitigated by adopting closed-cycle systems, with extraction and final reinjection of the fluid into the same

geothermal reservoir. The economic aspect of using of hot waters still represents a limitation to their

wider dissemination in the energy sector. In fact, the economic benefit derives from their prolonged use

over the years at low operating costs vs. initial investments which may be considerable. Geothermal heat

pumps use compressors to pump heat out of the earth (for winter heating) or into the earth (when running

as air conditioners in summer). The energy they pump into and out of the earth is renewable, since it is



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replaced by the cycle of the seasons. The energy that runs the compressor can either be renewable or

conventional.

Conclusion

Renewable energy technologies and applications

Renewable energy technology Energy Service/application Area of application Wind turbines

Residential and industrial electricity Mostly urban grid-connected supplementing mains supply Wind

Turbines Power for lighting (homes, schools, streets) Urban and rural stand-alone refrigeration (vaccine)

and other low-to medium electric power needs (telecommunications, etc.) Occasionally mechanical power

for agriculture. Wind pumps Pumping water (for agriculture and drinking) Mostly rural PV (solar electric)

Residential and industrial electricity Mostly urban grid-connected supplementing mains supply PV (solar

electric) Power for lighting (homes, schools, streets) Urban and rural stand-alone refrigeration (vaccine)

and other low- to medium voltage electric needs (telecommunications, etc.) Solar PV pumps Pumping

water (for agriculture and drinking) Mostly rural Solar thermal power Residential and industrial

electricity Mostly urban plant – grid-connected supplementing mains supply Solar thermal Heating water

Urban and rural water heaters Solar thermal – cookers Cooking (for homes, commercial stoves, and

ovens) Mostly rural Solar thermal – dryers Drying crops Mostly rural Solar thermal – cooling Air-

conditioning (centralized system for buildings, etc.) Mostly urban Cooling for industrial processes Solid

biomass Cooking and lighting (direct combustion) Mostly rural motive power for small industry and

electric needs (with electric motor) Liquid biofuel Transport fuel and mechanical power, particularly

Urban and rural for agriculture; heating and electricity generation; some rural cooking fuel Large hydro

Residential and industrial electricity Mostly urban grid- connected supplementing mains supply Small

hydro Lighting and other low-to-medium voltage Mostly rural electric needs (telecommunications, hand

tools, etc.), process motive power for small industry (with electric motor) Geothermal Grid electricity and

large-scale heating. Urban and rural Village-scale Mini-grids usually hybrid systems, solar Mostly rural,

and/or wind energy with diesel engines. some peri-urban Small-scale residential and commercial.

References

1. Eddenhofer O., Pichs-Madruga R. and Sokona Y. (2011) “Renewable energy sources and climate

change mitigation”, ipcc.

2. Jenssen T. (2013), Glances at renewable and sustainable energy principles, approaches and

methodologies for an ambiguous benchmark, VII, 105p.



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3. Handbook on renewable energy sources.

4. Renewable energy technologies, module 7.

5. Renewable energy and other alternative energy sources, chapter 12.

43

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AS FUTURE ENERGY

DR. PRAVEEN SRIVASTAVA, DR.SHAILY SRIVASTAVA

(DEPTT. OF CHEMISTRY M.L.K.P.G. COLLEGE, BALRAMPUR)


DR.ANIL KUMAR SONI

(ASSISTANT PROF. DEPTT. OF CHEMISTRY SHIA P.G. COLLEGE ,LUCKNOW-

226020)


ABSTRACT

Due to continuous increase in the population and the energy demands, the pressure on energy resource are

increases continuously. To full fill the demands of energy, sustainable energy resources are the majors

options. The sustainable energy is a form of energy that meet our today’s demand of energy without

putting them in a danger of getting expired or depleted and can be used over and over again. Sustainable

energy should be widely encouraged as it do not cause any harm to the invoirnment and is available

widely free of cost or very very low cost.All renewable energy sources like solar ,wind, geothermal,

hydropower and ocean energy are sustainable as they are stable and available in plenty. Solar energy is a

powerful source of energy coming from the Sun. For billions of years, the sun has produced energy. It is

estimated that the sunlight that shine on the earth for one hour capable of meeting the energy demands of

the whole word for an entire year. Solar energy can be converted into other forms of energy ,most

commonly heat and electricity .Today people use solar energy as an integral part of their lives and for all

sorts of thing ranging from heating water in homes to space heating in buildings ,from drying farm

products to generating electrical energy ,and even heating their swimming pools.




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44

HYDRO POWER

ANAMIKA SRIVASTAVA ,INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY.

Hydro energy is the energy generated by fast running water /falling water.It is the most used form of

renewable energy. The maintainence cost of such sources is very small ,since the equipment is

automated and does not require a large staff during power generation. The hydroelectric power plant have

heigh economic life time and its production cost are eliminated. The hydroelectric power plant do not

burn fossil fuels,they do not directely emit greenhouse gases. Although carbondioxide is produced in the

manufacture of equipment. These emissions are not comparable to those obtained from the energy of non-

renewable fuels. Besides all these advantages ,these power palnt have some disadvantages also,

construction of hydropower plant can lead to imbalance in ecosystem and landscape changes and

overtime can be reduced riverflow. Water accumulation can lead to thermal and chemical changes, in the

depth of reservoir ,deposits of sediment,etc. Which may encourage the developmental accumulation of

aquatic flora (plankton ,algae.) which under certain condition can causes atrophy accumulation ,reducing

the amount of oxygen and depth of wild life. Also a great accumulation causes local climate changes

primarily due to water evaporation (FOG).Another disadvantages of these project are their possibility of

rupturing. Terrorism threat to the safety area is another drawback of water power. The sediment are

retained behind the dam, so that the bank downstream of dam judgement are subjected to erosion .finanlly

hydropower and oher energy resources should be valued properly for our own future use.



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Documents

14 - ISCA 978-93...CONVENER REPORT: DR.D.K.AWASTHI On behalf of Organizing committee, I extend a warm welcome to distinguished guests, speakers, participants, research persons attending