137a-U7Policy-Ideology.pptx

8/10/2019 137a-U7Policy-Ideology.pptx

1/17

UNIT 7: PARTY GOALS-POLICY/IDEOLOGY

Readings: Ware CH 1 and Mueller and Strom pgs. 89-111


2/17

Guiding Questions

How do we classify political parties?

What are party families (familles spirituelles)?

How do party families compare on social and

economic issues?

Can we use the concept of party families

outside the European context?


3/17

Classifying Parties: Familles

Spirituelles

A partys ideology bases strongly shapes their policypositions. Regardless of whether or not parties view policy goals

strategically or sincerely.

Party type is often linked to a partys stated ideology.

von Beyme 1985 Examines ideological roots of parties rather than position along

the ideological spectrum.

Identifies party groups in order of their ideological emergence.

Identifies nine party families (familles spirituelles)in theEuropean context.

Laver and Hunt 1992 Measures ideology on two scales: stance on public ownership

(left-right) and stance on social issues.

Allows for comparison within and across party families.


4/17

Liberal/Radical Parties

Developed in the late 19thcentury.

Formed by bourgeoisie to protect interests against landowners who controlledthe state.

Wanted to remove state restrictions on means of production and promote aseparation of state and society.

Often favored extension of the franchise (especially Radical parties).

Center-left on social issues (7.9), right on economics (15.3).

Electoral appeal: middle classes, business owners
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modemnewlogo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_MR.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:VLD_Logo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FDP_logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Libdemslogo.png


5/17

Conservative Parties

Opposed extension of the franchise in response to Liberal/Radical parties.

Historically opposed to social change.

Focus on national honor; paternalistic view of society.

Right on economics (15.8), right on social policies (12.2).

New Right issues have changed some of these appeals particularly in terms of themarket.

Many modern conservative parties take a very free market approach to theeconomy.

Electoral appeal: middle and upper classes.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ump_logo.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Conservative_logo_2006.svg


6/17

Socialist/Social Democratic Parties

Formed as working classes organized.

Sought the extension of the franchise and public ownership of the means ofproduction.

Modern variants accept the free market. Seek a social safety net to protect those affected by globalization

Movement split after WW1 as communist parties formed.

Affirmed support for liberal democratic institutions following WWII.

Ideological placement: Economic 8.2, Social 6.3

Electoral appeals: Working and lower middle classes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spalogo.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_PS_belgium.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spd-logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Labour_Party.png


7/17

Christian Democratic Parties

Formed by Catholic groups in response to secularism.

Organized to compete against socialist parties. Gained momentum after WWII.

Right of center on social issues (15.5), more centrist on economics (13.9) Favors a more active role for government in the economy than conservative parties.

Shift towards the right in recent years on economic issues.

Electoral appeal: Catholic workers, middle classes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CSU-Logo2.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_CDA.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_4c.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo-cdenv.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo-cdh.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDU_logo.svg


8/17

Communist Parties

Took direction from Moscow until the collapse of the USSR.

Collapse of the USSR has resulted in a change in name and ideology of many of theseparties.

Favored public ownership (3.1) and permissive social policy (4.8).

But also accepted democratic institutions both during and after the Cold War.

Many have transformed into credible social democratic parties

Example: PDS in Germany, PCI in Italy

Other movements associated with the far left are shifting towards anti-capitalist appeals

Example: NPA in France Electoral appeal: youth, unemployed, working classes.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fr/thumb/0/09/Logo_npa.png/358px-Logo_npa.png&imgrefurl=http://altereuropa.blog.lemonde.fr/2009/03/08/le-npa-leurope-et-les-elections-europeennes-de-juin-2009/&usg=__UkxBm0L-0M-aw42YI31xxKz6ezg=&h=600&w=358&sz=59&hl=en&start=5&sig2=P2Fmt13k3X2siA-OXIVRZQ&tbnid=wB51BFHyRP6hFM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=81&prev=/images?q=npa+logo&gbv=2&hl=en&ei=uxDuSem7O8fF-QaM6um7Dwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_Rifondazione_2006.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:French_Communist_Logo.gif


9/17

Agrarian Parties

Small farming and peasant based parties formed in response toindustrialization.

Mainly formed in Scandinavia and Eastern European countries.

Generally right of center on both economic and social issues, but usuallyabsorbed by other parties of the right.

Changes in political orientation make it difficult to classify them as a group.

Electoral appeals: agricultural interests, middle classes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Centre_Party_(Finland).GIFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Senterpartiet.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Centerpartiet.svg


10/17

Regional/Ethnic Parties

Represent regional or ethnic minority groups within societies.

A presence since the 1960s where movements are not absorbed bylarger parties.

Many merge nationalism (generally associated with the right), withcenter left stances on economic and social policy.

Difficult to classify on the left-right spectrum.

Electoral appeals: nationalists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basque_Nationalist_Party.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_cat_CiU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Plaid_Cymru_2006logo.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Scottish_National_Party_Ribbon.png


11/17

Extreme Right Parties

Generally associated with anti-immigrant, extreme nationalist, anti-government and anti-taxphilosophies. (Economic 18.5, Social 19)

Right of center placement on both social and economic policies.

Many have roots in fascism (authoritarian state to protect national ideals).

Although modern far right parties are generally not anti system parties (change from the interwar era);

Anti-Islamic appeals have boosted their vote totals in recent elections. Stance typically means they are not invited to join coalitions.

Example: PVV in the Netherlands

Electoral appeals: working classes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BZ%C3%96_Logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Republicans_(Germany)_logo.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Front_logo_of_France.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Front_National_de_Belgique.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Vlaams_belang_logo.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FP_LOGO_rgb.png


12/17

Ecological/Green Parties

Newest party family.

Associated with post-materialist concerns (e.g. environment and quality of lifeissues).

Favor government intervention and international cooperation on ecologicalissues placing it on the left in terms of economic policy.

Center left on economic issues (8.0) and the most permissive on social issues(4.2).

Electoral appeals: youth, gay/lesbian voters, middle and upper middle classes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_Ecolo.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_green.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Irishgreenlogo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_des_verts_fran%C3%A7ais.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Greens-Logo_ne4.jpg


13/17

Party Family Positions Compared

Communists 3.1

Greens 8.0 Socialists 8.2

Christian Dem 13.9

Liberals 15.3

Conservatives 15.8

Extreme Right 18.5

Greens 4.2

Communists 4.8 Socialists 6.3

Liberals 7.9

Conservatives 12.2

Christian Dem 15.5

Extreme Right 19.0

ECONOMIC POLICY SOCIAL POLICY


14/17

Applicability outside of Europe:

The Strange Case of the United States?

Aspects of both parties make classification difficult. Broad tent rather than explicitly ideological parties.

Generally classified as liberal parties although they emphasize different

strands of liberalism. The terms conservative and liberal have taken on a different meaning in the US

context.

US Democrats slightly outside the mainstream of European center leftparties on economic issues.

US Republicans outside the mainstream of European liberal parties on

social issues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Democratslogo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Republicanlogo.svg


15/17

Conclusions:

Other Developed Democracies

Ware 1996

von Beyme works insome cases and notapplicable in others.

MIXED RESULTS:Ireland, Canada,Israel, Japan

STRONG

PATTERNS:Australia, NewZealand
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://joemchugh.finegael.ie/representatives/images/finegael_logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://joemchugh.finegael.ie/&usg=__62MmUcnTpaPBVu5ut1kX1yRQFfc=&h=77&w=154&sz=4&hl=en&start=6&sig2=wGI-Pnh0QkM7ChGd8EKUgA&um=1&tbnid=_ENtzY-kBU8aZM:&tbnh=48&tbnw=96&prev=/images?q=Fine+Gael&hl=en&sa=N&um=1&ei=EJrnSdesOI_7nQfpk72LBwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fianna_F%C3%A1il_logo.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadima.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Likud_Logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Labor_(Israel)_logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberalpartyofaus.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo-alp.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_national_party_logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Party_logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Logo_du_Bloc_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CA-NDP-2004-Logo.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Conservative_Party_of_Canada.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lib-can.png


16/17

Case Study: Spain

Examine:

The Socialists (PSOE) transformation from a

policy-seeking to an office-seeking party

What variables are used to explain the shift? How did the PSOEs internal politics facilitate this

process?

What tradeoffs were made to move away from a more

policy-seeking model towards an office-seekingmodel?


17/17

Next Unit

Theme: Coalition Formation

Readings

Reserves: Lijphart and Laver and Schofield

Dalton and Wattenberg CH 9

Case Studies:

Mueller and Strom pgs 36-62 OR 63-88

Game: Coalections Game: Coalections with Portfolios

Documents

137a-U7Policy-Ideology.pptx