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x uNFPA 10 2002 Edition

IFC 2008

Lafayette Fire Department

Inspector Dave Thomas

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1. Fire Extinguisher Classification 3. Extinguisher Size & Placement

& UL Ratings

Class A

Class B

Hazard / Hazard Area Rating & Coverage Area

Class C

Class D

2. Hazard Classification

. a n enance nspec on

Monthly Inspection

Annual Maintenance

Light

Moderate

Hi h

6 Year Maintenance

Hydrostatic Test

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Tetrahedron

How Fires StartFire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation

or burnin of a fuel. It needs four elements to occur:

FUEL - Fuel can be any combustible material - solid, liquid or gas. Most solids andliquids become a vapor or gas before they will burn.

OXYGEN - The air we breathe is about 21% oxygen. Fire only needs an.

HEAT - Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temperature of the fuel to apoint where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to occur.

CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION -A chain reaction can occur when the threeelements of fire are present in the proper conditions and proportions. Fire occurs

.

the fire cannot occur or will be extinguished if it was already burning.

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Extinguisher Ratings

The UL rating is broken down into Class A and Class B:C ratings.These numerical ratings allow you to compare the relative extinguishingeffectiveness of various fire extin uishers. For exam le an

extinguisher that is rated 4A:20B:C indicates the following: The A rating is a water equivalency rating. Each A is equivalent to 1.25gallons of water. 4A=5 gal. of water.

The B:C rating is equivalent to the amount of square footage thatrelated to the degree of training and experience of the operator, the

extinguisher can cover. 20 B:C=20 sq. ft. of coverage. n ca es s su a e or use on e ec r ca y energ ze equ pmen .

When analyzing these ratings, note that there is not a numerical ratingfor Class C or Class D fires. Class C fires are essentially either a Class

extinguishing media must be non-conductive. The fire extinguisher for aClass C fire should be based on the amount of the Class A or Class Bcomponent. For extinguisher use on a Class D fire, the relativee ec veness s e a e on e ex ngu s er namep a e or e spec ccombustible metal fire for which it is recommended.

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UL Classification The A rating is a water equivalency

rating. Each A is equivalent to 1.25

ga ons o wa er. = ga . o wa er.

The B:C rating is equivalent to the

amount of square footage that related

to the degree of training and

experience of the operator, theex ngu s er can cover.

20 B:C=20 sq. ft. of coverage.

C indicates it is suitable for use onelectrically energized equipment.

The UL rating is found on the

extinguisher label or nameplate band.

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Types of ExtinguishersExtinguisher Type Agent Class Sample Applications

Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical Monoammonium Phosphate ABC Offices, Hotels, Schools and Warehouses

Regular Dry Chemical Sodium Bicarbonate Vehicles, Training and Laboratories

Purple K Dry Chemical Potassium Bicarbonate BC Oil Industry, Airport Ramps, Military and Fuel Services

CO2 Carbon Dioxide BC Factories and Food Processing Plants

Halotron Halotron I ABC & BC Military, Computer Rooms, Aircraft and Museums

Water H2O A Storerooms, Barns and Attics

Foam AFFF / FFFP AB Fueling Areas, Manufacturing and Construction Sites

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ABC Dry ChemicalStored-

ABC-rated multipurpose dry

Pressure

Extinguisher

most common. They are almostalwa s RED in color and have

either a long narrow hose or no

hose (just a short nozzle). Paleyellow in color.

Monoammonium Phosphate powder with dry nitrogen

.Nitrogen may leak out leaving the unit full of powder,

but with no propellant.

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BC Dry Chemical Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or

"ordinary" used on class B and C,

chemical agents developed. Itinterrupts the fire's chemical

,in commercial kitchens before

the advent of wet chemical,favor, as it is much less effectivethan wet chemical agents for

,Purple-K for class B fires, and isineffective on class A fires. White

.

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Dry Chemical

Cartridge UnitsCartridge extinguishers

differ from stored pressureunits by utilizing a gascartrid e to ressurize theextinguisher. The unit canbe exposed to an impact oruncture without dischar in

the contents.

Discharge hose and nozzle must becom letel free of a ent after use.

Classes: ABC

o um car

D

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Class K ExtinguisherClass K fire extinguishers are wet chemicalextinguishers that contain a potassium acetate based,low PH a ent that was ori inall develo ed for use inpre-engineered cooking equipment fire extinguishingsystems. The Class K extinguishers are tested oncommercial deep fat fryers using the same type of fire

-extinguishing systems. The agent discharges as a finemist which helps prevent grease splash and fire reflashwhile cooling the appliance.

IFC 904.11.5.2

When hazard areas include dee fat fr ers listed Class

K portable fire extinguishers shall be provided asfollows: 1. For up to four fryers having a maximumcooking medium capacity of 80 pounds (36.3 kg) each:

1.5 gallon ( 6 L) capacity.

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Water Mist

Water Mist uses a fine misting

deionized water to the point of notconducting electricity back to the

operator. Class A and C rated. It is

used widely in hospitals for the

reason that unlike other clean-

agent suppressants, it is harmless

and non-contaminant. These

. .gallon units, painted white.

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Halon & Replacement

Agents Halon (including Halon 1211 and Halon

,chemical reaction of the fire. Classes B:C forlower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg ; under9 lbs) and A:B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 k ; 9-17 lbs . Banned from newproduction, except for military use, as ofJanuary 1, 1994 as its properties contribute toozone depletion and long atmospheric

lifetime, usually 400 years. Halon was

stockpiles being sent to the United States forreuse. Although production has been banned,the reuse is still permitted. Halon 1301 and1211 are bein re laced with new halocarbon

agents which have no ozone depletionproperties and low atmospheric lifetimes, butare less effective. Currently Halotron I,Halotron II, FE-36 Cleanguard and FM-200

significantly reduced ozone depletion

potential.

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Class D Extinguisher There are several Class D fire extinguisher

agents available, some will handle multipletypes of metals, others will not.

Sodium Chloride (Super-D, Met-L-X orMETAL.FIRE.XTNGSHR) -contains sodiumchloride salt and thermoplastic additive.

-crust over the metal, and the salt dissipatesheat. Useful on most alkali metals including

sodium and potassium, and other metalsincluding magnesium, titanium, aluminum,and zirconium.

Most Class D extinguishers will have aspecial low velocity nozzle or discharge

wand to gently apply the agent in largevolumes to avoid disrupting any finelydivided burning materials. Agents are alsoavailable in bulk and can be applied with a

.

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Foam ExtinguishersSynthetic foams

Synthetic foams are based on synthetic surfactants. Synthetic foams

provide better flow, faster knockdown of flames, but limited post-fire

security.

Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) are water-based and frequentlycontain hydrocarbon-based surfactant such as sodium alkyl sulfate, and

fluorsurfactantsuch as fluorotelomers, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), or

per uorooc anesu on c ac . ey ave e a y o sprea over

the surface of hydrocarbon-based liquids.Alcohol-resistant aqueous

film forming foams (AR-AFFF) are foams resistant to the action of

alcohols, able to form a protective film when they are present.

Protein foams

Protein foams (FFFP) contain natural proteins as the foaming agents.

-, .

and spread slower, but provide a foam blanket that is more heat resistantand more durable.

Protein foams include regular protein foam (P), fluoroprotein foam

(FP), alcohol resistant fluoroprotein foam (AR-FP), film forming

fluoroprotein (FFFP), and alcohol-resistant film forming fluoroprotein

(AR-FFFP).

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Size & PlacementThere are four topics to review when installing portable fire extinguishers.

.

Determine the size of the fire extinguisher.

Establish the quantity by the coverage that is allowed by the adopted

NFPA 10 standard.

Distribute the portable fire extinguishers per the allowable travel

distance to each fire extinguisher.

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Size & Placement

Indiana Fire Code

906.9 Height above floor

Portable fire extinguishers having a gross

Indiana Fire Code

906.5 Conspicuous location

Portable fire extinguishers shall be located

shall be installed so that its top is not more

than 5 feet (1524 mm) above the floor.

Hand-held portable fire extinguishers having

a gross weight exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg)

readily accessible and immediately available

for use. These locations shall be alongnormal paths of travel, unless the fire code

official determines that the hazard posed

shall be installed so that its top is not more

than 3.5 feet (1067 mm) above the floor.

The clearance between the floor and the

bottom of installed hand-held extinguishers

indicates the need for placement away from

normal paths of travel.

906.7 Hangers and bracketss a no e ess an nc es mm . Hand-held portable fire extinguishers, not

housed in cabinets, shall be installed on the

hangers or brackets supplied. Hangers or

brackets shall be securely anchored to the

manufacturer's installation instructions.

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Classification of Hazards NFPA 10: 1.4 Light (Low) Hazard. Light hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of Class A

combustible materials including furnishings decorations and contents is of minor quantity. Thiscan include some buildings or rooms occupied as offices classrooms churches assembly halls

.of content items are either noncombustible or so arranged that a fire is not likely to spread

rapidly Small amount of Class B flammables used for duplicating machines art departments andso forth are included provided that they are kept in closed containers and safely stored.

r nary o era e azar . r nary azar occupanc es are oca ons w ere e o aamount of Class A combustibles and Class B flammables are present in greater amounts thanexpected under light low hazard occupancies. These occupancies could consist of dining areas

mercantile shops and allied storage light manufacturing research operations auto showroomsparking garages workshop or support service areas of light low hazard occupancies andware ouses con a n ng ass or ass commo es as e ne y an ar or einstallation of Sprinkler Systems.

Extra (High) Hazard. Extra hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of Class

combination thereof is over and above those expected in occupancies classed as ordinary(moderate) hazard. These occupancies could consist of; woodworking; vehicle repair; aircraftand boat servicing; cooking areas; individual product display showrooms; product conventioncenter displays; and storage and manufacturing processes such as painting, dipping and

-, .storage of other than Class I and Class II commodities.

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Class A Locations

Criteria

Light (Low) Hazard

Occupancy

Ordinary (Moderate)

Hazard Occupancy

Extra (High) Hazard

Occupancy

u : , . . x u z z

Minimum Rated single extinguisher 2-A 2-A 4-A

Maximum floor area per unit of A 3,000 ft2 1,500 ft2 1,000 ft2

, , ,

Maximum travel distance to 75 ft. 75 ft. 75 ft.

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Size & PlacementClass B LocationsSource: NFPA 10, 2002 edition Table 5.3.1 Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class B Hazards

Type of

Hazard

Basic Minimum Extinguisher

Rating

Maximum Travel Distance to Extinguisher

Light

Low

5-B 30 ft.

10-B 50 ft.

Ordinary(Moderate)

10-B 30 ft.

20-B 50 ft.

Extra

(High)

40-B 30 ft.

80-B 50 ft.

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Size & PlacementClass C Locations

Class C extinguishers are required where energized electrical equipment.

Normally Class C fires are in direct location of Class A and/or B fires, theextinguisher shall be sized per the Class A or B hazard.

Class D Locations

Fire extinguishers for Class D locations shall not be located more than 75. .the specific combustible metal, particle size, area to be covered, andmanufacturer recommendations.

Class K Locations

Class K hazards shall have a fire extinguisher located where there is a

animal oils and fats). The extinguisher shall be located no more than 30

ft. from the hazard.

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Travel Distance for A Rating

Example:

NFPA 10 edition 2002 Appendix

E.3.6: This placement along outside walls would not be acceptable

because the travel distance is clearly violated.

In Fi ure E.3.6 relocation or additional fire extin uishers or both are

needed. The shaded areas indicate voids that are farther than 75 ft

(227 m) to the nearest extinguisher. The dots represent extinguishers

FIGURE E.3.6

A Diagrammatic Representation of

Extinguishers Located along the

FIGURE E.3.8

Configuration Representing 12 Fire

Extinguishers mounted on buildingu s e a s o a x

(137 m x 46 m) Building.columns or interior walls in which

requirements for both travel distance and

fire extinguisher distribution are met.

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Maintenance & InspectionThere are four inspection/test intervals

required.

Monthly Inspection NFPA 10: 6.2.1

. .

6 year Internal Inspection NFPA 10: 6.3.3

Hydrostatic Test NFPA 10: 7.1

The procedure for inspection and maintenance of fire extinguishers varies considerably.

Minimal knowledge is necessary to perform a monthly quick check or inspection in order to follow the

inspection procedure as outlined in Section 6.2.

A trained person shall service the fire extinguishers once every year, as outlined in section 6.3.

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Monthly Visual Quick Check

NFPA 10 2002 edition

6.2.1 Inspect ion Frequency

Fire extinguishers shall be inspected when

6.2.2 Inspection Procedures

Periodic inspection of fire extinguishers shall

include a check of at least the following items:

initially placed in service and thereafter at

approximately 30- day intervals. Fire

extinguishers shall be inspected, manually or by

electronic monitoring, at more frequent intervals

when circumstances re uire.

(2) No obstruction to access or visibility

(3) Operating instructions on nameplate legibleand facing outward

(4)*Safety seals and tamper indicators not

6.2.4.3 Inspection Recordkeeping

Records shall be kept on a tag or label attached

to the fire extinguisher, on an inspection

checklist maintained on file or by an electronic

broken or missing

(5) Fullness determined by weighing or hefting

(6) Examination for obvious physical damage,

corrosion, leakage, or clogged nozzle

method that provides a permanent record.

operable range or position

(8) Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose,

and nozzle checked (for wheeled units)

(9) HMIS label in place.

No Tag

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Electronic Fire Extinguisher

NFPA 10 2002 requirements allow electronic

monthly inspections.

re x ngu s er on or ng ys ems are

designed to monitor three critical aspects of Fire

Extinguisher Integrity.

Pressure An Electronic Signal notes a

pressure drop on Extinguishers.

Removal A monitored tether notifies of

extinguisher removal.

Obstruction A specially designed sensor

notifies of blockages.

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Annual MaintenanceNFPA 10 edition 2002

6.1.4 Inspection, maintenance and

Recharging

A trained person shall service the fire

extinguishers once every year, as

Maintenance, servicing, and recharging

shall be performed by trained personshaving available the appropriate servicing

manual(s), the proper types of tools,

. .

This maintenance is completed by a

recharge materials, lubricants, and

manufacturers recommended replacement

parts or parts specifically listed for use in

the fire extinguisher.

y

company.

There are few exceptions to this.

6.3.1 Frequency

Fire extinguishers shall be subjected to

1 year, at the time of hydrostatic test, orwhen specifically indicated by an

inspection or electronic notification.

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6 year Maintenance

SIX YEAR MAINTENANCE

NFPA 10: 2002 6.3.3

Every six years, stored-pressure

extinguishers requiring a 12 year

h dro test shall be em tied and

subject to thorough examination

of: mechanical parts,

means. When applicable

maintenance procedures are done

during periodic recharging orhydro testing, the six-year

re uirement will be in from that

date.

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Hydrostatic TestingTable 7.2 Hydrostatic Test Interval for Extinguishers

7.2 Frequency

At intervals not exceeding those

Extinguisher Type Test Interval (years)

Stored-pressure water, water mist,

loaded stream, and/or anti-freeze

5

Wetting agent 5.

extinguishers shall be hydrostaticallyretested. The hydrostatic retest shall

AFFF (Aqueous film-forming

foam)

5

FFFP (Film-forming fluoroprotein

foam)

5

year of the specified test interval In

no case shall an extinguisher be

recharged if it is beyond its specified

Dry chemical with stainless steel

shells

5

Carbon Dioxide 5

retest date.

6.3.1 Nonrechargeable fire

Dry chemical, stored-pressure,

with mild steel shells, brazed brass

shells, or aluminum shells

12

extinguishers shall not behydrostatically tested but shall beremoved from service at a maximuminterval of 12 years from the date of

, -

cylinder operated, with mild steelshells

Halogenated agents 12

manu acture. onrec argea e a onagent fire extinguishers shall be

disposed of in accordance with 6.2.3.

cartridge or cylinder operated,

with mild steel shells

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7.6 Recording of Hydrostatic Test 7.6.2 Pressure Cylinders and Cartridges Cylinders or cartridges that

pass the hydrostatic test shall be stamped with the retesteridentification number and month and year of the retest per TC/DOT

.

7.6.2.1 Stamping shall be placed only on the shoulder, top head,, .

4.6.7 Low Pressure Cylinders

pressure hydrostatic test shall have the information recorded on asuitable metallic label with a minimum size of 2 in x 3 1/2 in (5cmx89cm). The label shall be affixed by a heatless process. These

labels shall be of the type that self-destructs when removal from afire extinguisher cylinder shell is attempted.

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.

The format for a retestmarking is:

Month Facility Year

Month

Facility CO2 Extinguishers

Year

Capacity

Nitrogen cylinders

CO2 cartridges

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Verification of

erv ceNFPA 10: 2002

. . . er ca on o erv ce a n enanceor Recharging)

Each extinguisher that has undergonema n enance a nc u es n ernaexamination or that has been recharged(see 6.4.5) shall have a Verification of

Service collar located around the neck of.single circular piece of uninterruptedmaterial forming a hole of a size that willnot permit the collar assembly to moveover the neck of the container unless theva ve s comp ete y remove . e co arshall not interfere with the operation of thefire extinguisher. The Verification ofService collar shall include the month and

by a perforation such as is done by a handpunch.

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Correct size (Rating) for the hazard?

orrect trave stance an ocat on

Correct installation? Visible and Accessible?

,

performed?