12892302 Total Quality Management Session 2

7/27/2019 12892302 Total Quality Management Session 2

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Session 2


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Standardise an operation Measure the standardise operation

Gauge measurements against requirements

Innovate to meet requirements and increaseproductivity

Standardise the new, improved operations

Continue ad infinitium


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Control Charts Histogram

Pareto Chart

Check Sheet Cause & Effect Diagram

Flowchart

Scatter Diagram


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An effective method of monitoring processesthrough control charts

Monitors processes and variations

Helps reduce waste Identification of bottleneck, wait times

Reduction in time required to produce


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Variable Control Charts

Attribute Control Charts


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R Chart S Chart

p-chart

np-chart c-chart

u-chart

CUSUM Chart (Cumulative Sum Chart)

Time Series Model Regression Control

X

X


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It is the method for determining the size andfrequency so that each sample represents apoint in time or space

It is a way to collect data that best representsa process state that is unknown


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chart tracks the subgroup average from theprocess

R chart tracks the range within eachsubgroup

Both the charts give the process level andprocess variation at same time as well aspresence of special causes

X

x


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Similar to X-bar and R chart but used whensubgroup size is 11 or more

It uses standard deviation instead of range

Used to monitor the effects of processimprovement theories


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Is a control chart for attribute of data

Measures the proportion detective items in asubgroup


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Similar to P-chart, with two differences All subgroup size must be same

Is used to track attribute data in terms of numbersrather than proportion


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Is used to track attribute data in terms ofcounts per subgroup

All subgroups must be the same size


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Graphically summarises and displays thedistribution of a process or data set


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It is used to graphically summarise and displaythe relative importance of the differencesbetween groups of data

It has two vertical axis

Left-side vertical axis is labelled frequency Right-side of the vertical axis is the cumulative

frequency It is used to represent the most common

occurring defect, most common source ofdefects, most frequent reasons for customercomplaints, etc.


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It is used to collect data in real-time and at thelocation where data is generated

Types of check sheets Classification A trait such as a defect or a failure mode

must be classified into a category Location The physical location of a trait is indicated on

a picture of a part or item being evaluated Frequency The presence or absence of trait is indicated

along with number of occurrences Measurement scale Measurements are indicated by

checking on an appropriate interval on a pre-dividedmeasurement scale

Check-list Items are listed so that as each isaccomplished, it is indicated by a check/tick-mark


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Graphical representation of a process,depicting inputs, outputs and units of activity

Represents the entire process at a high ordetailed level of observation, allowinganalysis and optimization of workflow


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Reveals the relationship of associationbetween two variables

Answers the following questions Are two variables related?

If yes, linearly or non-linearly


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Capability Maturity Model Capability Maturity Model Integration

IDEAL


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Types of defects in software Logical error

Incorrectly assigned variable

Typing errors


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It is industry specific quality model forsoftware development

Focuses on Zero-Defect softwaredevelopment

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)provides a structured way to develop anapplication and helps in early decision

making SDLC helps reduce the total cost of software

development


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Create and evaluate concept Analysis to define requirements Define architecture Design tests Specify computer program Write and revise computer program, its

documentation and instruction Put the program together, with inspection and

testing For published software, release a beta test

version Final release and customer support


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Initial Each person learns and does the job any way he/she can.

The organisation relies on heroes

Repeatable Departments have their acts together, establish,

procedures, and are following them & keeping them up to

date. But methods are different in different places for nogood reason

Defined The whole organisation has standard methods for standard

activities, and departments have unique procedures wherethey are needed. This is centrally coordinated

Managed The organisation eliminates defects by quality management

and constantly works in order to make things better

Optimising Organisation uses, sustains and continuously improves best

practices


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It is the integration of various CMMs CMMI is a framework for business process

improvement

It is a suite of products used for processimprovements

It has Models

Appraisal methods Training Courses


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Continuous User focuses on the specific processes that are

considered important for organisations immediatebusiness objectives

Staged Provides a standard sequence of improvements and

can serve as a basis for comparing the maturitylevel of different projects and organisation

It provides easy migration from the SW-CMM toCMMI


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CMMI best practices documented are calledCMMI models

CMMI models cover the following areas Development

Acquisition

CMMI for Development (CMMI-DEV)

CMMI for Acquisition (CMMI-ACQ)

CMMI for Services (CMMI-SVC)


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Is a usable, understandable approach tocontinuous improvement by outlining the stepsnecessary to establish a successful improvementprogram

Consists of 5 stages

I Initiating Laying the ground work for a successful improvement effort

D Diagnostic Determining where you are relative to where you want to be

E Establishing Planning the specifics of how will you reach your destination

A Acting Doing the work according to the plan

L - Learning Learning from the experience and improving the ability to

adopt new technologies in future


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ISO 9000 is a family of standards for qualitymanagement systems

ISO 9000:2000 QMS Fundamentals and Vocabulary

ISO 9001:2000 QMS Requirements

ISO 9004:2000 QMS-Guidelines for performance improvements


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Requirements Scope

Normative Reference

Terms and definition

Quality management system

Management responsibility

Resource management

Product realisation Measurement, analysis and improvement


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Quality policy is a formal statement frommanagement, closely linked to business andto customers needs

Quality policy is understood at all levels and

by all employees Documentation and audits are conducted

periodically Records should show how and where raw

materials and products are processed to allowproducts and problems to be traced to thesource


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Map all processes, monitor & control them Monitoring, measurement and analysis tools

must be properly maintained and calibrated

Determine customer requirements and createsystems for communicating with customer

Perform periodic internal audits and meetings


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Its a business management strategydeveloped by Motorola

It seeks to identify and remove the causes ofdefects in manufacturing or business process


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One Sigma = 690,000 DPMO = 31% efficiency Two Sigma = 308,000 DPMO = 69.2% efficiency

Three Sigma = 66,800 DPMO = 93.32% efficiency

Four Sigma = 6,210 DPMO = 99.379% efficiency

Five Sigma = 230 DPMO = 99.977% efficiency

Six Sigma = 3.4 DPMO = 99.9997% efficiency


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D -Define high level project goals and thecurrent process

M-Measure key aspects of the current processand collect relevant data

A-Analyse the data to verify cause and effectrelationships. Determine what the relationshipsare and attempt to ensure that all the factorshave been considered

I-Improve or optimise the process based on data

analysis using techniques like design ofexperiments

C-Control to ensure that any deviations fromtarget are corrected before they result in defects


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D-Define design goals that are consistent withcustomer demands and the enterprise strategy

M-Measure and identify characteristics that arecritical to quality (CTQ), product capabilities,

production process capability and risks A-Analyse to develop and design alternatives,

create high level design and evaluate designcapability to select the best design

D-Design details, optimise the design and plan

for design verification V-Verify the design, setup pilot runs,

implement the production process andhand it over to process owners


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12892302 Total Quality Management Session 2