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Welcome To

my Seminar

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Topic Entitled

Fiber OpticsPresented By:Banojini Nayak

Regd. No : 0701205015

ETC, B.I.E.T., Bhadrak.

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Submitted To

The Department

of ETCUnder the able Guidance of

Respected Er.S.K. Gaan

& Prof. S.K. Mohanty

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CONTENTS Introduction. History.

Applications.

Principle of Operations. Manufacturing.

Advantages.

Disadvantages Economic Evaluation.

Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

Fiber optics is the overlap of applied scienceand engineering concerned with the design andapplication of optical fibers.

Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-opticcommunication, which permits transmissionover longer distances and at higher data ratesthan other forms of communications.

Fibers are used instead of metal wires becausesignals travel along them with less loss, and theyare immune to electromagnetic interference.

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HISTORY

The first fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscopewas patented by Basil Hirschowitz, C. WilburPeters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, researchers at

the University of Michigan, in 1956. In the process of developing the gastroscope,

Curtiss produced the first glass-clad fibers;previous optical fibers had relied on air orimpractical oils and waxes as the low-indexcladding material.

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APPLICATIONS

Optical fiber can be used as a medium fortelecommunication and networking because it isflexible and can be bundled as cables. It isespecially advantageous for long-distancecommunications, because light propagatesthrough the fiber with little attenuation comparedto electrical cables.

Fiber is also immune to electrical interference,which prevents cross-talk between signals indifferent cables and pickup of environmentalnoise.

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric

waveguide that transmits light along its axis, by

the process of total internal reflection.

The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a

cladding layer.

To confine the optical signal in the core, the

refractive index of the core must be greater than

that of the cladding.

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Multimode fiber

Fiber with large (greaterthan 10 m) corediameter may be analyzedby geometric optics. Such

fiber is called multimodefiber

In a step-index

multimode fiber, rays oflight are guided along thefiber core by total internalreflection.

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Singlemode fiber

As an optical waveguide, the

fiber supports one or moreconfined transverse modes bywhich light can propagatealong the fiber.

Fiber supporting only onemode is called single-mode ormono-modefiber.

The behavior of larger-coremultimode fiber can also be

modeled using the waveequation, which shows thatsuch fiber supports morethan one mode ofpropagation

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MANUFACTURINGMaterials

Glass optical fibers are almost always made from silica,but some other materials, such as fluorozirconate,fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses, are used forlonger-wavelength infrared applications.

Process

Standard optical fibers are made by first constructing alarge-diameter preform, with a carefully controlled

refractive index profile, and then pulling the preform toform the long, thin optical fiber. The preform iscommonly made by three chemical vapor depositionmethods: inside vapor deposition, outside vapordeposition, and vapor axial deposition

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ADVANTAGES

Data Security

Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference

Eliminating Spark Hazards

Non Conductive Cables

Ease Of Installation

High Bandwidth Over Long Distances

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DISADVANTAGES

System Reconfiguration

Limitations in Local Area Networks

Economic Evaluation System Reconfiguration

Converting existing hardware and software for

the use of fiber optics does take a lot of timeand money which also reduces the turnover for

any profit making firm in the market.

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ECONOMIC EVALUATION

The major practical problem with fiber optics isthat it usually costs more than ordinary wires.

All costs elements involved in economic

evaluation can be grouped into two main classes;which are investment costs and operation costs.

The investment costs usually includes

expenditures related to acquiring and owningproperties and plants, in this case changing wiresto fiber optic cables.

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CONCLUSION

Fiber optic transmission has found a vast array ofapplications in computer systems.

Some design considerations depend largely on theapplication.

For certain terminal to terminal application, crucialfactors including maximizing transmission speed anddistance and minimizing fiber and splice loss.

There are a number of essential points about fiberoptics that have been mentioned throughout this

report. As we move towards a more sophisticated and modern

future, the uses of fiber optics are going to grow in allcomputer systems as well as telecommunication

networks.

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Thank You

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Any Queries ?