Bi gingBi ging

CCng ngh mi trngng ngh mi trng

GiGing vin : GS.TS ng kim Ching vin : GS.TS ng kim ChiVin KH & CN Mi trng HBK H niVin KH & CN Mi trng HBK H ni

H ni 2-2009H ni 2-2009

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v n C THI

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v n C THI

I. Khi nim1. Nc cp-Dng cho sinh hot, sn xut-Ngun nc cp: nc mt, nc ngm Mun x dng nc theo nhu cu phi x l2. Nc thi-L nc pht sinh sau khi s dng nc cp -Nc thi sinh hot: cha nhiu cht hu c, cht v c, SS, coliform-Nc thi sn xut: thnh phn ph thuc c th sn xut.-Cch phn loi khc: Nc thi th, nc thi bnh vin, nng nghip-Mun x li vo ngun tip nhn phi x l.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc1. pHpH= -log[H+] -pH thay i dn n thay i thnh phn trong nc.VD: pH4 Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cd2+

-pH c th lm tng hoc gim vn tc phn ng ha hc trong nc.2. axit v kim-L s xut hin ca cc axit v c (c nhiu trong nc ngm khi chy qua lp khong cha bn cht lu hunh) v CO2- kim: Hydroxit (tnh kim mnh), bicacbonat (tnh kim yu), cacbonat. kim nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v cng ca nc.- axit: Do axit v c H2SO4, HNO3, HCl

Do CO2

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)3. Mu sc-Mu thc: Mu do cht hu c, nhiu chit ca thc vt gy nn (to, cht hu c gy nhim c mu). Mu ny kh tch.-Mu biu kin: Do cc cht v c gy nn. Mu ny d x l.4. c-Do ht rn l lng, cht hu c phn r-n v tnh: 1mg SiO2/1l nc sch.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)5. Hm lng cht rn trong nc-L phn cht rn bao gm: cht v c, cht hu c, cht hu c tng hp-Tng cht rn (TS): l trng lng kh tnh bng mg ca phn cn li sau khi bay hi 1 lt nc trong ni hp thy, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i.-Cht rn huyn ph (SS): l cht rn dng l lng trong nc, tnh bng trng lng kh ca phn cht rn cn li trn giy lc si thy tinh khi lc 1 lt mu nc, sy kh 103oC cho n trng lng khng i. n v: mg/l-Cht rn ha tan (DS): DS=TS-SS (mg/l)-Cht rn bay hi (VS): Trng lng mt i khi nung cht rn huyn ph 550oC-Cht rn c th lng: l lng th tch tnh bng ml ca phn cht rn c trong 1 lt nc mu lng xung sau mt khong thi gian xc nh (thng thng l 1h)

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)6. cng ca nc- cng vnh cu (phi cacbonat): Ca2+, Mg2+ do cc mui sunfat v clorua gy nn. Sau khi un th khng mt cng ny.- cng cacbonat: ca mui MgCO3, CaCO3 sau khi un to cn lng c th tch cng tm thi.7. Hm lng Mn, Fe trong nc-Do s ha tan Fe, Mn c trong nc ngm.-To mu, mi tanh, tc ng ng:Mn2+Mn4+

Mn+O2MnO2en

Fe2++O2Fe3+ nu

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)

8. Hm lng oxi ha tan (DO)-L lng oxy trong khng kh c th ha tan trong nc, tham gia qu trnh trao i cht, ti sn xut cc vi sinh vt, ng vt trong nc.-DO thp: nc c nhiu cht hu nhim tiu th nhiu O2.-DO cao: nhiu rong to, tham gia qu trnh quang hp gii phng O2.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)9. BOD: nhu cu oxy sinh ha-BOD tnglng oxy cn dng cho oxy ha cht hu c tngcht hu c tng.-nh gi mc nhim cht hu c (VSV) trong nc. n v: mgO2/l

10. COD: nhu cu oxy ha hc-c trng cho nhim hu c. BOD

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)11. Hm lng phtpho trong nc-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: HPO42-, H2PO4-, PO43-, phtpho hu c, Poly P.12. Hm lng nito-y l mt loi dinh dng cho sinh vt: NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, N hu c, N tng.

13. Hm lng kim loi nng-d>5mg/cm3. L vi lng trong nc c kh nng tch t trong c th sng.Vd: Pb, Fe, Hg, Cd, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cr

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

II. Mt s thng s nh gi cht lng nc ( tip)14. Hm lng phenol-Thng trong nc thi cha cyanua. -Gy nh hng n sc khe, c kh nng gy ung th15. Hm lng thuc bo v thc vtDDT666, Clodan, Aldrin, Dialdren16. Hm lng vi sinh vt trong ncVi trng, siu vi trng, rong to, coliform17. Hm lng du, m khong18. Nhit 19. Cht phng x20. Hm lng Sunfat

2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v 2. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v hiu quhiu qu

Nm c cc Quy nh v mi trng hp php ho nhu cu xc nh cc mc tiu x l nc thi ca cc cng ng v cc c s

cng nghip

Lm ch cc cng ngh x l nc thi l cha kho thit k cc trm x l nc thi bn vng .

Phn loi v xc nh c tnh ca nc thi l bc mu cht trong la chn cc cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp

2.1 2.1 QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT) c (BAT)

Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip

Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 34, bng 3.1

Cht nhim Cc qu trnh

Cc cht hu c bn (COD-BOD)

-Oxy ho ho hc-Hp ph bng cacbon

Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc-Hp ph, x l sinh hc

Tng cht rn l lng C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:-Lng-Tuyn ni-Lc

2.1. 2.1. QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT)c (BAT)

Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghipNgun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang

34, bng 3.1Cht nhim Cc qu trnhNit -Tch amonia

-Nitrat ho v kh nitrat-Kh bng clo

Pht pho -Kt ta-Hp th sinh hc-Trao i ion

Kim loi nng -Kt ta ho hc-Trao i ion-Lc mng

Cht rn v c ho tan -Trao i ion-Thm thu ngc-Thm tch bng in

Du m -Keo t / ng t / tuyn ni-Siu lc

2.1. 2.1. QuQu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hinht hin n c (BAT) c (BAT)

Mt s cng ngh tng ng nhau c th c la chn s b ti bc ny Cc cng ngh c la chn s b trn c s cn nhc nhng cht nhim chnh

Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghipNgun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF,

trang 34, bng 3.1Cht nhim Cc qu trnhCht hu c phn hu sinh

hc (BOD)X l sinh hc hiu kh:-Bn hot tnh, mng oxy ho-H hiu kh-Lc nh git-a sinh hc quay (RBC)-H n nh-Thit b phn ng kiu mX l sinh hc ym kh-H ym kh-Lc ym kh-Tip xc ym kh-Thit b phn ng tng si

Ngnh CN Mc tiu th nc,m3/tn sn phm

Mc tiu th nc,galon/tn sn phm

Min Max Min Max

hpu xanh 50,0 70,9 12 000 17 000o, l 15,0 20,0 3 600 4 800Cc loi rau qu khc 4,0 35,0 960 8 400Thc phm v ungBia 10,0 16,0 2 400 3 840Bnh m 2,0 4,0 480 960Tht ng gi 15,0 20,0 3 600 4 800Sn phm t sa 10,0 20,0 2 400 4 800Whisky 60,0 80,1 14 400 19 200Ho chtAmonic 100,1 300,2 24 000 72 000CO2 60,0 90,1 14 400 21 600

Lactose 600,5 800,6 144 000 192 000Sunphua 8,0 10,0 1 920 2 400Giy v bt giyBt giy 250,2 792,3 60 000 190 000Giy 120,9 158,5 29 000 38 000DtTy 200,2 300,2 48 000 72 000Nhum 30,0 60,0 7 200 14 400

2.1. Qu2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)nht hin c (BAT) B. Kim tra k cc thng s

nhim : Sp xp cc cht nhim chnh vo cc

nhm thng s (cc cht rn lng c, TSS, TDS, SS bay hi, v.v)

Th nghim pilot nhm xc nh kh nng x l hoc kho st thc t ti cc c s x l tng t hin c

D. La chn cui cng: Nghin cu k cc cng ngh

c la chn s b Xem xt cc phng n khc nhau Tng hp cc tiu ch la chn

C. La chn s b: Lit k cc cng ngh hin c Cng ngh xut cho cc loi hnh

cng nghip D on hiu sut qu trnh

A. Cc c trng chung ca dng thi cng nghip :

Kim loi nng Cc c tnh chung (hu c v v

c) Mc tiu th v thi nc ca qu

trnh sn xut

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIIII. Cng ngh x l nc thi1. Phn loi qu trnh v phng php x l nc thi

Nc thi (khng t TCMT)

Tch cht rn l lng th (b tuyn ni)

Tch cht rn l lng mn

Tch Ni

Tch cht hu c ha tan

Tch cht v c (in thm, trao i ion)

Tch cht hu c(lc, bay hi, lm lnh, trch ly, thm thu

ngc)

Kh vk

Tch cht vi lng

Tch cht rn v c

Song/li

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

-Chia ba cp x l: + Cp 1(x l s b): tch cht rn th, vt rn ni c kch thc ln. X l cp 1 gm cc qu trnh: lc, song chn, tuyn ni, lng, tch du m, trung ha.+ Cp 2 (x l th cp): tch cc cht hu c ha tan gm cc qu trnh sinh hc ( dng vi sinh vt x l), ha hc.+ Cp 3: khi yu cu v cht lng nc cao. X l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh gm cc qu trnh sau: kt ta, ng t, hp ph, trao i ion, thm thu ngc, kh trng bng clo, ozon. Tch cc cht dinh dng N, P.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thiMc ch: tch ht rn l lng m c th nh hng n ng ng.Cc phng php thy c: lc qua song chn hoc li, lng di tc dng ca lc trng trng, iu ha thnh phn v lu lng nc thi.Nguyn tc la chn phng php: ph thuc kch thc v tnh cht ha l ht l lng, hm lng cht rn l lng, lu lng nc thi v yu cu cht lng nc sau x l..

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)a. Lc-Song chn: lc vt rn th, lm bng kim loi, t ca ngoi knh, nghing mt gc 60-75o.-Li lc: tm kim loi un thnh hnh tang trng, kch thc l 0,5-1,0 mm, quay vi vn tc 0,1-0,5m/s. Ch cho nc thi qua b mt li, cn vt rn b gi li trong b mt li s c co ra.b. B iu ha lu lng: nhm n nh lu lng nc thi v thnh phn nc thi trc khi vo h thng x l. y l b thu nc t cc ngun khc nhau c gom li vo h thng x l chung.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)c. B lng-Tch cht l lng di tc dng ca trng lc.-Phn loi da theo chc nng:+B lng ct: tch ct v tp cht v c khng tan (dht=0,2-2mm)

+B lng cp 1: tch cht hu c, cht rn cn li+B lng cp 2: tch bn sinh hc khi nc thi v cht rn cn li.-Phn loi theo cch khc:+B lng ngang+B lng ng+B lng hng tm

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Lc-Tch cht rn l lng c kch thc nh m b lng khng tch c.-Cu to: thng l cc vch ngn xp, cho dng nc i qua v gi li cc ht rn l lng. -ng lc ca qu trnh: di tc dng p sut thy tnh, p sut cao trc vch ngn hoc p sut chn khng sau vch ngn.-Yu cu: tr lc nh, bn, do c hc, bn ha hc, khng b trng n hoc ph hy trong iu kin lc.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

2. Phng php x l c hc trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Lc-Phn loi:+Lm vic gin on: thit b lc ht, lc tm, lc p.+Lm vic lin tc: lc hnh trng, lc a, lc thng quay, chn khng.+Lc bng vt liu ht: ct, si, than cc, than nu, than bn, than gyu cu c xp, b mt ring ln.+Lc chm: Nclp ctsi t chy qua vi tc lc 0,2-0,3 m3/h. Sau mt khong thi gian 30 ngy, phi thay khong 4-5cm lp ct v lp vt liu mng i. Kh nng lc sch cao nhng kch thc b ln, cng sut nh.+Lc nhanh: dng cc loi vt liu lc khc nhau, lp trn c kch thc ht ln hn lp di.+Lc ly tm: cht lng chuyn ng xoay trn trong thng quay, c tm li lc hoc vi lc. nh k cht bn dnh trn li s c ly ra ngoi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thia. Phng php tuyn ni -Tch hp cht khng tan v kh lng, c kh nng tch c cht bn ha tan nh l cht hot ng b mt.-Qu trnh: sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng, chng kt dnh vo cc ht, khi lc ni ca tp hp cc bong kh ln s ko cc ht ln b mt, sau chng tp hp li to ra lp bt cha hm lng cc cht bn cao hn trong cht lng ban u. -Vi cc ht rn k nc: khi bng kh dnh cht vo cc ht s to ra mt ng bc ly bn ngoi pha rn lng lm kch thc ht tng ln nhng khi lng ring ht gim i s ni ln trn.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)a. Phng php tuyn ni (tip)-Tc nhn tuyn ni: khng kh c s dng ph bin nht+Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan: sc khng kh vo p sut cao, sau gim p.+Tuyn ni bng khng kh: sc kh p sut thng thng.+Tuyn ni chn khng: bo ha khng kh p sut kh quyn, sau thot kh ra khi nc p sut chn khng-u im: c th tch hon ton cc ht nh nh khi ht ni thnh vng trn b mt v c thu gom bng b phn vt bt. Chi ph u t vn hnh khng ln, thit b n gin, hiu sut tch cao, bn c m thp.-ng dng: trong x l nc thi cng nghip ch bin lng thc thc phm, du m, si tng hp, giy, da

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)b. Phng php ng t- keo t-Cht nhim thng di dng keo, tch ra cn tng kch thc v khi lng ring ca ht bng cch lien kt thnh tp hp ht.-Lng trng lc: trung ha in tch cc ht keo, sau lin kt cc ht keo trung ha li vi nhau.-Qu trnh ng t: qu trnh trung ha cc ht keo.-Qu trnh keo t: qu trnh lien kt cc ht keo vi nhau to thnh ht ln hn.-Hai qu trnh trn lun lun i lin vi nhau v dung ha cht lm tc nhn ng keo t.-VD: Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.18H2Oha tan tt, r, hiu qu cao.

Phn st Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3kh nng keo t tt nhit thp, di pH rng, kch thc keo ln, c th kh c mi v, tuy nhin sinh mu do c st.- tng hiu qu keo t cho thm cht tr keo (cht hu c tng hp, diosilic xSiO2.H2O).

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)c. Phng php hp ph-L phng php gi cht ha tan trn b mt cht rn.-Cht hp ph l cht rn (than hot tnh, oxit Al, cht tng hp, tro, x, mt st, t st)-Cht b hp ph thng l cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc hoc x l cc b nm trong pha lng.-Hiu sut qu trnh ph thuc: nng , bn cht, cu trc cht tan, nhit nc thi, c tnh cht hp ph. -Ti sinh cht hp ph: khi n t n bo ha. -ng dng: tch cht hu c (phenol, Alkyl benzene,), cht hot ng b mt (sunfonic axit), thuc nhum hu c, cc ha cht thm.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Phng php trao i ion-L qu trnh ion nm trn b mt ca pha rn s trao i vi cc ion cng in tch trong nc khi xy ra qu trnh tip xc. -Cht trao i ion: ionit, l cc cht rn, v c hoc l hu c. -Cht trao i ion l cc hp cht t nhin: Zeolit t nhin, khong, t st, Na2OAlO3nSiO2.mH2O, [Ca5(PO4)]F, hidroxit apatit [Ca3(PO4)2]OH.

-Cht trao i ion tng hp: hidroxit kim loi (Al2O3, Ca2O3), hu c (R.SO3H, R-COOH,).-Ti sinh: anionit bng dung dch kim, cationit bng dung dch axit.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

3. Phng php ha l trong x l nc thi (tip)d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)-ng dng: tch kim loi nng nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd..v cc kim nh CN, AsO33+, PO43-, cc cht phng x

Cht trao i ion tng hp:- Hidorxit kim loi: Al2O3, Cr2O3, Zi.

- Hu c: R.SO3, H, R-COOH, R(OH), R-PO3H.

R-SO3H + M+ R-SO3-Me + H+

Cht rn Tan trong nc

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

d. Phng php trao i ion (tip)Sau mt thi gian cc ionit s bo ho, cn c ti sinh, cc catrionit bng dung dch axit v cc anont bng dung dch kim. Trao i ion lm sch nc thi khi cacs kim loi nng nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, cng nh tch cc nh kim: CN, , , cc cht phng x.e. Phng php mngMng l mt pha c vai tro ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau, m c th l mt cht rn, keo trng ni, cht lng. Cc qu trnh tch cht hp tan trong nc bng mng gm:

- Phng php thm thu ngc (Reurve Osmosis)- Phng php siu lc (Utia filtration)- Thm tch, in thm tch

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

d. Phng php thm thu ngc

MngMng

Nc thi

Mng

Nc thi

Nc sch Nc schNc sch

* Qu trnh thm thu- Tch ht c khi lng phn t thp, P thm thu cao

- Siu lc: Tch cht P thm thu nh, ht c khi lng phn t cao > 500.- (3): Tch Anon, cation nh

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

4. Phng php ho hca. Phng php trung hoa PH ca nc thi v 6,5 8,5: khong pH thch hp cho qu trnh x l tip hoc trc khi thi Ngun tip H Gm:- Trn nc thi c tnh axit vi nc thi c tnh kim ((PH8)).- B sung cc cht ho hc vo nc iu chnh PH ca nc thi axit: NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NH3.H2O, Ca(OH)2, Dolomit (CaCO3.MgCO3)

- Nc thi kim: H2SO4, HCl, CO2- Cho nc thi chy qua vt liu lc c kh nng trung ha nc axit, a qu vi, tro, x, xi mng.- Trung ho bng kh: Nc thi c tnh kim: Sc HSO2, NOx, HCl

Nc thi c tnh axit: Sc NH3.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

4. Phng php ho hc (tip)b. Phng php oxi ho khDng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t c hn, tch ra khi nc.+ Oxy ho bng Cl:Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl

HOCl H+ + OCl- (mang tnh oxi ho mnh)Cl2 + OH- + CN- CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O

CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl CO2 + 6Cl- +N2 + 2H2O

+ Oxy ha bng H2O2

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

4. Phng php ho hcb. Phng php oxi ho kh (Tip)Dng cc cht c oxi ho_kh chuyn cht trong nc thi Cc cht t c hn, tch ra khi nc.+ Oxy ho bng ozon (O3)

FeSO4 + H2SO4 + O3 Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O + O2MnSO4 + O3 +H2O H2MnO3 + O2 + H2SO4+ Kh bng NaHSO3, FeSO44H2CrO4 + 6NaHSO4 + 3H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 10H2O

6FeSO4 + 3CrO3 + 6H2O + 6H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 +Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

5. Phng php sinh hc- S dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hu nhng cht hu c. Trong qu trnh vi sinh vt nhn cht dinh dng xy dng t bo sinh trng v sinh sn nn sinh khi ca chng s pht trin. - Nc thi khi x l bng phng php sinh hc c c trng bng BOD, COD.- Yu cu ca nc thi khi x l bng sinh hc khng cha c cht vi vi sinh vt, khng cha cc mui kim loi hoc kim loi nng.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

5. Phng php sinh hc (tip)- C th phn loi phng php x l sinh hc theo 2 cch chnh:+ Phng php hiu kh:L phng php s dng nhm vi sinh vt hiu kh phn hu cc cht hu c. Cn b sung O2 lin tc v nhit x l t20 - 40 0C; pH = 6,5 8,5, c cht dinh dng nui vi sinh vt.+ Phng php ym kh: Phng php s dng vi sinh vt ym kh l vi sinh vt khng ly oxy trong khng kh m ly oxy trong hp cht ho hc khc.Trong nc thi, phng php hiu kh tc dng hn.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

a. Phng php hiu khGm b thng kh sinh hc, lc kh sinh hc, b lc sinh hc, h sinh hc.* Phng php biu kh s dng b thng kh sinh hc (b aeroten)Trong b aeroten, cc vi sinh vt sinh trng trng thi huyn ph. Nc thi cha cht hu c tx cc bn l lng cha vi sinh vt.Qu trnh phn hu biu kh c xy ra vi m bo oxy bo ho v bn c gi l bn hot tnh phi trng thi l lng. Phng trnh tng qut:

CxHyOz)n + (X + Y/4 +2/3 + 3/4)O2 Vi sinh vt

xCO2 + (y 3/2)H2O + NO3

Trong bn hot tnh:

bn hot tnh

vsvCxHyO2 + NH3 + O2 C5H7NO2 + CO2

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

Ra

K2K2

Bn hot tnh

Lng Lng 2

Bn

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

* Phng php hiu kh s dng b lc sinh hc-B lc sinh hc l thit b trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp mng bm vo mt vt liu lc. -Nc thi c ti t trn xung qua vt liu lc, tip xc vi vi sinh vt xy ra qu trnh phn hu hiu kh. -Lp vt liu lc rt mng song cng c th xy ra song song 2 qu trnh st b mt l qu trnh phn hu ym kh v lp ngoi c phn hu hiu kh c O2.

Ra

Lng

Lng

Bn x l Bn

Nc thi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

* Phng php hiu kh s dng h sinh hc-H sinh hc l mt chui t 3 - 5 h. Nc thi chy vo ht ny vi th tch khng ln- Trong h nc thi c lm sch bi cc qu trnh t nhin gm c to, vi khun.

- Cc vi sinh vt s dng O2 sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca to, v oxy ho tan t khng kh phn hu nhng cht thi hu c trong nc v to s dung CO2, NH4+, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4- c gii phng t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c thc hin qu trnh quang hc.- H sinh hc cn m bo pH thch hp, nhit ti u 3 loi h sinh hc:

. H oxy ho cp 3 ( trc khi thi nc vo ngun)

. H sc kh

. H oxy ho hiu - ym kh.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

b. Phng php ym kh *Nguyn tc- Dng vi sinh vt ym kh ln men cc kh, cht nhim. Sn phm cui cng l CH4, H2, mt s cc kh c tnh kh: H2S, RSH, NH3.

- Gm 3 giai on:+ Giai on thy phn nguyn liu u vo vi khun s dng cc cht dinh dng+ Giai on to thnh axit: nguyn liu, cht nhim, vi khun, vi sinh vt ym kh phn hu to axit hu c: CH3COOH, C2H5COOH.

+ Giai on phn hu axit hu c to metan, CO2

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

b. Phng php ym kh (tip)

-Cc yu t nh n 3 giai on ca qa trnh him kh-+ Nhit ti u: 350C+ Liu lng cht dinh dng c trong bn v mc khy trn+ T s C/N tt nht l 25 30/1+ pH ti u: 6,5- 7,5+ nh hng ca dng vi khun, chng loi vi khun, thi gian lu + Khng c cht c i vi vi khun- u im: Sinh t bn thi.

. . X L YM KH (UASB)X L YM KH (UASB) Nguyn l v thit kNguyn l v thit k

H thng ym kh c dng chy ngc (UASB) Cng ty Lassonde, Marieville, CanadaV d h thng x l nc thi ca qu trnh ng hp nc tri cy

Thit k cc hp phn: B m n nh dng vo (lu lng,...) Li chn nh lng ho cht :

cn bng pH cung cp dinh dng mui st tng hiu qu to bng ca ht, cht nn v sinh khi

Thit b chnh Tun hon kh sinh hc t kh sinh hc cn li X l mi Duy tr s pht trin n nh ca sinh khi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

b) Phng php ym kh (tip)* H ym kh- H su, oxy khng n c y, cc vi khun ym kh s phn hu cc cht hu c CO2, CH4- ng dng ca phng php ym kh: X l cht hu c hm lng cao: Protein, m, khng cha cht c, c cht dinh dng.- u im ca ym kh so vi hiu kh: Sinh ra t bn, khng cn thy sc kh, nhng phn hu khng trit , cn nhit cao (350C) thng ng dng x l tip.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

Composting Bn

Nn bn li bng lng i vo tch nc sy kh lm phn bn

phn

t ly nhit

C cBn tiu hu n nh

Tch nc

Kh trng

Chn lp

Lm phn bn

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

IV. Mt s s cng ngh x l nc thi1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngha. S Cng ngh sn xut km dng thiCng nghip x l nc thi dt nhum

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THINguyn liu

Ko si, chi nh ng

H siH2O, tinh bt, ph gia,hi nc

Dt vi

Gi hH2O, tinh bt, ph gia,hi nc

Nc thiTinh btHo cht

NaOHNc thiH tinh bt, thy ngn

NuNaOH, hi nc Nc thi

X l axit, git

Ty trng

Git

Lm bng

Nhum, in hoa

Git

Hon tt

Sn phm

H2SO4, nc, cht ty

Nc thi

H2SO4, nc, cht ty

Nc thi

NaOH, ho cht c trng

Nc thi

H2SO4, nc, cht ty

Nc thi

Hi nc, h tinh bt

Nc thi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIb. c im nc thi

- Cht hu c ho tan ( dung dch nhum, mu, c)- pH ln (c kim cao), nhiu cht rn l lng (x, si)- Nhit nc cao (lm mt nc, ngng t hi nc)- Cht v c ho tan (kim loi nng, mui, axit, baz)

c. La chn phng php x l- Phn lung nc thi

Nc ngng t t hi nc Tun hon li (1)Nc git ln cui (2)Nc nhum, nc git ln u (dng nhim nng)

- Phng php x l(1): tun hon li(2): X l s b (lng, lc) ri tun hon li vi nc git ln cui.

- X l theo cp 1, 2, 3 i vi nc nhumPhng php c hc: Sng, lng, lcPhng php ho l:. Trung ho kim, ng keo t kh mu. Oxi ho, hp th x l bc 3. Phng php sinh hc x l cht hu c ho tan trong nhum. Phng php mng thu hi hp cht h tng hp

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THId.S cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum

Nc thi

B iu ha

Trung ha kimH2SO4

Lng

Hp ph

Lng

Keo t, kt ta

Lng

Lc

Lm mm nc

Thm thu

B cha

X

Cho mc ch khc

B sinh hc hiu kh

Bn Gia nhit

Bn

Bn X l bn

Cht keo t

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI3. Cng ngh x l nc thi giya. S cng ngh sn xut giyNguyn liu

(tre, na, g)

Gia cng(cht, phn loi)

Nu bt Nc ngngDch nu (en)

Nc thi c mu caoCOD, BOD cao

Nc thi

Nc thi c cht l lng, BOD

Nc thiBn, ct, l, cnh

Hp cht ty

Nc ra Nc ra

C c, t

Nc ngng

Nc ngng

DuPhn

Nc, hoi nc

Nc ra

Ra bt

Ty trng

Nghin bt

Xeo giy

Sy giy

Sn phm

Hi nc

Hp cht nu bt Hi nc

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI

b. c im dng nc thi- Nhiu cht l lng do qu trnh nghin- Nc thi ca giy c kim ln, c bit qu trnh nu- C nhiu cht hu c ho tan c mu- Nc ngng c nhit cao- Nhiu ho cht ph giac. Phn lung x l- Nc ngng lm mt tun hon li- Nc ra nguyn liu cht bn lng cc h bng thi no vt bn.-Nc nu bt BOD, COD cao, nhit Tch dch en (lignin) x l ring -Nc xeo giy lng, lc tun hon (x l s b)- Nc vi sinh nh xng, nc r r trong qu trnh sn xut, nc sau cng.- Nc sinh hot ca cng nghip nh my x l chungd. Chn phng php x l-Phng php c hc: Sng, chn, lc, lng-Phng php ho hc: trung ho, oxy ho kh trng, lc mng, thm thu- Phng php ha l: truyn ni, ng keo t- Phng php sinh hc: phng php ym kh, hiu kh, phng php h sinh hc.

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI* S CN x l nc thi giy

Trm bm

Sng chn rc

B iu ha

X l bn

B sung dung dchB sung oxy khng kh

Lng s cp

iu chnh pH

B x l ym khUASB

B sinh hc hiu kh

Lng th cp

H sinh hc

B sung dung dch

NT1 NT2 NT3

Ngun tip nhn

LngBn

Bn X l bn

Tun hon bn mt phn

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI4. CN x l nc thi m kim loiCng ngh m km dng nc thi Vt cn m

Lm sch bng c hc

Mi nhn nh bng

NiSO4, H2BO3

Kh du m

X l bng in haHa hc

M ng

M crom

Axit, Cr+3

Nc thi

CuSO4, Cu(CN)2,

NaCN

Dung mi

H2SO4, HCl, NaOH

Nc cha axit v kim

Nc thi cha axit, ng

M Niken

Axit, Niken

M km

CN-, axit, Zn+2

H2SO4, CrO3

Zn(CN)2NaOHNaCNHBO3

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIb. c im dng thi

Phn ha thp < axt >Cha nhiu kim loi nng ha tan (c hi) C du mi, dung dch hu c, mi trng ty raC nhiu cn tn, bi ct, v c, (g oxt kim loi)

c. Phn lung dng thi- Nc thi c nhiu du m - Nc thi cha Cr+3, Cr+ 6

- Nc thi cha Niken- Nc thi cha ngd. Phng php x l- Phng php c hc- Phng php ha l ( tuyn, ng keo t ..) - Phng php oxi ha - kh: Chuyn cht ha tan thnh cht d tch- Phng php sinh hc: S dng thc vt, sinh vt tch kim loi nng dng vi

lng ra khi nc- Phng php i ion: Thu li kim loi nng- Phng php kt ta ha hc: ( ph bin Vit Nam )

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI* S x l

Nc thi

B cha khc nhau

iu ho

B phn ng

Thit b lng

H thc vt

Ngun tip nhn

iu chnh pH

Ho cht Bn kim loi nng X l theo yu cu i vi cht nguy hi

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI5. Cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot kt hp nc thi cng nghip

Nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi cng nghip

Tch c chtB iu ha

Lng s cp B iu ha lng s cp

B trn nc thi

B x l NTSH (hiu kh)

Lng th cp

Kh trng

Ngun tip nhn

Bn thi

X l ym kh to CH4

Tch nc khi bn

Bn kh

5. S x l n c thi cho cc nh my git thuc cng ngh dt may

Hp ph

Hp ph

B iu ho lm thong

B iu ho lm thong B phn

ng-Keo t

B phn ng-Keo

t

Lng Lamen

Lng Lamen

Lc p

Lc p

B lng

Bc I

B lng

Bc I

B nn bn

B nn bn

iu chnh pH t ng

Ho cht keo t

Polime PAA

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC CP

1. Nguyn tc a. Xc nh thnh phn b. Xc nh yu cu x l : - Sinh hot - Cng nghip c. La chn phng php x l d. S cng nghip 2. S cng nghip x l nc ngm thnh nc cp (VD )

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THIGing1 Ging 2 Ging3

Khai thc

Lm thong (ui kh ha tan, b sung xy t khng kh)

Khuy

Keo t to bng

Lng

Lc nhanh

Lm thong

B nc sch

Bm ln thp nc

Cung cp nc sch

CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THI3. X l nc b mt nc cp

Nc sng, h

Knh dn nc

Li, song chn rc

Khuy nhanhB sung cht keo t

Keo t to bng

Lng Bn thi

Lc th Tch cht rn sau kt ta

Lc tinh

Kh trng

B cha

Sc Ozon, Clo, nc Javen

S dng

Tch cht mn

Loi vi sinh vt gy bnh

Bi ging Cng ngh mi trngCHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC v nC THISlide 3CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC THISlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 112. Cc tip cn vic x l nc thi bn vng v hiu qu2.1 Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)2.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)Slide 15Slide 162.1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c (BAT)Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43. X L YM KH (UASB)Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59CHNG IV: CNG NGH X L NC CPSlide 61Slide 62