12/15/14 PM Review Please pull out study guide and a piece of
paper to take notes.
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Finals 100 ?s scan tron 85 minutes to take test
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Earth Science Review Concepts Layers of Earth Convection Plates
Minerals Rocks Earthquakes Relative Dating Science basics
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5.1 Earths Interior 1.What are the characteristics of Earths
crust, mantle, and core?
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5.1 Earths Interior 2. What is the composition of each layer of
the Earth Crust = solid rock on land and ocean floor Mantle = very
hot, solid rock Core = Iron & Nickel
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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 1.How is heat transferred?
Through convection currents
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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 2. What causes convection
currents and relation to density? Hot rises, cool sinks
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5.2 Convection and the Mantle 3. What causes convection
currents in the mantle? 4. How do convection currents relate to
plate tectonics?
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 1.What is plate tectonics?
The theory that pieces of Earths lithosphere are in constant
motion, driven by convection currents and oceanic crust
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 2. What evidence supports the
theory? Rock formations Physical evidence on crust
Earthquakes/volcanoes Fossils Magnetic strips
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 3. What causes the movement
of Earths lithospheric plates? Convection currents plates to
move
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 4. What forms as a result of
movement of plates at each boundary? Divergent = rift valley, mid
ocean ridge (sea floor spreading) Convergent = subduction - trench;
colliding - mountains
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 5. What processes are
involved in the movement of the Earths plates that causes volcanoes
and earthquakes? Volcanoes = boundaries of plates subduction zones
divergent areas hot spots
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 5. What processes are
involved in the movement of the Earths plates that causes volcanoes
and earthquakes? Earthquakes = stress from plates convergent
transform
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5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 6. What is subduction? How
does a trench form?
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3.1 Properties of Minerals 1.What is a mineral SNIFC Solid
Naturally Occurring (not man made) Inorganic (non living) Formula
(consistent chemical formula not a rock) Crystal structure
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3.1 Properties of Minerals 2. Properties
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Easy to observe Not always a clear way to identify Color
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Streak: the color of its powder Colors of minerals may vary but
streak does not Streak
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Luster: how much light is reflected from a minerals surface
Luster Metallic - Galena Glassy - TopazWaxy, greasy, or pearly -
Talc Submetallic/dull - graphite Silky - MalachiteEarthy -
Hematite
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Density: how much mass there is in a given space D = m/v or
water displacement Density
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Hardness: determined by a scratch test A mineral can scratch
any material softer than itself But can be scratched by any mineral
that is harder Mohs hardness scale Hardness
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Mohs Hardness Scale
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Crystal system: the structure of how the minerals atoms form
Ex: cubic, hexagonal, rhombic Crystal Systems
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Cleavage: when a mineral splits along a flat surface Ex: Mica
Cleavage
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Fracture: when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way
Fracture
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Some minerals are identified by special physical/chemical
properties. Special Properties
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Review A.Usually not a clear identifier B.Does not break in a
flat sheet C.Calcites powder is always white D.Fluorescent E.Breaks
in flat sheets F.Shiny mineral G.Cubic shape H.Compares how it is
scratched/scratches I.How much mass takes up a certain volume
1.Color 2.Streak 3.Luster 4.Density 5.Hardness 6.Crystal system
7.Cleavage 8.Fracture 9.Special properties Answers: 1. A 2. C 3. F
4. I 5. H 6. G 7. E 8. B 9. D
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3.1 Properties of Minerals 4. Be able to read a chart and
determine the identity of a mineral.
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4.1 Classifying Rocks 1.How are rocks identified? How theyre
formed Composition Texture
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4.1 Classifying Rocks 2. What are the 3 main groups of rocks?
1.Igneous 2.Sedimentary 3.Metamorphic
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4.2 Igneous Rocks 1. How are they formed Magma cooling and
hardening
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4.2 Igneous Rocks 4. How does the rate of cooling affect the
texture? Intrusive vs. Extrusive Intrusive = cooled slowly inside
the earth (larger crystals) Extrusive = cooled rapidly outside the
earth (small crystals, air pockets
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4.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Characteristics Large visible crystals
Glasslike Holes from air bubbles while cooling
4.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1.How do they form Sediment = weathering
and erosion Deposition Compaction & cementation
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4.3 Sedimentary Rocks 2. Characteristics: Appearance of sand,
pebbles, rocks cemented together Layers (usually only noticed in
large specimen) Appearance of fossils
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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 1.How are metamorphic rock formed? Heat
and pressure
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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 2. Where does the heat and pressure come
from? Deep inside the earth (magma)
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4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 3. Characteristics: Ribbon-like lines, in
thin parallel or wavy lines TINY crystals that line up in the same
direction Very hard, usually can scratch metal
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4.6 The Rock Cycle 1.What is the rock cycle? 2.What are the
possible stages in the rock cycle? 3.Processes that occur when a
rock changes
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4.6 The Rock Cycle What are some of the causes for weathering
and erosion Breaks down rocks into little pieces = WEATHERING Moves
the sediment = EROSION
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Weathering Mechanical Weathering (FRAPA) Freezing & Thawing
Release of pressure Animal Actions Plant Growth Abrasion Chemical
Weathering (LOWCA) Living Organisms Oxygen Water Carbon Dioxide
Acid Rain Examples Examples Erosion F R A P A L O W C A
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Erosion moves rock particles Sediment = rock particles
Deposition = when sediment is laid down/deposited from erosion
Examples: WWGM What would G-ma make? Wind Water (runoff, rivers,
waves) Glaciers Mass Movement (landslides, mudflows, slumps and
creeps)
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5.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 1.What causes an
earthquake? Stress built up from plates moving
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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 2. How does the energy of
an earthquake travel through Earth? Seismic Waves P S Surface
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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 3. What are the scales used
to measure the strength of an earthquake? Richter size of seismic
waves Mercalli - damage Moment Magnitude magnitude of energy
(#)
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6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves 4. How do scientists locate
the epicenter of an earthquake?
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7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1.Where are most of Earths
volcanoes found Along the edges of plate boundaries divergent
subduction zones
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10.1 Fossils 1.What is a fossil? Fossil = preserved remain or
trace of a living thing
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10.1 Fossils 2. How does a fossil form? Most fossil form when
living things die and are buried by sediments Sediment slowly
hardens into rock and preserves the shape of the organisms
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10.2 Relative Dating Relative Age = when a rock is compared to
the ages of other rocks/fossils
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10.2 Relative Dating 1.Given a certain cross section of rock,
indicate which layers were deposited first to last Oldest usually
on bottom, Youngest on top
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10.2 Predict the environment E Shale (shark) B Sandstone
(tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma
A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D Metamorphic
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10.2 Environment Intrusive Igneous: Extrusive Igneous: Green
Shale (sed): Red Shale (sed): Sandstone: Limestone: Conglomerate:
Wavy rocks (met): Coal: Magma inside cooling, crystals Lava cooling
outside Murky, muddy sea Plains with streams Desert Clear water sea
Flood, mudslide, landslide Plates colliding Forest with lots of
plants
10.2 Predict the environment E Shale (shark) B Sandstone
(tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma
A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D Metamorphic
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E Deep Ocean B Desert I Deep Ocean F River Bed G - Earthquake C
- Extrusive A - Mudslide H Deep Ocean D Plates Colliding E Shale
(shark) B Sandstone (tracks) I Shale (shark fossils) F shale (fish)
G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H Shale (shark) D
Metamorphic
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1.1 What is science? 1.What is the difference between
qualitative & quantitative? Qualitative is descriptive Ex: The
block is blue Quantitative is numerical Ex: The block has a mass of
22 g.