12.1 Cell Structure and Function- PP Presentation

8/4/2019 12.1 Cell Structure and Function- PP Presentation

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Cell Structure andCell Structure andFunctionFunction


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Lesson Objectives:Lesson Objectives:

1. Understand the difference1. Understand the difference

between prokaryotic and eukaryoticbetween prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells.cells.

2. Cell organelles : structure and2. Cell organelles : structure and

functionfunction

3. Relative size of cells and their3. Relative size of cells and their

componentscomponents


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Size and Biology

Sizes of cells, viruses, and other small things

Biology is a visually rich subject area.Biology is a visually rich subject area.However, many of the most interestingHowever, many of the most interesting

biological events and structures are smallerbiological events and structures are smaller

than the unaided human eye can see. In fact,than the unaided human eye can see. In fact,human eyes have a resolution of about 100human eyes have a resolution of about 100

m. On the chart below, notice that of all them. On the chart below, notice that of all the

structures listed, only the plant cell is withinstructures listed, only the plant cell is within

our resolution--just barely.our resolution--just barely.


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The light

Relative sizes in BiologyRelative sizes in Biology


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A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic CellA Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells Have extensive and elaborately arrangedHave extensive and elaborately arranged

internal membranes, which form organellesinternal membranes, which form organelles


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Plant and animal cellsPlant and animal cells Have most of the same organellesHave most of the same organelles


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ANIMAL CELLANIMAL CELL

Rough ER Smooth ER

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON

Microfilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Ribosomes

In animal cells but not plant cells:

Lysosomes

Centrioles

Flagella (in some plant sperm)

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Flagelium

Intermediate filaments

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Mitochondrion

Nuclear envelope

Plasma membrane


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Plant Cell StructurePlant Cell Structure


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x7,210)x7,210)


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Structure of an animal cell.Structure of an animal cell.


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Liver Cell (TEM x9,400).Liver Cell (TEM x9,400).


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The nucleus occurs only in eukaryoticeukaryoticcells, and is the location

of the majority of different types of nucleic acids.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, is the physical carrier ofinheritance.

The nucleolusnucleolusis an area of the nucleus (usually 2 nucleoli per

nucleus) where ribosomesribosomes are constructed

The NucleusThe Nucleus
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The NucleusThe Nucleus


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GeneralisedAnimal CellStructure

Diagram

In this picture, theIn this picture, the

cell nucleus is drawncell nucleus is drawn

as a purple ovoid,as a purple ovoid,

with a segment cutwith a segment cut

away to reveal theaway to reveal thecontained sphericalcontained spherical

nucleolusnucleolus. The nucleus. The nucleus

sits roughly in thesits roughly in the

middle of the cell andmiddle of the cell and

contains the cell'scontains the cell's

genetic informationgenetic information

encoded in DNA. Theencoded in DNA. The

nucleus is demarked bynucleus is demarked by

a double membrane, thea double membrane, the

nuclear envelopenuclear envelope,,

which segregates thewhich segregates the

nuclear contents fromnuclear contents from

the rest of the cell.the rest of the cell.

Molecular portals,Molecular portals,

calledcalled nuclear poresnuclear pores,,permit certain trafficpermit certain traffic

in and out of thein and out of the

nucleus.nucleus.
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Liver cell nucleus and nucleolus (TEM x20,740).Liver cell nucleus and nucleolus (TEM x20,740).CytoplasmCytoplasm,, mitochondriamitochondria,, endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum, and, and ribosomesribosomesalso shownalso shown


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Nucleus with Nuclear PoresNucleus with Nuclear Pores

(TEM x73,200)(TEM x73,200)


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Concept : The eukaryotic cells geneticConcept : The eukaryotic cells genetic

instructions are housed in the nucleusinstructions are housed in the nucleusand carried out by the ribosomesand carried out by the ribosomes


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Not all living things have cell wallscell walls,, most notably animals and many of

the more animal-like Protistans. Bacteria have cell walls containing

peptidoglycan. Plant cells have a variety of chemicals incorporated in their

cell walls. CelluloseCelluloseis the most common chemical in the plant primary

cell wall. Some plant cells also have ligninligninand other chemicals embeddedin their secondary walls. The cell wall is located outside the plasma

membrane. PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmataare connections through which cells

communicate chemically with each other through their thick walls. Fungi

and many protists have cell walls although they do not contain cellulose,rather a variety of chemicals (chitinchitin for fungi).

The Cell WallThe Cell Wall
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VacuolesVacuoles are single-membrane organelles that areare single-membrane organelles that are

essentially part of the outside that is located withinessentially part of the outside that is located within

the cell. The single membrane is known in plantthe cell. The single membrane is known in plant

cells as a tonoplast. Many organisms will usecells as a tonoplast. Many organisms will use

vacuoles as storage areas. Vesicles; are muchvacuoles as storage areas. Vesicles; are much

smaller than vacuoles and function in transportsmaller than vacuoles and function in transport

within and to the outside of the cell.within and to the outside of the cell.

Vacuoles and vesicles
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RibosomesRibosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They are notare the sites of protein synthesis. They are not

membrane-bound and thus occur in both prokaryotes andmembrane-bound and thus occur in both prokaryotes and

eukaryotes. Eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger thaneukaryotes. Eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger thanprokaryotic ones. Structurally the ribosome consists of a smallprokaryotic ones. Structurally the ribosome consists of a small

and larger subunit. Biochemically the ribosome consists ofand larger subunit. Biochemically the ribosome consists of

ribosomal RNAribosomal RNA(rRNA) and some 50 structural proteins. Often(rRNA) and some 50 structural proteins. Often

ribosomes cluster on theribosomes cluster on the endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum, in which case, in which case

they resemble a series of factories adjoining a railroad line.they resemble a series of factories adjoining a railroad line.

They also occur freely in the cytoplasm.They also occur freely in the cytoplasm.

RibosomesRibosomes
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Structure of the ribosomeStructure of the ribosome


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Carry out protein synthesisCarry out protein synthesis

Ribosomes Cytosol

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

Large

subunit

Small

subunit

TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome

0.5 m


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Ribosomes and Polyribosomes - liver cellRibosomes and Polyribosomes - liver cell

(TEM x173,400).(TEM x173,400).


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Concept : The endomembrane systemConcept : The endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performsregulates protein traffic and performsmetabolic functions in the cellmetabolic functions in the cell

The endomembrane systemThe endomembrane system Includes many different structuresIncludes many different structures


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The ER membraneThe ER membrane

Is continuous with the nuclear envelopeIs continuous with the nuclear envelope

Smooth ER

Rough ER

ER lumen

Cisternae

RibosomesTransport vesicle

Smooth ER

Transitional ER

Rough ER 200 m

Nuclear

envelope


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There are two distinct regions of ERThere are two distinct regions of ER Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomesSmooth ER, which lacks ribosomes

Rough ER, which contains ribosomesRough ER, which contains ribosomes


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Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum is a mesh of interconnected

membranes that serve a function involving protein

synthesis and transport. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(Rough ER) is so-named because of its rough appearance

due to the numerous ribosomes that occur along the ER.

Rough ER connects to the nuclear envelope through which

the messenger RNA (mRNA) that is the blueprint for

proteins travels to the ribosomes. Smooth ER; lacks the

ribosomes characteristic of Rough ER and is thought to be

involved in transport and a variety of other functions.

The endoplasmic reticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum
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The endoplasmic reticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is on the left, smooth endoplasmicRough endoplasmic reticulum is on the left, smooth endoplasmicreticulum is on the right.reticulum is on the right.


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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum with RibosomesRough Endoplasmic Reticulum with Ribosomes

(TEM x61,560)(TEM x61,560)


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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus are flattened stacks of membrane-

bound sacs. They function as a packaging plant,

modifying vesicles from the Rough ER. New

membrane material is assembled in various cisternae

of the golgi.


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The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping andThe Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and

Receiving CenterReceiving Center

The Golgi apparatusThe Golgi apparatus Receives many of the transport vesiclesReceives many of the transport vesicles

produced in the rough ERproduced in the rough ER

Consists of flattened membranous sacsConsists of flattened membranous sacscalled cisternaecalled cisternae


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Functions of the Golgi apparatus includeFunctions of the Golgi apparatus include Modification of the products of the roughModification of the products of the rough

ERER

Manufacture of certain macromoleculesManufacture of certain macromolecules


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Structure of the Golgi apparatus and itsStructure of the Golgi apparatus and its

functioning in vesicle-mediated transport(1)functioning in vesicle-mediated transport(1)


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Structure of the Golgi apparatus and itsStructure of the Golgi apparatus and its

functioning in vesicle-mediated transport(2)functioning in vesicle-mediated transport(2)


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Functions of the Golgi apparatusFunctions of the Golgi apparatus

ciscis faceface

(receiving side of(receiving side of

Golgi apparatus)Golgi apparatus)

Vesicles moveVesicles move

from ER to Golgifrom ER to GolgiVesicles alsoVesicles also

transport certaintransport certain

proteins back to ERproteins back to ER

Vesicles coalesce toVesicles coalesce toform newform new ciscis Golgi cisternaeGolgi cisternae

CisternalCisternal

maturation:maturation:

Golgi cisternaeGolgi cisternae

move in amove in a ciscis--

to-to-transtrans

directiondirectionVesicles form andVesicles form and

leave Golgi, carryingleave Golgi, carrying

specific proteins tospecific proteins to

other locations or toother locations or to

the plasma mem-the plasma mem-

brane for secretionbrane for secretionVesicles transport specificVesicles transport specific

proteins backward to newerproteins backward to newer

Golgi cisternaeGolgi cisternae

CisternaeCisternae

transtrans faceface

(shipping side of(shipping side of

Golgi apparatus)Golgi apparatus)

0.1 0 m0.1 0 m1166

55

22

33

44


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Golgi Apparatus in a plant parenchyma cellGolgi Apparatus in a plant parenchyma cell


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Golgi Apparatus in a plant parenchyma cellGolgi Apparatus in a plant parenchyma cell(TEM x145,700)(TEM x145,700)

Note the numerous vesicles near the GolgiNote the numerous vesicles near the Golgi


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Golgi BodyGolgi Body


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ThreeThree

different jobsdifferent jobs

of theof thelysosome:lysosome:

DigestingDigesting

bacteria,bacteria,

nutrients,nutrients,andand

moleculesmolecules

DestroyingDestroying

dying cellsdying cells

DigestingDigesting

worn-outworn-out

organellesorganelles


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Generalised Animal CellStructure

Diagram

In this picture, the GolgiIn this picture, the Golgi

complex is seen as acomplex is seen as a

pancake-like stack ofpancake-like stack of

membranous sacs tilted atmembranous sacs tilted at

45 degrees and sectioned45 degrees and sectioned

(the cut membrane edges(the cut membrane edges

drawn purple). The Golgidrawn purple). The Golgi

receives proteinsreceives proteins

synthesised in thesynthesised in the

rough endoplasmicrough endoplasmicreticulumreticulum. These are. These are

ferried to the Golgi byferried to the Golgi by

transfer vesicles (thetransfer vesicles (the

little golden sphereslittle golden spheres

underneath the Golgiunderneath the Golgi

stack). The proteins arestack). The proteins are

then processed by thethen processed by the

Golgi for export, membraneGolgi for export, membrane

use or for inclusion inuse or for inclusion in

lysosomeslysosomes..
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LysosomesLysosomes

LysosomesLysosomesare relatively large vesicles formed

by the Golgi. They contain hydrolytic enzymesthat could destroy the cell. Lysosome contents

function in the extracellular breakdown of

materials.
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Lysosomes: Digestive CompartmentsLysosomes: Digestive Compartments

A lysosomeA lysosome Is a membranous sac of hydrolyticIs a membranous sac of hydrolytic

enzymesenzymes

Can digest all kinds of macromoleculesCan digest all kinds of macromolecules


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Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion byysosomes carry out intracellular digestion byPhagocytosishagocytosis

(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

1 m1 m

Lysosome containsLysosome contains

active hydrolyticactive hydrolytic

enzymesenzymes

Food vacuoleFood vacuole

fuses withfuses with

lysosomelysosome

HydrolyticHydrolytic

enzymes digestenzymes digest

food particlesfood particles

DigestionDigestion

Food vacuoleFood vacuole

Plasma membranePlasma membraneLysosomeLysosome

DigestiveDigestive

enzymesenzymes

LysosomeLysosome

NucleusNucleus


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AutophagyAutophagy

(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

Lysosome containingLysosome containingtwo damaged organellestwo damaged organelles

1 m1 m

MitochondrionMitochondrion

fragmentfragment

PeroxisomePeroxisomefragmentfragment

Lysosome fuses withLysosome fuses with

vesicle containingvesicle containing

damaged organelledamaged organelle

Hydrolytic enzymesHydrolytic enzymes

digest organelledigest organelle

componentscomponents

Vesicle containingVesicle containing

damaged mitochondriondamaged mitochondrion

DigestionDigestion

LysosomeLysosome

Role of the Golgi in formingRole of the Golgi in forming


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Role of the Golgi in formingRole of the Golgi in forminglysosomeslysosomes


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MitochondriaMitochondria

Mitochondriacontain their own DNA (termed mDNA) and are

thought to represent bacteria-like organisms incorporated into

eukaryotic cells over 700 million years ago (perhaps even as far

back as 1.5 billion years ago). They function as the sites ofenergy release (following glycolysis in the cytoplasm) and ATP

formation.

The mitochondrion has been termed the powerhouse of the cell.

Mitochondria are bounded by two membranes(envelope). The

inner membrane folds into a series ofcristae, which are the

surfaces on which ATP is generated
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Structure of a mitochondrionStructure of a mitochondrion

Muscle Cell MitochondrionMuscle Cell Mitochondrion


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Muscle Cell MitochondrionMuscle Cell Mitochondrion(TEM x190,920).(TEM x190,920).


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ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. They

contain chlorophyll, the green pigment necessary for

photosynthesis to occur, and associated accessory pigments (

carotenes and xanthophylls) inphotosystems embedded in

membranous sacs, thylakoids (collectively a stack of thylakoids

are a granum [plural = grana]) floating in a fluid termed the

stroma. Chloroplasts contain many different types of accessorypigments, depending on the taxonomic group of the organism

being observed.
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Structure of the chloroplastStructure of the chloroplast


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Thats all for nowThats all for now


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Follow-up Session onFollow-up Session on

CellsCells

Si f t b tSi facts abo t


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Six facts aboutSix facts aboutorganellesorganelles

Organelles are structures insideOrganelles are structures inside

eukaryoticeukaryoticcellscells that carry outthat carry out

functions.functions.

The main organelles areThe main organelles are nucleusnucleus, cell, cellmembranemembrane,, chloroplastchloroplast,, mitochondriamitochondria,,

endoplasmicendoplasmicreticulumreticulum,, cell wallcell wall andand golgigolgi

apparatusapparatus..

Most organelles areMost organelles are membranemembrane bound,bound,

they have a unit membrane around them.they have a unit membrane around them.
http://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/eukaryotic.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/eukaryotic.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cells.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cells.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/nucleus.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/nucleus.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/chloroplast.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/chloroplast.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/mitochondria.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/mitochondria.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cell_wall.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cell_wall.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/golgi.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cell_wall.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/endoplasmic_reticulum.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/mitochondria.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/chloroplast.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/membrane.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/nucleus.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/cells.htmhttp://www.kscience.co.uk/as/module1/eukaryotic.htm


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A particularA particular cellcell will have more ofwill have more of

some organelles because theysome organelles because they

enable it to carry its function.enable it to carry its function.

ProkaryoticProkaryotic cells do not havecells do not have

membrane bound organelles.membrane bound organelles.

Some organelles are visible with aSome organelles are visible with a

lightlight microscopemicroscope because they arebecause they arebig enough to be resolved.big enough to be resolved.
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Documents

12.1 Cell Structure and Function- PP Presentation