一、 概述

1．基本形式的变化

不定式： 时态 主动态 被动态 一般时 to do to be done 进行时 to be doing 完成时 to have done to have been done

John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.(一般时的主动态)

He hated to be misunderstood by others.(一般时的被动态) He pretended to be listening attentively.(进行时) He intended to have told you that.(完成时的主动态) This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries

ago.(完成时的被动态)

V ing形式： 时态 主动态 被动态 一般时 doing being done 完成时 having done having been done

注意：不及物动词没有被动态。 动名词 I am sure of his coming in time.(一般时的主动态) (＝I am

sure that he will come in time.) He is proud of being selected as monitor.(一般时的被动态)

(＝He is proud that he is selected as monitor.) He complained of having been cheated by others.(完成时的

被动态)

现在分词 Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly.(一般时的被

动态) Having finished his homework, he went playing.(完成时的

主动态) All this having been settled, he went home.(完成时的被动

态) V ed 过去分词形式：done Given more time, we could have finished the work better.

二、动词不定式在句中充当的成分

1．作主语 To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 To make money is not the only purpose of our life. 赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的。 在很多情况下，常用 it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。 It is important for us to learn English very well. 对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。

2．作动词的宾语

常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，happen，seem等。

He managed to pass the exam. 他成功地通过了考试。 He promised to be here at nine. 他答应 9点钟到这里。

I didn't expect to see you here. 我没有料到在这里见到你。 在某些复合宾语中，用 it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后

面。 He considered it better to leave now. 他认为最好现在就离开。 I found it impossible to finish the work on time. 我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。

3．作定语(常置于名词之后)

由 only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语； 不定式还可用作不定代词的定语 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something等)。

He is always the last one to leave the office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室。 I don't think he is the best man to do the job. 我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。 I have no desire to travel. 我不想去旅行。

注：动词不定式 to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。

I haven't decided which hotel to stay at. I found no one to play with.

4．作状语

I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(表目的) He tried only to fail.(表结果) She was happy to hear the news.(表原因) 不定式作状语常用于下列形容词之后： able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, careless, certain, clever,

considerate, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened, happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant, right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong等。

French is difficult to learn. 法语难学。 I'm sorry to interrupt you, but I have to. 很抱歉打扰您，但我不得不这样。

5．作独立成分 To speak frankly, I don't like your attitude. 坦白地说，我不喜欢你的态度。

6．与疑问词连用

疑问代词 who, what, which和疑问副词 when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

When to start has not been decided. 什么时候出发还没有定。 The problem is how to get there on time. 问题是怎样才能准时到达那儿。

注意： 1)在有些动词后常用疑问词＋动词不定式的结构。这类动

词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder, consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。

He didn't know what to do next. 他不知道接下来该做什么。 I haven't decided whether to go to Japan. 我还没有决定是否到日本去。

2)不定式的复合结构 由 for＋名词或代词＋动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中

可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。 It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday. 你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。 由 of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：

brave, careless, clever, courageous, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, rude, stupid, silly, thoughtful, thoughtless, wrong, wise等。

It's kind of you to say so.

3)不带 to 的动词不定式 ▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略 to 的动词不定

式作宾补，如 let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。

The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition. 老师常常让我重写作文。 将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher

to_rewrite the composition.(to不能省略) I heard her say that she was fed up. ▲在下列结构后常用不带 to 的动词不定式：had better,

would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。 I'd better go now, or I'll miss the train. They can not but accept his advice. 他们只好接受他的建议。

▲在 except, but 之前有动词 do作实义动词，则 except, but 后一般接不带 to的动词不定式，反之则接带 to的动词不定式。

We have no choice but to wait. 我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。 There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book. ▲在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带 to。 Why argue with him?

三、动名词在句中充当的成分

1．作主语 Teaching offers something besides money and power.

2．作补语、表语 Seeing is believing.

3．作以下及物动词及词组的宾语

建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to 忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop 放弃延期或失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss 坚持欣赏(想)要(实)践(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to,

enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practise, finish 注意原谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid,

object to 考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help 允许习惯不介意：permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to,

mind

值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagine The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the

river. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. 另在 want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式

表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。 My hair needs cutting.(＝My hair needs to be cut.)

4．作定语

它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。

The factory built a swimming pool last year.

5．作同位语 His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting. 注意： 1)动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格＋动名词构

成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格＋动名词构成， 在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：

My closing the door made him angry. I can't stand Lao Chang's talking like that about other

comrades.

2)动名词的某些固定结构 ▲ It is＋no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of

time, a bore…)名词＋doing sth. It is no use crying. 哭没有用。 ▲ It is＋useless＋doing sth. It is useless speaking. 光说没用。 ▲ There is no＋v ing “ ……是不可能的” 。 There is no knowing how old she is.(＝It is impossible to

know how old she is.)

▲ make a point of＋doing “ 认为……是必要的” Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(＝

Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.) ▲ be on the point of＋doing “ 濒临，将要……” He was on the point of leaving. ▲ on (upon)＋doing “ 一……就……” On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(＝As soon as I

heard the news, I changed my plans.)

▲ go＋doing (大部分指运动和游戏) He went shopping/hiking/swimming/fishing. ▲动名词短语常用在以下结构中： have difficulty (in)＋doing sth. have trouble (in)＋doing sth. have fun (in)＋doing sth. have a good time (in)＋doing sth./have a hard time (in)＋

doing sth. ▲ feel like＋doing“ 想要……” ＝would like to＋动词原形 Do you feel like going to a movie? 你想看电影吗？ I don't feel like reading tonight. 今晚我不想读书。

四、分词在句中充当的成分

1．作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。

The boring snow made the bored boys go home.(＝The snow was boring, so the boys were bored and went home.)

China is a developing socialist country. The broken glass scattered on the ground. 注意：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达

的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。

2．作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有 see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。

The story is boring. I found him surrounded by a group of children.(过去分词作

宾语补足语)

3．作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、 条件、结果、伴随情况。

Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.(表时间)

Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(表原因) If going there by plane, we'll have to pay twice as much.(表

条件) The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average

yield by 15%.(表结果) He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(表伴随)

注意：分词的特殊结构 1．独立主格 有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上

自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语，亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。

That being the case, we'd better make some changes in the plan.

Weather permitting, we will go out.＝If weather permits，we will go out.

The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.

2．“ with或 without＋名词或代词＋分词” 的复合结构 常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如： He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 3．某些固定结构 generally/frankly speaking…，judging from/by…中，分词的

逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。

Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family. Frankly speaking, I don't like him at all.

4．catch＋宾语＋doing If she catches me reading her diary，she'll be furious. 注意：有些现在分词可以作介词用，如 concerning,

considering, regarding, respecting等。 Considering his age, he is tall. I have nothing to say concerning his speech.

五、 非谓语动词的比较

1．作主语和宾语时的比较

一般来说，不定式和动名词成分相同时，表示客观性、一般行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体行为则多用不定式。

I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today because I don't feel well. 注意下列重点内容： 1)begin 和 start 本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意

义的动词时，须接不定式。 When we came in, they were beginning to have supper. After his explanation, I began to understand it/realize that I

was wrong.

2)有些词后面既可以接不定式，亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意。

① remember，forget，regret 接动名词，表示完成意义(＝having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义。

Please remember to bring me the book I want next time. I remember seeing her (＝having seen her) somewhere

before.

②mean: mean to do＝want to do打算，想要…… mean doing意味着做 I am sorry I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in

class. ③stop: stop to do停下来，要干另一件事(不定式作目的状

语) stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语) After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest. After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.

④ try: try to do努力，试图干…… try doing试着干…… He searched everywhere and tried to find his key. They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again

and again. ⑤want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式

就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。 These young trees require looking after(＝ to be looked

after)． The matter needs thinking over(＝to be thought over)．

⑥go on: go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事(不定式作目的状语)

go on doing继续干原来同一件事(动名词作宾语) After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story. After writing the composition he went on to work out his

maths problems.

⑦动词 advise，allow，permit，forbid 后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。

Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health. The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve

his health. ⑧be considered to have done被认为已经做了…… consider…to be…认为……是…… consider doing sth.考虑做某事 ⑨be(get)used to doing习惯于…… be used to do被用来做…… ⑩can't help doing情不自禁做…… can't help to do不能帮助做……

2．作宾补时的比较

不定式可以表示一次性、具体行为以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生或进行意义的行为，亦可表示一个延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。

When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. I often hear her sing songs in English in her room. The mother will have the doctor examine her son again. When I got home I found the window broken and the thief

gone away already.

3．作表语时的比较

不定式和动名词作表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，可以用来回答 what 的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词作表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以用来回答 how的问题。

The news is very exciting.(How is the news？) The children are well dressed these days. His job is teaching them English.(What is his job？)

4．作定语时的比较

不定式作定语与所修饰名词有动宾、主谓和解释名词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词作定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词作定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式作定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词作定语可前置，分词短语作定语则须后置。动名词作定语时，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词作定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。

a swimming boy＝a boy who is swimming a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming The house to be built (＝which will be built/which is to be

built) next year will be our new library. The house being built (＝which is being built) now will be

our new library. The house built (＝which was built) last year is our new

library now.

5．作状语时的比较

不定式和分词作状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多作目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，作伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于 go doing结构中作目的状语。

1)目的状语：通常用不定式表示，不定式前还可加上 in order，so as来加强说话的口气，但 so as to通常不用于句首。

I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report. In order to(不用 so as to) see better, we took front seats.

2)时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。

Arriving (＝When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.

Having (＝When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.

After finishing his homework, he went to bed. Seen (＝When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks

more beautiful. Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.

3)原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后，这些形容词通常是 happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句，一般位于句首。

I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 很抱歉，让你久等了。 We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide. There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary

that he wanted. Having (＝Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't

possibly leave right away.

4)条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句，一般位于句首。

Turning (＝If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.

Given (＝If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do it better.

5)结果状语：不定式作结果状语通常用于 so＋形容词或副词＋as to，such＋名词＋as to，too…to…，enough to和 only to等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。

I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.(表出乎意料的结果)

This is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy. The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.(表自然的结

果)

6)让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的 though。

Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.

7)伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语时通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正处主动或被动的状态。

They walked along the streets, talking and laughing. He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.

六、关于 there be句型中的非谓语形式

there＋to be/being结构可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。

1．作动词宾语时，通常用 there to be结构，而不用 there being。能这样用的及物动词有：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等。如：

We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind. 我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here. 我们并不反对在这里开会。

2．作状语时多用 there being结构，但若置于介词 for之后，则要用 there to be。

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. 由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was

very dry. 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语)

3．作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用 for 引导则要用there to be。

It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。 There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience

to female teachers. 校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。

一、按语法要求填空。

1．Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ________(amuse) with her stories.

2．Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, ________(send) supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.

3．That is the only way we can imagine ________(reduce) the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.

amused

sending

to reduce

4．He had a wonderful childhood, ________(travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.

5．Dina, ______________(struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

6．There were many talented actors out there just waiting ________________(discover)．

7．It rained heavily in the south, ________(cause) serious flooding in several provinces.

8．A great number of students ___________(question) said they were forced to practise the piano.

traveling

having struggled

to be discovered

causing

questioned

9．His first book _______________(publish) next month is based on a true story.

10. ________(paint) red, the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.

11．Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________(seat) until the plane has come to a complete stop.

12．______________(tell) many times, he finally understood it.

13 ． In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ________(stick) abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

14．The lady walked around the shops, ________(keep) an eye out for bargains.

15．How ________(begin) is more difficult than where to stop.

to be published

Painted

seated

Having been told

stuck

keeping

to begin

二、根据中文提示翻译下列句子。

1．I am sorry ____________________________________(占用了您这么多时间)．

2．They tried to avoid _____________________________ ________________________(让女儿做她不喜欢的事情)．

3．We did nothing _____________________________(除了整天打桥牌)．

4．It is necessary _________________________________ ____________(我们在考试前好好地睡一晚上觉)．

to have taken up so much of your time

making their daughter do what she didn't like to do

but play bridge the whole day

for us to have a good night's sleep before the test

5．The bad weather _______________________________ __________________(破坏了我们在露天放电影的计划)．

6．________________________________ (被这个男孩的事

迹深深打动了), they decided to pay for his education. 7．Success means __________________(非常努力地工作)．

ruined our plan to show the film in the open air

Deeply moved by the boy's deeds

working very hard

8．______________________________(从一个年轻朋友的眼光来看), Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.

9 ． The war went on for years, ________________________________________(夺去了成千上万人的生命)．

10．________________________________________(好久没有收到父母的来信了), he was worried about them.

Seen from the eyes of a young friend

killing thousands upon thousands of people

Not having heard from his parents for a long time

三、按语法要求填空。 A

A border collie 1.________(name) Rico recognizes the names of about 200 objects, say researchers in Germany.The dog also appears to be able 2.________(learn) new words as easily as a 3 year old child.Its word learning skills are as good as those of a parrot or chimpanzee.

In one experiment, the researchers took all 200 items that Rico is supposed 3.________(know) and divided them into 20 groups of 10 objects.Then the owner told the dog to go and 4.________(fetch) one of the items and bring it back.In four tests, Rico got 37 out of 40 commands right.As the dog couldn't see anyone 5.________(get) clues, the scientists believe Rico must understand the meanings of certain words.

named

to learn

to know

fetch

to get

In another experiment, the scientists took one toy that Rico had never seen before and put it in a room with seven toys whose names the dog already knew.The owner then told Rico to fetch the object, 6.________(use) a word the dog had never heard before.

The correct object was chosen in seven out of ten tests, 7.___ __________(suggest) that the dog had worked out the answer by process of elimination(排除法)．A month later, Rico remembered half of the new names, which is even more impressive.

using

suggesting

B Computer programmer David Jones earns $35,000 a year

designing new computer games.Yet he cannot find a bank ready to let him 1.________(have) a credit card(信用卡)．Instead he has been told 2.________(wait) another two years until he is 18.The 16 year old boy works for a small firm in Liverpool where the problem of most young people of his age is finding a job.David's firm releases(推出)two new games for the fast 3.________(grow) computer market each month.

have

to wait

growing

But David's biggest headache is what 4.________(do) with his money.Even though he earns a lot, he cannot drive a car, take out a mortgage(抵押贷款)，or get credit cards.David got his job with the Liverpool based company four months ago，a year after 5.________(leave) school with six O levels and working for a time in a computer shop.“ I got the job because the people who run the firm knew I had already written some programs，” he said.David spends some of his money on records and clothes and gives his mother 50 pounds a week.But most of his spare time is spent 6.________(work)．

to do

leaving

working

“Unfortunately, computing was not part of our studies at school.” he said.“But I had been studying it in books and magazines for four years in my spare time.I knew what I wanted 7.________(do) and never considered 8.________(stay) on at school.Most people in this business are fairly young, anyway.” David added，“ I would like to earn a million and I suppose early retirement(退休)is a possibility, because you never know when the market might disappear.”

to do staying