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1202 CDMA RF Optimization

The copyright of this document is the property of Nortel Networks. Without

the written consent of Nortel Networks, given by contract or otherwise, this

document must not be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form,

either wholly or in part, and the contents of this document, or any methods or

techniques available therefrom, must not be disclosed to any other person

whatsoever.

Data AnalysisData AnalysisProceduresProcedures

Lesson #4Lesson #4

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1202 CDMA RF Optimization - 2

Lesson Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to

• Discuss the basic functionality behind the !ortel !etwor"s $Optimi%er software pro&ram'

• Perform a datafill audit and sha"edown analysis usin& the

!ortel !etwor"s $ Optimi%er software pro&ram'

• Perform access failure analysis usin& the !ortel !etwor"s $

Optimi%er software pro&ram'

• Discuss $ covera&e and handoff control issues concernin&

soft handoff reduction and search window si%in&'

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Lesson Objectives (cont')

Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to

• *+plain the method for optimi%ation of forward lin" capacity'

• Discuss the types and methods of optimi%in& D-A hard

handoffs

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Data Analysis

• -acro .iew

— This is the “big picture” of network performance. – Parameter plots are made for all or a large

portion of the network.

– Trend analysis of certain parameters are

considered for all or a large portion of the

network.

• -icro .iew

— Focus is much more defined on specific areas

within the network.

– etailed analysis of specific e!ents" such asaccess failures or dropped calls.

– #ormally deals with problems within an e$act

location.

Data analysis or

post-processing

can be looked at

from 2 different

perspectives.

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!ortel !etwor"s $ Optimi%er /oftware

• Overview

— %sed to pro!ide macro and micro analysis of bothforward and re!erse links.

— Pro!ides a “complete picture” by incorporating

both mobile dri!e test logs and those logged at

the &'& for analysis.

• 0nput $iles

— (obile dri!e test logs must be in ).mdm format.

— &'& log files collected during dri!e test.

The Nortel

Networks RF

Optimier program will be

the primary post

processing tool

!sed in this

co!rse.

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$ Optimi%er /ystem Analysis (-acro)

• /ettin& /earch 1indows

— *F +ptimi,er can determine the optimum settingsfor the -cti!e &et and #eighbor &et search

window si,es.

— This speeds up the searcher algorithm.

• /ha"edown 2rid— This pro!ides a report utility that shows the datafill

status of the area.

• /ystem -ap

— This feature displays selected information on anarea defined by the selected analysis files.

— This feature also displays the location of specific

call e!ents such as access failures or dropped

calls.

"ystem data

analysis sho!ld

view all files

associated with

a drive test.

This is the big

pict!re of what

occ!rred d!ring

the drive.

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Active /et

/earch 1indow

!ei&hbor /et

/earch 1indow

*F +ptimi,er (-

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-cti!e &et &earch /indow -cti!e &et &earch /indow

•'ased on finger

data

•%ses only multi0

path information

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!ei&hbor /et /earch 1indow

•%ses P&(( data

•&hows offset with respect

to reference

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/ha"edown 2rid

*F +ptimi,er (-

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/ha"edown 2rid

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Shakedown Grid

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Shakedown Grid

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Shakedown Grid

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Shakedown Grid

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Shakedown Grid

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Shakedown Grid

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*F +ptimi,er (-

/ystem -ap

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System Map

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• 3ransmit 2ain Adjust

— -naly,es the a!erage transmit gain ad1ust whenthe mobile is locked to a single pilot.

— 2dentifies any sites ha!ing a significantly different

link balance.

• urst *rror /tatistics (*/)— -naly,es the occurrences of consecuti!e frame

erasures.

— Forward and re!erse frames are analy,ed and

can be displayed separately.

— 3oice or (arko! calls can be used

– (arko! calls use full rate frames only in

calculation of burst errors.

– 3oice calls use all0rate frames only in

calculation of burst errors.

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*F +ptimi,er (-

3ransmit 2ain Adjust

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Transmit Gain Adjust

•ounts and seconds must be

great enough to be significant

•Pilot P# 4 567 has a problem here

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*F +ptimi,er (-

urst *rror /tatistics

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'urst 8rror &tatistics9

Forward

/how 5isto&ram

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&how :istogram

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*e!erse

/how 5isto&ram

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&how :istogram

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• all /tatistics

— The call statistics function will display thefollowing9

– all statistics

– Summary information for originations, access

failures, dropped calls, and call seconds.

– :andoff statistics – Shows the number of sites in handoff and the

number of sectors at each site in handoff.

– &ector statistics

– Shows the number of sectors in use at a time

and calculates number of sectors per user.

– hannel 8lement statistics

– Shows the number of channel elements in use at

a time and what state they are in.

– F8* -naly,er

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*F +ptimi,er (-

all /tatistics

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all &tatistics

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all &tatistics9

-F; &tatistics

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all &tatistics9

:andoff &tatistics

/how 5isto&ram

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all &tatistics &tatistics9

&how :istogram

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all &tatistics9

&ector &tatistics

/how 5isto&ram

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&how :istogram


&how :istogram

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all &tatistics9

hannel 8lements &tatistics

/how 5isto&ram

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&how :istogram

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all &tatistics9

F8* -naly,er

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F8* -naly,er9

2nputs

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F8* -naly,er9

Forward

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F8* -naly,er9

*e!erse

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F8* -naly,er9

Fwd *ate F8*

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F8* -naly,er9

*!s *ate F8*

$ O i i / A l i (- )

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• Delta 3ool

— -llows the user to compare data from multiplefiles for a geographic area.

— ata collected before a change to a system can

be compared to data collected after the change is

made.

— This pro!ides a graphic image of the results of thechange.

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elta Tool

&elect files for -cti!e File <ist -

&a!e to a different location or

o!errides the default file name

&elect files for -cti!e File <ist '

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elta Tool

alculate

-ap

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elta (ap

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elta (ap 'uttons

- ata

' ata

elta

alculate

(ap

elta Field

$ O ti i $il L l A l i (-i )

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$ Optimi%er $ile Level Analysis (-icro)

• 2raph .iew

— isplays selectable information from a singleacti!e file in a graphical fashion.

— This !iew can be printed from within *F

+ptimi,er.

• 2rid .iew— isplays selectable information from a single

acti!e file in a worksheet fashion.

— an be sa!ed as a tab delimited -&22 output file

and then e$ported to other programs such as

8$cel" /ord" etc.

• Detailed -ap .iew

These f!nctions

provide a file by

file analysis

!sing

synchronied

views.

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*F +ptimi,er (-

2rid .iew -essa&e .iew Detail -ap .iew2raph .iew

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&ynchroni,ed

3iews

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&ynchroni,ed

3iews

=raph 3iew

•>0to0> with =rid 3iew•isplay on *ight or <eft a$is

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=raph 3iew

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=raph 'uttons

<egend=raph

hooser &econds

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=raph 3iew hooser

=raph hooser

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=rid 3iew

•Temporal 'inning•8$port ata

•&ource ata for etail (ap

3iew

and =raph 3iew

&ynchroni,ed

3iews

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=rid 3iew

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=rid 3iew 'uttons

&a!e ToFile

=ridhooser

Print ialog 'o$9

&a!es to a .t$t file

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=rid 3iew hooser

=rid hooser

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(essage 3iew

•all &egments defined•(essage ontents 3isible

• -cti!e and #eighbor &etsdisplayed

&ynchroni,ed

3iews

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(essage 3iew

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(essage 3iew

(sg &et >

(sg &et 5

-ll

(essage

hooser

&a!e

To File

Print ialog 'o$9

&a!es to a .t$t file

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(essage 3iew

(essage hooser

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&ynchroni,ed 3iews

etail (ap 3iew

>0to0> with =rid 3iew

#o spatial binning

'lue lifesa!er cursor

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etailed (ap 3iew

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etailed (ap 3iew 'uttons

&iteFinder

&ites

all

8!ents

ata

Points

&treets

&treet#ames

<egend

<egend

8ditor

<ayer

ontrol

#ormal

ursor

?oom 0 2n

ursor

?oom 0 +ut

ursor

Pan

ursor

&et&cale

/ystem Access Analysis

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• Datafill Audit

— -n e$amination of the configuration files for all

'T&s and the '&.

— 8nsure all parameters are input correctly.

• /ha"edown Data Analysis

— -n e$amination of captured 2&0@A messaging toensure the parameter settings contained within

are correct.

— The &ync hannel" &ystem Parameters"

8$tended &ystem Parameters" and -ccess

Parameters messages are key for this process.— The #eighbor <ist messages should also be

e$amined to confirm that the neighbor lists are

correct.

The Nortel

Networks RF

Optimier tool

generates these

reports

a!tomatically


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• Access $ailure Analysis

— (essage analysis can classify access failures into the

following categories9

– -ccess probes e$hausted

– not receied at !TS

– seen by the !TS but the acknowledgment is not seen

back at the mobile

– -cknowledgment recei!ed by the mobile buthannel -ssignment message is not seen

– hannel -ssignment message is seen at the

mobile but it cannot acBuire the forward traffic

channel

– (obile acBuires the forward traffic channel but thesystem does not acBuire the re!erse traffic channel

– &ystem acBuires the re!erse traffic channel but the

forward acknowledgment does not reach mobile

Ccontinued DD.E

#f the RF link

fails before the

mobile sends

the "ervice$onnect

$ompletion

message% it is

considered an

access fail!re.


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• Access $ailure Analysis (continued)

— Forward acknowledgement reaches the mobile

but the re!erse acknowledgment does not reach

the system.

— &ystem recei!es the re!erse acknowledgment but

the &er!ice onnect (essage is not seen at the

mobile.

• everse lin" messa&e failures are possibly caused

by covera&e problems'

• $orward lin" messa&e failures are possibly

caused by the mobile bein& restricted to one P!

durin& access' (all other pilots are interference)

• /uspect a problem at the site if the access failure

occurs is an area with solid covera&e and a clearly

dominant server'

Dropped all Analysis

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• -obile 2enerated elease Order

— The mobile will generate a release order if 5A6

frames are recei!ed without two consecuti!e good

frames.

— 8!ery 5 consecuti!e good frames resets a A second

fade timer.

— The mobile disables its transmitter if >5 consecuti!e

erasures are recei!ed and re0enables it when 5

good frames are recei!ed.

• // 2enerated elease Order

— The &'& will generate a release order if 5A6 frames

are recei!ed without two consecuti!e good frames.

— The &'& will also release a call if no

acknowledgement is recei!ed to a :andoff irection

(essage within A seconds

&ink

s!pervision

algorithms

define the

criteria for

dropping a call.


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• Once messa&e analysis is performed the

dropped calls should be placed into one

of the followin& cate&ories

ategory > 0 o!erage *elated

ategory 5 0 +ptimi,able Ccause is slow handoff"

searchwindow" co!erage control" or P#

plan related.Eategory 0 8Buipment problems Ccaused by

hardware failures or backhaul

interruptions.E

ategory 7 0 :ardware or software design related

problems

#f the RF link

fails after the

mobile sends

the "ervice$onnect

$omplete

'essage then it

is considered a

dropped call.


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• ate&ory 6 7 overa&e related

— 8$amine the location of these drops to make

sure these calls are not dropping in areas of solid

co!erage.

— -ntenna type or orientation changes may remedy

this situation. Purchase of additional !ortel

!etwor"s base stations will always fi+ theseproblems8

• ate&ory 9 7 :Optimi%able; dropped calls

— etailed message analysis to determine the

reason is necessary.

— -naly,ing files containing messages logged at

both the mobile and &'& is the best way to

isolate the reasons for these dropped calls.


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• ate&ory < 7 *=uipment Problems

— 'ackhaul interruptions are often difficult to

diagnose if they are intermittent.

— +nce these problems ha!e been identified" they

should be referred to the appropriate

maintenance group.

• ate&ory 4 7 5ardware or /oftwareDesi&n Problems

— These problems must be communicated to the

#ortel #etworks de!elopment group using the &*

C&er!ice *eBuestE process.— 0t is impossible for these problems to occur in

your !ortel !etwor"s 1ireless /olution, refer

bac" to cate&ories 6 throu&h <8

$ overa&e and 5andoff ontrol

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• ontrollin& the covera&e area of

separate cells is the sin&le most

important aspect of optimi%ation'

— ells must be limited to their intended co!erage

area.

— 8ach geographic area should ha!e a pilot which

is considered the dominant ser!er.— -reas with no clear dominant ser!er can be

considered as areas with pilot pollution

(ntenna

orientations%

patterns% and

tilts are the

main tools !sed

limit cells to

their intended

coverage area.


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• Pilot Pollution

— - condition in which multiple pilots are recei!ed

by a mobile" all at appro$imately the same recei!e

le!el with no clear dominant ser!er.

• Pilot Pollution can produce the followin&

networ" problems

— “&low handoff” dropped calls

— “&earch /indow” related dropped calls

— <ow apacity


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• /oft 5andoff eduction

— /hile a mobile is in one0way handoff only the

following datafilled handoff parameters are used9

TG-

TG*+P

TG+(P

TGT*+P— /hile a mobile is in 5""7"A" or H way soft handoff

the following rules apply9

TG- I CTG- 0 TG-G+FF&8TE

TG*+P I CTG*+P 0 TG*+PG+FF&8TE

TG+(P I datafilled !alueTGT*+P I datafilled !alue

(fter software

release ).2%

!sers can now

enable a more

*intelligent+ soft

handoff

red!ction

algorithm.


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• /oft 5andoff eduction

— The algorithm uses the following rules on

accepting or re1ecting soft handoffs from recei!ed

P# offsets contained in the P&((.

– -lways accept the 5nd strongest pilot CP5E.

– -ccept the rd strongest pilot when

Ec/o of !N" # Ec/o of !N$ %& 'E(T)*$ – -ccept 7th strongest pilot only when the rd

strongest pilot is accepted and

Ec/o of !N" # Ec/o of !N+ %& 'E(T)*+

– -ccept Ath strongest pilot only when the 7th

strongest pilot is accepted andEc/o of !N" # Ec/o of !N %& 'E(T)*

– -ccept Hth strongest pilot only when the Ath

strongest pilot is accepted and

Ec/o of !N" # Ec/o of !N- %& 'E(T)*-

,hen a "''

is received% the

pilots are

ranked in order

of their received

signal strength.


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• Optimi%in& D*L3A><7?

— 'efore the &:+ reduction algorithm is enabled"

return the following parameters to their suggested

!alues9

– TG-I 0>7

– TG*+PI 0>H

– TG+(P I >d'

– Pilot=ainI 5>H CJ66(:,E or >JH C>@66(:,E

— +ptimi,ation of each of the new 8<T-

parameters can be accomplished in two stages9 – /ta&e 6 &et different !alues of 8<T-GH on

different &'& shel!es and use the <F<>66 logs tomonitor dropped calls on a per &'& basis.

– /ta&e 9 &elect the smallest !alue that gi!es an

acceptable increase in dropped calls and apply this

!alue across all &'& shel!es. *epeat this for

remaining 8<T-G0A !alues.

Refer to detailed

description of

this proced!re

in chapter of

NT //-2/00-

11

/earch 1indows

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/earch 1indows

• 3he worst case search time to find a

nei&hbor is e+pressed in the followin&

formula

/earch 3ime @ (!! + (3! (!A + 3A))) 3

where !A @ number of active P!s

!! @ number of nei&hbor P!s

3A

@ search time for /5>10!>A3! @ search time for /5>10!>!

3 @ search time for /5>10!>

• -inimi%in& the search time is important

— Pre!ents dropped calls caused by a new pilot

increasing !ery Buickly

— 2ncreases capacity by including a possible

intereferer into the acti!e set" lessening power

reBuirements

,e will perform

search windowanalysis !sing

Nortel Networks

RF Optimier.

/earch 1indows (Acceptable ombinations)

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( p )

ActiveB,andidate /earch 1indow (/#,5>10!>A)(chips)

>6 >7 56 5J 76 H6

!ei&hbor /earch1indow

(/#,5>10!>!)(chips)

56 #o #o #o #o #o #o

5J #o #o #o #o #o #o

76 #o #o #o #o Kes #o

H6 #o #o #o Kes Kes Kes

J6 #o #o #o Kes Kes Kes

>66 #o Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes

>F6 Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes

>H6 Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes

55H Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes Kes

/earch 1indows (Datafill .alues and esults)

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( )

Window size (chips) Datafill Value Max Delay (uS) Distance (km)

14 (+7) 4 5.7 1.71

20 (+10) 5 8.1 2.44

28 (+14) 6 11.4 3.42

40 (+20) 7 16.3 4.88

60 (+30) 8 24.4 7.32

80 (+40) 9 32.6 9.76

100 (+50) a 40.7 12.20

130 (+65) b 52.9 15.86

160 (+80) c 65.1 19.52

226 (+113) d 92.0 27.57

!ei&hbor Lists

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&

• 2eneral ules for !ei&hbor List 3unin&

>. -ny pilot that is reBuested to be added in a Pilot

&trength (easurement (essage CP&((E must

be in the neighbor list of the reference pilot

contained in that message.

5. -ny pilots that are now in the reference cellLs

neighbor list but ne!er occur in a P&(( must be

remo!ed from that neighbor list.

• 3hree sources of nei&hbor list tunin&

data

>. ropped call or failed access analysis5. Pilot &trength (easurement (essages from dri!e

test data

. #eighbor<istTuning-rray data logged at the &'&.

Neighbor list

t!ning can be

performed!sing Nortel

Networks RF

Optimier.

Optimi%in& $orward Lin" apacity

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p & p y

• emove interferin& handoff with other

sectors

— *emo!e any sectors that are causing e$cessi!e 0way

or more handoffs within this area by antenna

change;down0tilt;orientation or powering down both the

forward and re!erse links

• emove interferin& power from othersectors

— *emo!e any sectors that are contributing to a lower

8c;2o by antenna change;down0tilt;orientation or

powering down both the forward and re!erse links

• educe handoff within the :hotspot;

— - reduction in pilot gain on the hotspot sectors can

increase capacity by reducing the amount of handoffs

occurring in the area

These methods

can be

considered forimproving

capacity over a

small area.

5ard 5andoff (55O)

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( )

• 5ard handoff can be divided into the

followin& cate&ories

2nter0freBuency ::+

– hard handoff from one carrier to another within

a network Cf > to f 5" etc.E

2nter0freBuency band ::+

– hard handoff from J66(:, (- to >@66(:,(- and !ice !ersa

2nter0system &:+ or 2nter0'& ::+

– hard handoff of ser!ice from a ser!ice area

associated with one '& to a ser!ice area

associated with another '&

(-0-(P& ::+

– hard handoff from (- technology to -(P&

technology

The need for

additional

methods of hardhandoff

contin!es to

epand.

5ard 5andoff 3ri&&ers

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&&

• !ortel !etwor"s supports two types of

hard handoffs

— &ingle pilot ::+

– The mobile is forced to make a hard handoff

with only one target sector. This sector will be

the only pilot in the acti!e set immediately after

handoff. C+ne hance +nlyME

— (ulti0pilot ::+

– -llows the mobile to perform a hard handoff

with more than one sector. %p to si$ sectors

can be supported as target sectors.

• 3hree 55O tri&&ers are supported— *T Trigger

— Pilot 'eacon Trigger

— 8nhanced ::+ Trigger

ound 3rip Delay 3ri&&er (3D)

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y && ( )

The mobile station has no knowledge

of the *border sector+ concept. (sfar as the mobile station is concerned%

a border sector is 3!st the same as

any other standard $D'( sector.

$irst7sta&e tri&&er

/econd7sta&e

tri&&er *LL>/3A!DAD *LL>OD*

3D

3/

• 3his is a two7sta&e tri&&er which indirectly utili%es the e+istin& soft handoff al&orithm in themobile station to facilitate the hard handoff

— certain pilots in the re&ion where hard handoff is desired are identified as :*LL>OD*;

in the Pilot Database of the // controller

— as the mobile station travels from left to ri&ht it enters into handoff with both sectors and

eventually ceases communication with the sector on the left (:*LL>/3A!DAD;)

— when the active set contain only sectors datafilled as :*LL>OD*;, the first7sta&e tri&&er

is met an the second7sta&e tri&&er is enabled

— the // starts monitorin& the ound 3rip Delay (3D) of the si&nals between the mobile

station and the base station from which it derives its time reference

— when the 3D e+ceeds a certain threshold, the second7sta&e tri&&er is met and handoff

processin& continues with the tar&et selection activity

Pilot eacon 3ri&&er

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• 3his tri&&er utili%es the e+istin& soft handoff al&orithm in the mobile station to facilitatethe hard handoff

— certain pilots in the re&ion where hard handoff is desired are identified as :*LL>P0LO3>*AO!; in the Pilot Database of the // controller

— the cell on the left is servin& the mobile station on fre=uency f /

— the cell on the ri&ht operates in fre=uency f 2 and has a :Pilot eacon Unit; that&enerates a pilot on fre=uency f / (or this pilot is &enerated by a standard D-A cell

of an adjacent systemBmar"et)— as the mobile station travels into the re&ion in which hard handoff is desired, soft

handoff processin& is initiated when the mobile station reports to the networ" thatthe si&nal of the beacon cell is received with sufficient stren&th

— 3he // software determines that the reported pilot corresponds to a :beacon cell;and hard handoff processin& commences

The mobile station has no knowledge

of the *beacon sector+ concept. (sfar as the mobile station is concerned%

a beacon sector is 3!st the same as

any other standard $D'( sector.

5andoff 3ri&&er

*LL>/3A!DAD *LL>P0LO3>*AO!

3/ 3/

*nhanced 55O 3ri&&er (*55O)

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&& ( )

• 3his tri&&er is based on the =uality of the

$ lin" between the 3/ and mobile

— *eference pilot must be defined as *LL>*55O

• $our conditions will tri&&er *55O

— Forward 8::+ F8* N 8::+Fer(a$Fwd

— Forward 8::+ F8* N 8::+Fer(odFwd andTransmit hannel =ain N 8::+T=(a$

— *e!erse 8::+ F8* N 8::+Fer(a$*!s

— *e!erse 8::+ F8* N 8::+Fer(od*!s and

8b;#o N 8::+8b#o(a$

There is a

loggable

attrib!te at the

"4" called566O for

monitoring

these

occ!rrences

5ard 5andoff Optimi%ation

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• Optimi%ation of 5ard 5andoff boundaries

should concentrate on the followin&

— 2ncorrect atafill

— Poor *F o!erage ontrol

— 2mproper &election of ::+ Triggering (echanism

• Activities should include— ri!e testing from the source side of the ::+

border to the target side of the border.

— &'& logging at both the source and target '&s.

— Post0processing these files C*F +ptimi,erE

'arkov calls

cannot be !sedto test 66O

borders77

55O 0nteraction with 3raffic Distribution

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• urrently there are three main traffic

distribution mechanisms supported by

the !ortel !etwor"s D-A products

5ashin& function

– -llows an idle mobile to log on to a specific

carrier when the mobile is notified of multiple

carriers in the (- hannel <ist (essage. – :ashing function algorithm determines the

selected carrier

2lobal /ervice edirection

– onfigured to direct all or part of idle mobiles

from one carrier to another on a per sectorbasis

-ulti7arrier 3raffic Allocation

– %ses an intelligent algorithm to assign mobiles

to a carrier with the better capacity margin

55O 0nteraction with 3raffic Distribution

7/23/2019 1202Lssn4.ppt



• 5ashin& Al&orithm

— iscussed in 2&0@A and O&T066J

– -ttempts to e!enly distribute traffic among

carriers using the mobileLs 8&# and the

number of channels broadcast in the hannel

<ist (essage.

• 2lobal /ervice edirection— - =lobal &er!ice *edirection message is sent out

on the paging channel to direct mobiles to a

specific ser!ice such as -(P& or carrier.

— +nce (T- is deployed" =&* is no longer

needed.

55O 0nteraction with 3raffic Distribution (-3A)

7/23/2019 1202Lssn4.ppt


Final MCTA decision

is made here.

A Frequency is selected

!ilot 'atabase

Sector (n): CapacityThreshold

Sector (n): FrequencyPriority

Metro Cell 1

0eports 1apacity

Estimate for (egacy

sector , , or γ

0eports 1apacity

Estimate for selected

2requency

sector , , or γ

T

1all !rocessing

)dvanced 2)" MCTAPriority

MCTAThreshold

ector

ector

ectorγ

ector

ector

ectorγ

)dvanced 2)3n4 MCTAPriority

MCTAThreshold

0eports 1apacity

Estimate for 2"

sector , , orγ

0eports 1apacity

Estimate for 2 n

sector , , orγ

Initial MCTA decision

is made here one !requency

i l t d ! h M t C ll

2requency

)ssignment

ector

ector

ectorγ

"e#acy 1

T1

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